1. Kwangja chŏngsin e kwanhan kich'ojŏk ihae -- 2. Yuga ŭi kwanggyŏn'gwan -- 3. Toga ŭi kwangŏn kwa kwangja chŏngsin -- 4. Ŭmju munhwa wa Wi-Chin ŭi imt'anjŏk kwang -- 5. Songdae ihakchadŭl ŭi kwangjagwan -- 6. Yangmyŏnghak ŭi kwanggyŏn'gwan -- 7. Chosŏnjo yuhakchadŭl ŭi kwanggyŏn'gwan -- 8. Chosŏnjo yuhakcha ŭi yokki yŏnggwi ihae -- 9. Sŏhwa tot'ongnon kwa kwanggyŏn esŏ chunghaeng ŭro -- 10. Kwanggyŏn mihak ŭi munyejŏk chŏgyong -- 11. Chungguk hoehwa e nat'anan kwanggyŏn mihak -- 12. Chungguk (...) sŏye e nat'anan kwanggyŏn mihak -- 13. Chosŏnjo hoehwa e nat'anan kwanggyŏn mihak -- 14. Chosŏnjo sŏye ŭi kwanggyŏn mihak. (shrink)

1. 'P'osŭt'ŭ' tamnon ŭi yuryŏngdŭl : aedo ŭi aedo rŭl wihayŏ -- 2. Chwap'a mesiajuŭi ranŭn irŭm ŭi yongmang : 'p'osŭt'ŭ-p'osŭt'ŭ tamnon' ŭi kungnae suyong e taehayŏ -- 3. Sigan kwa chŏngŭi : Penyamin, Haidegŏ, Terida -- 4. Kungmin iranŭn noye : chŏnch'ejuŭijŏk kungmin kukkaron e taehan pip'anjŏk koch'al -- 5. Ŏttŏn sangsang ŭi kongdongch'e : minjok, kungmin kŭrigo kŭ nŏmŏ -- 6. Hanbando p'yŏnghwa ch'eje ŭi (t'al) kuch'uk ŭl wihayŏ : ŭl ŭi minjujuŭi ŭi kwanchŏm esŏ -- 7. P'uk'o (...) wa minjujuŭi : pakkat ŭi chŏngch'i, sinjayujuŭi, taehang p'umhaeng -- 8. Marŭk'ŭsŭ wa Alt'wiserŭ sai ŭi P'uk'o -- 9. (T'al) hyŏndae ihu, Marŭk'ŭsŭjuŭi ihu : Terida, K'ojellek, Ch'ak'ŭrabarŭt'i, kŭrigo kŭ nŏmŏ -- 10. Ch'akch'wi, paeje, rip'ŭrijent'eisyŏn : Marŭk'ŭsŭjuŭi ŭi t'alguch'uk. (shrink)

J. L. Ackrill; VIII*—Aristotle's Definitions of Psuche, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Volume 73, Issue 1, 1 June 1973, Pages 119–134, https://doi.org.

Originally published in Proceedings of the British Academy 60 (1974), 339-359.

Aristotle is widely regarded as the greatest of all philosophers; indeed, he is traditionally referred to simply as `the philosopher'. Today, after more than two millennia, his arguments and ideas continue to stimulate philosophers and provoke them to controversy. In this book J.L. Ackrill conveys the force and excitement of Aristotle's philosophical investigations, thereby showing why contemporary philosophers still draw from him and return to him. He quotes extensively from Aristotle's works in his own notably clear English translation, and a (...) picture emerges of a lucid, lively, subtle and tough-minded thinker of astonishing range and penetration. Professor Ackrill identifies many striking connections between Aristotle's ideas and ideas in recent philosophy; he also raises philosophical questions of his own, and exemplifies the way in which Aristotle can still be argued with and learned from. (shrink)

Understanding a proposition for an intelligent agent is an important epistemic concept. We first discuss intuitively general logic characteristics of understanding, and give a language and a semantics containing understanding as a modal operator. Secondly, we develop the system LU for the operator, give some results of its proof theory, and then we prove the frame soundness and frame completeness of LU.

'Anita L. Allen breaks new ground...A stunning indictment of women's status in contemporary society, her book provides vital original scholarly research and insight.' |s-NEW DIRECTIONS FOR WOMEN.

Crisis demands -- Crisis narratives -- Crisis: refrain!

jild-i 1. Āzādī va marzʹhāyash -- jild-i 2. Istiqlāl (farhangī).

We propose a new approach for tracing value change. Value change may lead to a mismatch between current value priorities in society and the values for which technologies were designed in the past, such as energy technologies based on fossil fuels, which were developed when sustainability was not considered a very important value. Better anticipating value change is essential to avoid a lack of social acceptance and moral acceptability of technologies. While value change can be studied historically and qualitatively, we (...) propose a more quantitative approach that uses large text corpora. It uses probabilistic topic models, which allow us to trace values that are latent. We demonstrate the approach for five types of value change in technology. Our approach is useful for testing hypotheses about value change, such as verifying whether value change has occurred and identifying patterns of value change. The approach can be used to trace value change for various technologies and text corpora, including scientific articles, newspaper articles, and policy documents. (shrink)

Kitāb al-ʻibar. Muqaddimah by Ibn Khaldūn, 1332-1406; criticism and interpretation.

Averroës, 1126-1198; Islamic philosophy.

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology 8.4 (2001) 317-322 [Access article in PDF] On Wolfgang Blankenburg, Common Sense, and Schizophrenia Aaron L. Mishara Introduction In its increasing openness to neuroscience (Cowan, Harter, and Kandel 2000) and other of its neighboring disciplines, mainstream biological psychiatry has allowed psychopathology, philosophy, and philosophical approaches to psychopathology to play an increased role in current research interests. Given this new openness, and the acknowledgment of the (...) severity of one of psychiatry's most debilitating, costly, and intractable disorders, 1 the translation of W. Blankenburg's 1969 article concerning the psychopathology of common sense does not merely serve historical interest. It is an exceptional example of a not well-known trend in German- and French-speaking psychiatry to apply philosophical phenomenology and existentialism to psychopathological research. This trend, which reached a peak in the late 1950s and was strong well into the 1970s, has dwindling, but nevertheless, current representatives in Heidelberg and Zurich and is scattered in a few other places in Europe, Japan, the United States, and South America. The view of the Zeitgeist—which may sound astonishing, even antiquated to contemporary readers—was highly ambitious: Conceptual approaches, such as philosophical ("transcendental") phenomenology, were expected to supply knowledge about the structure of consciousness and its disturbance in various mental disorders.Following the lead of Binswanger and Szilasi, who viewed schizophrenia as an "experiment of nature" that enables us to view underlying processes otherwise hidden to "natural, everyday consciousness," Blankenburg believed that it may be possible to map the formal properties of the psychopathology of schizophrenia—precisely in the loss of common sense—as a disturbance to the basic organization of conscious experience. Any attempt to summarize this rather abstract and complex approach in a brief commentary would be ill advised. In passing, rather, I will remark that such efforts could have profound relevance to the current research of schizophrenia and its underlying neurobiology. This research has gradually acknowledged the importance of taking the patient's subjective experience of the disorder into account (Mishara, Parnas, and Naudin 1998). In this commentary, I will first give an account of the biographical and clinical reasons that led Blankenburg to turn to the problem of common sense and its relevance for schizophrenia. I will then explore what implications [End Page 317] his work may have for more recent findings concerning schizophrenia. Blankenburg's Intellectual Development Born in 1928, W. Blankenburg, the son of a Lufthansa pilot who pioneered transatlantic commercial flights, began his studies in Freiburg im Breisgau in 1947. While at Freiburg, Blankenburg heard lectures in philosophy given by E. Fink (the former assistant to Husserl) and Max Mueller, and in psychology, by R. Heiss and others. After three years, Blankenburg turned to the study of medicine, producing a dissertation in 1956 on an application of Daseinsanalysis (Heidegger and Binswanger) to a case of paranoid schizophrenia. Binswanger wrote the forward to the publication. Between 1956 and 1958, Blankenburg studied internal medicine in Heidelberg with the accomplished phenomenologist of bodily experience (Leibphaenomenologer) and student of V. von Weizsaecker Herbert Pluegge. He spent one semester in Goettingen where he attended lectures by the ontological philosopher Nicolai Hartmann, who provided for Blankenburg a more useful approach to the problem of nature and natural science than Heidegger's primary emphasis on the question of Being. During his Freiburg years, Blankenburg attended small seminars led by Heidegger in the Schwarzwald forest. (Heidegger had been forbidden to teach after the end of World War II.) Blankenburg recalls that the participants would sit on logs in an open field as if to invoke Heidegger's concept of the clearing (Lichtung) of Being. While not entirely sympathetic with Heidegger's philosophy, Blankenburg learned to carefully "listen"—as Heidegger would repeatedly emphasize—to language, not merely poetic or philosophical language, but the language of the patients he would meet in clinical practice.During this time, Blankenburg heard lectures by W. Szilasi, the philosopher-scientist who held Husserl's and Heidegger's chair in the department of philosophy. Szilasi collaborated with the phenomenological psychiatrist, L. Binswanger. Their effort to apply concepts from Husserl's... (shrink)

Pickering & Garrod's (P&G's) integrated model of production and comprehension includes no explicit role for nonlinguistic cognitive processes. Yet, how domain-general cognitive functions contribute to language processing has become clearer with well-specified theories and supporting data. We therefore believe that their account can benefit by incorporating functions like working memory and cognitive control into a unified model of language processing.