The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the widespread use of online hearings in arbitral proceedings, raising questions about the impact of such proceedings on the determination of facts underlying a dispute. This article explores the extent to which online hearings may hinder arbitrators’ ability to assess witness credibility by drawing upon the cognitive psychology literature on truthfulness determination and lie detection. A survey of the literature suggests that the ability to differentiate truthful from dishonest statements through verbal and nonverbal cues (...) is limited, leading to the notion that observing behaviors like fidgeting, gaze aversion, vocal pitch, or body posture is not particularly relevant in assessing the credibility of a witness. Instead, focusing on the content of what is reported appears to be the most relevant strategy to determine credibility. Therefore, research does not support the idea that face-to-face contact with witnesses is essential to determine the facts of a dispute. Still, the use of in-person hearings may, in practice, continue to be preferred due to underlying cultural assumptions regarding the nature of hearings, the facilitation of communication between parties, counsel, and the tribunal, and a general sense of _Zoom fatigue_. (shrink)

Zones of social abandonment are emerging everywhere in Brazil’s big cities—places like Vita, where the unwanted, the mentally ill, the sick, and the homeless are left to die. This haunting, unforgettable story centers on a young woman named Catarina, increasingly paralyzed and said to be mad, living out her time at Vita. Anthropologist João Biehl leads a detective-like journey to know Catarina; to unravel the cryptic, poetic words that are part of the “dictionary” she is compiling; and to trace the (...) complex network of family, medicine, state, and economy in which her abandonment and pathology took form. An instant classic, _Vita_ has been widely acclaimed for its bold fieldwork, theoretical innovation, and literary force. Reflecting on how Catarina’s life story continues, this updated edition offers the reader a powerful new afterword and gripping new photographs following Biehl and Eskerod’s return to Vita. Anthropology at its finest, _Vita_ is essential reading for anyone who is grappling with how to understand the conditions of life, thought, and ethics in the contemporary world. (shrink)

This innovative volume is an extended intellectual conversation about the ways personal lives are being undone and remade today. Examining the ethnography of the modern subject, this preeminent group of scholars probes the continuity and diversity of modes of personhood across a range of Western and non-Western societies. Contributors consider what happens to individual subjectivity when stable or imagined environments such as nations and communities are transformed or displaced by free trade economics, terrorism, and war; how new information and medical (...) technologies reshape the relation one has to oneself; and which forms of subjectivity and life possibilities are produced against a world in pieces. The transdisciplinary conversation includes anthropologists, historians of science, psychologists, a literary critic, a philosopher, physicians, and an economist. The authors touch on how we think and write about contingency, human agency, and ethics today. (shrink)

Zones of social abandonment are emerging everywhere in Brazil’s big cities—places like Vita, where the unwanted, the mentally ill, the sick, and the homeless are left to die. This haunting, unforgettable story centers on a young woman named Catarina, increasingly paralyzed and said to be mad, living out her time at Vita. Anthropologist João Biehl leads a detective-like journey to know Catarina; to unravel the cryptic, poetic words that are part of the “dictionary” she is compiling; and to trace the (...) complex network of family, medicine, state, and economy in which her abandonment and pathology took form. As Biehl painstakingly relates Catarina’s words to a vanished world and elucidates her condition, we learn of subjectivities unmade and remade under economic pressures, pharmaceuticals as moral technologies, a public common sense that lets the unsound and unproductive die, and anthropology’s unique power to work through these juxtaposed fields. _Vita’s_ methodological innovations, bold fieldwork, and rigorous social theory make it an essential reading for anyone who is grappling with how to understand the conditions of life, thought and ethics in the contemporary world. (shrink)

The epoch of Augustine is marked by several crises that settled in the Roman society. These crises did not escape from the sharp look of Saint Augustine. He showed how the political action of his contemporaries was something excessively ineffective to answer the wishes of a fair society, integrated by several people and races. This society, that had conquered in history, with mistakes and cleverness, power and glory, booth in the field of science and technology, for itself, the ways that (...) make sure to its citizens a prosper life, gradually succumbed. Thus, this article aims to exposes to the reader some aspects experienced by this society and make note that when policy is practiced by men who possess as premises the power and his own advantages, there is no richness or organization that will sustain such state or nation. (shrink)

Desde la teología y la filosofía podemos comprender el concepto de belleza en el deporte ligado a la dignidad humana. Para ello, en este artículo: a) analizamos desde la antropología del cristianismo el lugar del cuerpo y el valor del deporte en la vida del ser humano; b) abordamos la estética intentando comprender la belleza ligada a la dignidad; a continuación, c) proponemos una educación estética donde la belleza ligada al deporte no está exenta del sufrimiento, las limitaciones físicas o (...) psíquicas del individuo, para que seamos capaces de ver más allá de las formas, en orden a respetar y salvaguardar la dignidad de la persona humana; finalmente, d) reflexionamos sobre el concepto de belleza que profesores y entrenadores están trasmitiendo a los alumnos y a los deportistas a través del deporte, proponiendo un modelo en el que cabe el dolor, el sufrimiento, las limitaciones e imperfecciones sin dejar por ello de ser bellos.From theology and philosophy we can understand the concept of beauty in sport linked to human dignity. Therefore, in this article: a) we analyze, from the anthropology of Christianity, the body and the value of sport in the lives of human beings; b) we boarded the aesthetic trying to understand beauty linked to dignity; then c) we propose an aesthetic education where beauty linked to sport is not without suffering, physical or mental limitations of the individual, so that we are able to see beyond the forms, in order to respect and safeguard the dignity of the human person; finally, d) we reflect on the concept of beauty that teachers and coaches are transmitting to students and athletes through sport, proposing a model that fits the pain, suffering, limitations and imperfections while still being beautiful. (shrink)

No quiero dar la impresión de que intentaré una aproximación entre el primero y el segundo Wittgenstein que borre diferencias tan fundamentales cuanto esa. Sin embargo, debo luego aclarar que sí será mi intención hablar de la existencia de "límites" del lenguaje en un sentido que sea asimilable por quien acepta las líneas básicas de argumentación de las Investigaciones Filosóficas. Más exactamente, trataré de redefinir esos límites en términos que sean completamente compatibles con la filosofía madura de Wittgenstein. Asociada a (...) esta nueva definición de la noción de límite, creo que emergirá una nueva concepción de lo Místico, y una suerte muy particular de "teología negativa", que trataré de definir con más exactitud en la parte final mi ponencia. [Fragmento]. (shrink)

In the XXth century, the development of science has posed new challenges to the physicists. Waves have exhibited a corpuscular behavior while particles have exhibited undulatory behavior, but never simultaneously. This difficulty led Bohr to adopt the principle of complementarity, the figure by which the contradiction between wave and corpuscle is fixed. Thus the opposition between wave and corpuscle is absolutized. I think it was the non-consideration of dialectics that prevented Bohr from advancing towards the resolution of that objective contradiction, (...) that was about to be reflected on the theory.Consequently, it is the objective reality, in its unity and as a contradictory totality, that is removed from the theory. The scientific theory gives up the search for the internal connection of phenomena and its task becomes the mere ordination of such phenomena.The repression of the internal contradiction of reality has a second consequence in Bohr’s thought: objectivity becomes internal to language and it is considered under the figure of intersubjectivity. In fact, Bohr, by puting the correlation between object and measuring instrument as the instance in which knowledge is founded, is denying the possibility that there is a content of human representations that does not depend on the subject, i.e. is denying the possibility of objectivity.These are the general guidelines on which I will argue. (shrink)

In this paper, we intend to discuss how, according to Peirce’s semiotics, gestures can be conceptualized and described as diagrams. We are not concerned with answering when, why or how gestures emerged as semiotic motor activities. As a prerequisite for the very formulation of these problems, we are rather interested in discussing the theoretical conditions which should be fulflled for gestures to be characterized as iconic processes - and more specifcally as diagrammatic processes. The frst step is to summarize a (...) systematic analysis of the variety of iconic signs, elaborated by Peirce, followed by his typology of hypoicons in order to describe the hypoiconic class of diagrams. After that, we present some tentative answers to the question of how to describe gestures as diagrammatic signs. (shrink)

Cause-related marketing has risen to become a popular strategy to increase business value through profit-motivated giving. Despite the growing number of articles published in the last decade, no comprehensive analysis of the most discussed constructs of cause-related marketing is available. This paper uses an advanced Text Mining methodology to conduct a comprehensive analysis of 246 articles published in 40 different journals between 1988 and 2013 on the subject of cause-related marketing. Text Mining also allows quantitative analyses to be performed on (...) the literature. For instance, it is shown that the most prominent long-term topics discussed since 1988 on the subject are “brand-cause fit”, “law and Ethics”, and “corporate and social identification”, while the most actively discussed topic presently is “sectors raising social taboos and moral debates”. The paper has two goals: first, it introduces the technique of CTM to the Marketing area, illustrating how Text Mining may guide, simplify, and enhance review processes while providing objective building blocks to be used in a review; second, it applies CTM to the C-RM field, uncovering and summarizing the most discussed topics. Mining text, however, is not aimed at replacing all subjective decisions that must be taken as part of literature review methodologies. (shrink)

No livro dois da Ética Nicomaqueia, Aristóteles afirma com clareza que a prática reiterada de ações virtuosas leva à constituição de uma determinada disposição de caráter, ou seja, o hábito funcionaria como uma segunda natureza, em função da fixidez e estabilidade da disposição por ele constituída, o que aparentemente impediria qualquer modificação no que concerne ao caráter. O problema é que várias passagens do Corpus Aristotelicum parecem contradizer esta asserção, permitindo uma leitura diferente daquela que sugeriria a ideia do hábito (...) como algo que operasse de modo similar à natureza. Este artigo propõe-se investigar se é possível uma leitura que permita, nas Éticas, bem como em outras obras do Corpus Aristotelicum, a possibilidade da mudança de caráter, da decadência ou da reforma moral, bem como sua implicação na investigação sobre o problema do determinismo e da responsabilidade moral. (shrink)

O jornal Tribuna Criciumense foi o único impresso publicado na cidade de Criciúma no período deste escrito. Fundado em 1955, ele passou por três fases. Na primeira, produziu um discurso anticomunista, mas de maneira um pouco tímida. Na segunda fase, com curta duração, o impresso passou a valorizar a ideologia comunista e, ao mesmo tempo, a defesa do presidente João Goulart. A última fase foi marcada por ataques violentos contra o comunismo, em defesa do golpe civil-militar e da ditadura implantada. (...) Analisar essas fases e como os discursos anticomunista e pró-comunismo reverberaram no jornal se configura no objetivo deste escrito. (shrink)

Brazil is among the approximately 100 countries that recognize a constitutional right to health that includes access to medicines. All over Brazil, patients are turning to courts to access prescribed medicines. Although lawsuits secure access for thousands of people, at least temporarily, this judicialization of the right to health generates intensely complex sociomedical realities and significant administrative and fiscal challenges that, officials argue, have the potential to widen inequalities in health-care delivery. In this article, we explore how right-to-health litigation became (...) an alternative pathway for Brazilians to access health care, now understood as access to medicines that are either on government lists for pharmaceutical distribution or are only available through the market. Is the judicial system an effective venue to implement socioeconomic rights? Which practices of citizenship and governance are crystallized in these struggles over drug access and administrative accountability? (shrink)

The Foundations of Cognitive Science is a set of thirteen new essays on key topics in this lively interdisciplinary field, by a stellar international line-up of authors. Philosophers, psychologists, and neurologists here come together to investigate such fascinating subjects as consciousness; vision; rationality; artificial life; the neural basis of language, cognition, and emotion; and the relations between mind and world, for instance our representation of numbers and space. The contributors are Ned Block, Margaret Boden, Susan Carey, Patricia Churchland, Paul Churchland, (...) Antonio Damasio, Hanna Damasio, Donald Davidson, Daniel Dennett, Ilya Farber, James Higginbotham, Christopher Peacocke, Will Peterman, Zenon Pylyshyn, John Searle. Anyone interested in the exploration of the human mind will enjoy this book. (shrink)

Este artigo interpreta a quarta conferência de uma série de seis pronunciadas por Foucault em Berkeley (Universidade da Califórnia) de outubro a novembro de 1983. A problemática da parrhesia retomada pelo filósofo francês do diálogo Laques, de Platão, suscita uma discussão sobre os sentidos de democracia, sistema político em baixa na Atenas do final do século V a.C. Articulando os discursos cômico e filosófico, evidenciam-se, ao mesmo tempo, a força e as lacunas do texto de Foucault. Se, por um lado, (...) o interesse foucaultiano pela verdade força um retorno ao “falar franco”, por outro, falta, nesta conferência, um olhar de conjunto mais amplo que dê conta da parrhesia como sintoma de uma falta e da decadência do espírito democrático ateniense nos termos propostos no Laques. Deriva dessa falta, por exemplo, a ideia de que, do ponto de vista conceitual, o Laques seria “um fracasso”. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Democracia; Discurso; Parrhesía; Verdade. (shrink)

We analyze axioms and postulates as speech acts. After a brief historical appraisal of the concept of axiom in Euclid, Frege, and Hilbert, we evaluate contemporary axiomatics from a linguistic perspective. Our reading is inspired by Hilbert and is meant to account for the assertive, directive, and declarative components of modern axiomatics. We will do this by describing the constitutive and regulative roles that axioms possess with respect to the linguistic practice of mathematics.

This article is to be a bridge between Kant’s aesthetics and contemporary art – not by being a paper on Kant and contemporary art, but rather by being on Kant and contemporaryphilosophy of art. I claim that Kant’s views on the appreciation of art can accommodate contextualism as well as ethicism. I argue that not only does contextualism fit Kant’s views on the appreciation of art; in §§51–3 of the thirdCritique, Kant’s appreciation of art is in accordance with contextualism. I (...) go on to argue that not only does ethicism fit Kant’s views on the appreciation of art; in §§51–3, Kant’s appreciation of art is in accordance with ethicism. (shrink)

En este artículo examino el soporte textual para la hipótesis de que, dentro del marco de la teoría estética de Kant, la belleza artística no es necesariamente de tipo adherente –y puede ser, por consiguiente, de tipo libre. Tal examen está dividido en dos partes: en la primera parte cito y reflexiono en base a pasajes de la Crítica del juicio que sugieren que la belleza artística no es necesariamente una belleza adherente. En la segunda parte presento tres lecturas emprendidas (...) por intérpretes de Kant que proponen, las primeras, que la belleza artística puede ser de tipo libre, mientras la última, que la belleza artística, si es de arte bello, del arte del genio que se trata, es una belleza libre. (shrink)

resumo Focado num trecho de “Position de L’inconscient”, este artigo faz a descrição gramatical das figuras de sujeito e de linguagem ali empregadas. A intenção é exclusivamente terapêutica – não se trata de propor novas teses, mas provocar o olhar para aspectos negligenciados da prática psicanalítica. palavras-chave Lacan - Wittgenstein - Linguagem - Subjetividade.

O artigo tenta reconstruir alguns elementos acerca da passagem da Lógica da essência para a Lógica do conceito, da necessidade para a liberdade, na Ciência da Lógica hegeliana. No contexto da publicação dos duzentos anos dessa obra filosófica, a explicitação dessa passagem é referencial para a compreensão da Ciência da Lógica e de todo o pensamento hegeliano. O artigo procura sustentar que o binômio necessidade/contingência, um dos pares categoriais da Lógica da essência, não é adequado para a articulação da filosofia (...) hegeliana. Como Hegel afirma reiteradas vezes, é preciso superar a dura necessidade para dar lugar à lógica da liberdade. Para a discussão da problemática, a confrontação entre algumas categorias da essência, tais como substancialidade, necessidade, contingência e causalidade, e algumas categorias do conceito, tais como universalidade, particularidade e singularidade é o foco da exposição. Dessa discussão brota a noção hegeliana de liberdade e a sua relação com o sistema. (shrink)

In a review of Frege's Puzzle1, Graeme Forbes makes the claim that Salmon's account of belief might be seen, under certain conditions, as a mere notational variant of a neo-Fregean theory; and thus that such an account might be reduced to a neo-Fregean one simply by rewriting it in terms of Fregean terminology. With a view to supporting his claim, Forbes offers an outline of an account of belief which, according to him, would satisfy the following conditions: (i) it could (...) be directly obtained from Salmon's own analysis by means of a certain set of substitutions, which presumably would not affect the essential features of Salmon's view; (ii) it could naturally be described as Fregean, in the sense that it would preserve, (at least) the spirit of Frege's doctrines, especially his fundamental intuitions about belief. Of course, the upshot of Forbes's argument is that Salmon's theory would not, at bottom, constitute a genuine alternative to a Fregean semantics for belief ascriptions. In this paper I argue to the effect that Forbes's claim is not in general sound. It seems to me that the sort of indirect argument used by Forbes - that of trying to undermine Salmon's theory by showing that it is just a version of a neo-Fregean account - does not provide someone working within a Fregean framework with an adequate strategy to counter Salmon's neo-Russellian views. It would perhaps be better to concentrate a Fregean attack on certain apparently dubious and highly controversial theses and results which are constitutive of Salmon's view, e.g. the counterintuitive character of a substantial set of consequences which follow from his theory of belief, as well as the associated revisionist stand he is forced to take towards our current patterns of speaking about belief. (shrink)

In this paper, we intend to discuss if and in what sense semiosis (meaning process, cf. C. S. Peirce) can be regarded as an "emergent" process in semiotic systems. It is not our problem here to answer when or how semiosis emerged in nature. As a prerequisite for the very formulation of these problems, we are rather interested in discussing the conditions which should be fulfilled for semiosis to be characterized as an emergent process. The first step in this work (...) is to summarize a systematic analysis of the variety of emergence theories and concepts, elaborated by Achim Stephan. Along the summary of this analysis, we pose fundamental questions that have to be answered in order to ascribe a precise meaning to the term "emergence" in the context of an understanding of semiosis. After discussing a model for explaining emergence based on Salthe's hierarchical structuralism, which considers three levels at a time in a semiotic system, we present some tentative answers to those questions. (shrink)

O presente artigo pretende mostrar que o conceito de segunda natureza ocupa um lugar central no pensamento de Blaise Pascal, sendo o fundamento das suas reflexões políticas, dentre as quais emergem aquelas em torno do conceito de justiça. Para tanto, mostra como o conceito de segunda natureza, embora tenha sua origem em categorias teológicas, situa-se já no plano metafísico, de onde se impõe como fundamento da existência histórico-temporal do homem. Deste modo, o conceito de segunda natureza possibilita a Pascal pensar (...) um conceito de justiça que, afastando-se do Direito Natural moderno, se apóia em bases históricas. No pensamento político pascaliano emergem, em primeiro plano, as concupiscências, a partir das quais se constituem a força, a imaginaçáo, os costumes e as leis, e, com elas, a distinçáo entre as grandezas de estabelecimento e as grandezas naturais. Com estas últimas categorias, Pascal transita de uma reflexáo genealógica da política, à qual se liga um conceito negativo de justiça, a uma reflexáo doutrinal, que possibilita um conceito positivo de justiça. (shrink)

Este artigo trata das mudanças ocorridas no universo religioso católico da Diocese de Nova Iguaçu, localizada na Baixada Fluminense, região metropolitana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, conhecida pela situação de pobreza e pela violência, em especial por ação de grupos de extermínio. O evento que serve de base para investigamos tais mudanças ficou sendo denominado de Chacina da Baixada, que deixou 29 pessoas mortas e uma ferida no bairro da Posse em Nova Iguaçu. A diocese prontamente se mostrou solidária (...) com as famílias das vítimas, cobrando desde o primeiro momento providências das autoridades locais. Entretanto, as visões sobre o envolvimento eclesial se dividem conforme a proximidade dos agentes religiosos, em especial os leigos, da área física dos assassinatos. Assim, os que residem e trabalham pastoralmente mais próximo à localidade apresentam reticências, silêncios e receios não apresentados por leigos entrevistados de outras localidades. Percebemos que, embora haja consenso quanto à necessidade de mobilização da Diocese quanto ao caso, as percepções são abaladas pelo medo que constantemente rege as experiências cotidianas dos moradores daquela região. (shrink)

Wittgenstein objective is to show that Russell’s Theory of Types is condemned to self dissolution. It can only be presented through statements which violate the very rules the theory intends to impinge on the whole of language. On the other hand, if one takes it to be merely a system of rules regarding the usage of signs, it becomes completely arbitrary. The theory of Types presents as an invention something which, from the Tractatus’ point of view, could only be a (...) discovery: the essential structure of reality which is supposed to be presented by language. And then we arrive in the Tractatus at the intermediary solution of an “ineffable essence”. The problem gets even more tangled when the Tractatus comes out unworkable and the idea of reality’s essential structure is jeopardized. Towards the end of the paper I try to offer a Wittgenstein type of inquiry on what is left of the concept of necessity once we abandon the idea that reality is endowed with an essential structure which is supposed to be presented by language. (shrink)

resumo Há razões de ordem estritamente lógica para que Wittgenstein tenha postulado no Tractatus a existência de um sujeito transcendental. Sem esse sujeito, o Tractatus não teria como lidar com a constituição do sentido proposicional. É ele o responsável pela associação entre nomes e objetos e pela efetuação de operações lógicas como a negação, a quantificação e a atribuição numérica. palavras-chave Wittgenstein – lógica – sujeito transcendental – linguagem – sentido – proposição.

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir três problemas centrais na filosofia de David Hume. O primeiro é o do papel da associação de idéias: no Tratado há dois conceitos distintos dessa associação, falha corrigida na primeira Investigação, em que é eliminado o conceito de “associação costumeira” e não se atribui à associação qualquer papel na formação de inferências causais. O segundo diz respeito ao verdadeiro papel da indução. A filosofia humeana trata da descoberta dos poderes causais dos objetos, sem nunca (...) se ocupar de generalizações acerca de qualidades sensíveis. Hume descobriu o problema da “indução causal”, mas apenas como conseqüência de sua análise da inferência causal. O último de nossos problemas é o do exato conceito humeano daquele instinto que ele chama de “costume ou hábito”. O princípio de Hume mostra ser apenas uma sensibilidade à repetição de conjunções, sendo relevante apenas o elemento “repetição”, sem haver qualquer influência significativa da passagem do tempo, o que impede a interpretação desse princípio como “habituação” ou algo equivalente. Hume: three majors problemsThis article aims to discuss three central problems in David Hume’s philosophy. A first central problem in Hume’s philosophy concerns the role of the association of ideas: there are in the Treatise two distinct concepts of this association, a negligence that was corrected in the first Enquiry, where the concept of “customary association” is eliminated and no role is assigned to association in the formation of causal beliefs. The second is about the real meaning of induction. Hume’s philosophy discusses the discovery of the causal powers of objects, setting aside any generalisation about sensible qualities. Hume did discover the problem of “causal induction”, but only as a consequence of his analysis of causal inference. The last of our three problems concerns the exact Humean concept of the instinct he calls “custom or habit”. It is noticeable that Hume´s principle is just sensitiveness to the repetition of conjunctions, with no meaningful influence of the passage of time, and this goes against any interpretation of this principle as “becoming accustomed” or anything of the kind. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir três problemas centrais na filosofia de David Hume. O primeiro é o do papel da associação de idéias: no Tratado há dois conceitos distintos dessa associação, falha corrigida na primeira Investigação, em que é eliminado o conceito de “associação costumeira” e não se atribui à associação qualquer papel na formação de inferências causais. O segundo diz respeito ao verdadeiro papel da indução. A filosofia humeana trata da descoberta dos poderes causais dos objetos, sem nunca (...) se ocupar de generalizações acerca de qualidades sensíveis. Hume descobriu o problema da “indução causal”, mas apenas como conseqüência de sua análise da inferência causal. O último de nossos problemas é o do exato conceito humeano daquele instinto que ele chama de “costume ou hábito”. O princípio de Hume mostra ser apenas uma sensibilidade à repetição de conjunções, sendo relevante apenas o elemento “repetição”, sem haver qualquer influência significativa da passagem do tempo, o que impede a interpretação desse princípio como “habituação” ou algo equivalente. Hume: three majors problems Abstract This article aims to discuss three central problems in David Hume’s philosophy. A first central problem in Hume’s philosophy concerns the role of the association of ideas: there are in the Treatise two distinct concepts of this association, a negligence that was corrected in the first Enquiry, where the concept of “customary association” is eliminated and no role is assigned to association in the formation of causal beliefs. The second is about the real meaning of induction. Hume’s philosophy discusses the discovery of the causal powers of objects, setting aside any generalisation about sensible qualities. Hume did discover the problem of “causal induction”, but only as a consequence of his analysis of causal inference. The last of our three problems concerns the exact Humean concept of the instinct he calls “custom or habit”. It is noticeable that Hume´s principle is just sensitiveness to the repetition of conjunctions, with no meaningful influence of the passage of time, and this goes against any interpretation of this principle as “becoming accustomed” or anything of the kind. (shrink)

The perception involves a lot of enigmas, the unity between its content and form not always looking to be assured. Such enigmas are exemplified by the optical illusions, by Molyneux’s famous problem and also, as it interests us here, by the problem of the expression of colors in chromatic models, which express logical incompatibilities, but which refer to the territory of experience itself with colors and pigments. In this paper, we will distinguish two uses of Farbenoktaeder by Wittgenstein by registering (...) the difference, which we consider relevant, between ample incompatibility and restrict incompatibility among colors. (shrink)

O presente artigo abordará a construção do conhecimento em Giambattista Vico embasando-se no discurso De Nostri Temporis Studiorum. Com a troca da “imaginação” pela “racionalidade”, colocou-se de lado a engenhosidade humana, anulando assim a verossimilhança que fora negada por não apresentar verdades factuais levando à atrofia do engenho. O intuito aqui é analisar o desenvolvimento imaginativo proposto por Vico, gerando uma nova crítica. Conclui-se sobre uma possível epistemologia das humanidades, na qual cada sujeito possa, com seus próprios instrumentos, desenvolver um (...) conhecimento menos “dogmático” e mais humano, partindo de um solo estável, qual seja, a história. (shrink)

Este artigo objetiva estudar o potencial de significação das fotografias em livros didáticos para o Ensino Fundamental. Utilizando como base a teoria semiótica de Charles Sanders Peirce, foi realizada uma análise comparativa entre fotografias publicadas em três diferentes edições de livros de História, de um único autor. Com base nas análises, pudemos identificar os potenciais de significação dos diferentes tipos de fotografias.

O texto objetiva a discussão de como o design de embalagem contribui para construção da identidade de um produto no segmento de marca própria. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise comparativa entre embalagens de produtos da marca Qualitá, e embalagens de marcas líderes, onde verificou-se que as embalagens de marca própria utilizam-se de estratégias de semelhança e diferença para criar a sua identidade.

In this paper I will examine what Blaise Pascal means by “infinite distance”, both in his works on projective geometry and in the apologetics of the Pensées’s. I suggest that there is a difference of meaning in these two uses of “infinite distance”, and that the Pensées’s use of it also bears relations to the mathematical concept of heterogeneity. I also consider the relation between the finite and the infinite and the acceptance of paradoxical relations by Pascal.

Tanto nos Pensamentos quanto em seus trabalhos matemáticos, Pascal faz referência ao “nada”, assim como a um processo que poderíamos chamar de “aniquilamento”, segundo o qual aquilo que é finito se torna um nada diante do infinito. O “nada” pascaliano, segundo a interpretação aqui defendida, pode ter, em diferentes passagens da obra do autor, uma acepção relativa ou uma acepção absoluta, o que vale também para os termos de “infinito”, “desproporção” e “indivisível” na obra de Pascal. Além do valor de (...) tal análise para os Pensamentos, ela se propõe mostrar certa proximidade estrutural entre as obras matemáticas e apologéticas de Pascal. (shrink)

Der gegenseitige Ausschluß der Farben ist nicht das Problem, worin die Aufgabe des logischen Atomismus Wittgensteins Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus wurzelt. Die im Tractatus durchgeführte Analyse der Arithmetik, führte zur Unanwendbarkeit der Zahlen auf die Messungszusammenhänge. Diese Analyse basierte auf einer Lösung, die in den Grundlagen der Arithmetik von Frege abgelehnt worden war. In seinem „Vortrag über die logische Form" zeigt Wittgenstein,daß die Zahlen nicht im Sinne der wiederholten Quantifizierungen definiert werden können. Die bereits in der Grundlage der Sprache eingeführten Zahlen zwingen (...) zur Aufgabe der logischen Unabhängigkeit der Elementarsätze. (shrink)

A relação nome–objeto, no Tractatus, exige a atuação de uma vontade. Um sujeito deve “escolher” qual objeto associar a um nome dado. Essa escolha não pode ser descrita – não pode ser um fato no interior do mundo. Do mesmo modo, o sujeito não pode ser um objeto, nem um estado de coisas. Ele deve permanecer fora do mundo, em seus limites lógicos. Ele está conectado ao “quê”, mas não ao “como” – aos objetos, e não aos fatos. É por (...) isso que o sujeito lógico é o portador do ”elemento ético”, e contempla o mundo sub specie aeterni. (shrink)