Results for 'tariffs'

51 found
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  1.  8
    Revisionist Tariff History and the Theory of Hegemonic Stability.John Vincent Nye - 1991 - Politics and Society 19 (2):209-232.
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  2. Jordan Imports and Tariff Regimes: A Revisit.Bashar H. Malkawi - 2019 - Global Trade and Customs Journal 14:308-318.
    Jordan made substantial market access commitments as part of its WTO membership negotiations. Jordan has low average tariffs with single or two digits rate and ad valorem-only duties with some exceptions where specific duties apply. Customs standards in Jordan were streamlined in accordance with WTO rules. Jordan confirmed in its accession to the WTO that free zones or export processing zones would be fully subject to the coverage of the commitments taken in the protocol of accession. The purpose of (...)
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  3. Are trade subsidies and tariffs killing the global poor?Christian Barry & Gerhard Øverland - 2012 - Social Research: An International Quarterly (4):865-896.
    In recent years it has often been claimed that policies such as subsidies paid to domestic producers by affluent countries and tariffs on goods produced by foreign producers in poorer countries violate important moral requirements because they do severe harm to poor people, even kill them. Such claims involve an empirical aspect—such policies are on balance very bad for the global poor—and a philosophical aspect—that the causal influence of these policies can fairly be characterized as doing severe harm and (...)
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  4. Principles of Jordan Imports and Tariff Regimes.Bashar H. Malkawi - manuscript
    Customs law and procedures are important part of the trade system in Jordan. They regulate the flow of goods across the borders. The purpose of this paper is to examine Jordan's import regime by analyzing customs law, rules of origin, free trade zones, and tariffs reform.
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  5.  23
    Free Trade, the Tariff, and Reciprocity. [REVIEW]Frederick C. Mills - 1920 - Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 17 (12):334-335.
  6.  5
    The Australian Tariff. [REVIEW]E. Ronald Walker - 1930 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy 8 (1):71.
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  7.  42
    The political economy of tariffs in late nineteenth-century Europe: Reconsidering Republican France. [REVIEW]Hudson Meadwell - 2002 - Theory and Society 31 (5):623-651.
  8. Old babylonian inscriptions, edicts, and tariffs.Benjamin R. Foster - 1995 - In K. D. Irani & Morris Silver (eds.), Social Justice in the Ancient World. Greenwood Press. pp. 165.
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  9.  16
    Alessio Sopracasa: Venezia e l’Egitto alla fine del Medioevo. Le tariffe di Alessandria, Études Alexandrines 29.Cristina Tonghini - 2016 - Der Islam: Journal of the History and Culture of the Middle East 93 (1):252-254.
    Name der Zeitschrift: Der Islam Jahrgang: 93 Heft: 1 Seiten: 252-254.
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  10.  36
    State Arbitration during the Weimar Republic. Tariff Policy, Corporatism and Industrial Conflict between Inflation and Deflation 1919–1932. [REVIEW]Dieter K. Buse - 1991 - Philosophy and History 24 (1-2):69-70.
  11.  7
    The Free Movement of Goods.Miguel Poiares Maduro & Pedro Caro de Sousa - 2015 - In Dennis Patterson (ed.), A Companion to European Union Law and International Law. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 205–216.
    One of the greatest objects of judicial activity and academic commentary in European Union (EU) law has been the free movement of goods. The free movement of goods continues to generate intense debates because it is at the intersection of complex and difficult choices between public regulation and market freedom, on the one hand, and EU and state powers on the other. This chapter provides an overview of such debates and how they affected the development of EU law on the (...)
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  12.  28
    The Future of the Pharmaceutical Industry: Beyond Government-Granted Monopolies.Dean Baker - 2021 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 49 (1):25-29.
    Just as tariffs lead to economic distortions and provide incentives for corruption, so do patent monopolies on prescription drugs, except the impact is often an order of magnitude larger.
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  13.  66
    The world trade organization and egalitarian justice.Darrel Moellendorf - 2005 - Metaphilosophy 36 (1‐2):145-162.
    After briefly surveying the mission and principles of the World Trade Organization (WTO), I argue that international trade may be assessed from the perspective of justice, and that the correct account of justice for these purposes is egalitarian in fundamental principle. I then consider the merits of the WTO's basic commitment to liberalized trade in the light of egalitarian considerations. Finally, I discuss the justice of several WTO policies. While noting the complexity of the empirical issues relating to the effects (...)
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  14. Responding to global injustice: On the right of resistance.Simon Caney - 2015 - Social Philosophy and Policy 32 (1):51-73.
    Imagine that you are a farmer living in Kenya. Though you work hard to sell your produce to foreign markets you find yourself unable to do so because affluent countries subsidize their own farmers and erect barriers to trade, like tariffs, thereby undercutting you in the marketplace. As a consequence of their actions you languish in poverty despite your very best efforts. Or, imagine that you are a peasant whose livelihood depends on working in the fields in Indonesia and (...)
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  15.  60
    Sweatshops, Harm, and Interference: A Contractualist Approach.Huseyin S. Kuyumcuoglu - 2019 - Journal of Business Ethics 169 (1):1-11.
    Activists and progressive governments sometimes interfere in the working conditions of sweatshops. Their methods may include boycotts of the products produced in these facilities, bans on the import of these products or tariffs imposed by the home country, and enforcing the host country’s laws that aim at regulating sweatshops. Some argue that such interference in sweatshop conditions is morally wrong since it may actually harm workers. The reason is that the enterprise that runs the sweatshop may choose to lay (...)
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  16. Property Rights and the Resource Curse: A Reply to Wenar.Scott Wisor - 2012 - Journal of Philosophical Research 37:185-204.
    In “Property Rights and the Resource Curse” Leif Wenar argues that the purchase and sale of resources from certain countries constitutes a violation of property rights, and the priority in reforming global trade should be on protecting these property rights. Specifically, Wenar argues that the U.S. and other western liberal democracies should not be complicit in the trade of so-called cursed resources, and the extant legal system can be used to end the trade in cursed resources by prohibiting the importation (...)
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  17.  13
    Human Nature in Politics: (Timeless Classic Books).Graham Wallas - 1948 - Constable.
    Graham Wallas (31 May 1858 - 9 August 1932) was an English socialist, social psychologist, educationalist, a leader of the Fabian Society and a co-founder of the London School of EconomicsWallas joined the Fabian Society in April 1886, following his acquaintances Sidney Webb and George Bernard Shaw. He was to resign in 1904 in protest at Fabian support for Joseph Chamberlain's tariff policy.Wallas argued in Great Society (1914) that a social-psychological analysis could explain the problems created by the impact of (...)
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  18.  32
    Property Rights and the Resource Curse.Scott Wisor - 2012 - Journal of Philosophical Research 37:185-204.
    In “Property Rights and the Resource Curse” Leif Wenar argues that the purchase and sale of resources from certain countries constitutes a violation of property rights, and the priority in reforming global trade should be on protecting these property rights. Specifically, Wenar argues that the U.S. and other western liberal democracies should not be complicit in the trade of so-called cursed resources, and the extant legal system can be used to end the trade in cursed resources by prohibiting the importation (...)
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  19. The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Protectionism in Turn of the Century America.Peter H. Bent - 2015 - Economic Thought 4 (2):68.
    One of the main economic debates taking place in late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century America was between supporters of protectionism and advocates of free-trade policies. Protectionists won this debate, as the 1897 Dingley Tariff raised tariff rates to record highs. An analysis of this outcome highlights the overlapping interests of Republican politicians and business groups. Both of these groups endorsed particular economic arguments in favour of protectionism. Contemporary studies by academic economists informed the debates surrounding protectionist policies at this time, and also (...)
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  20.  10
    Globalisation: Good, Bad, and the Ugly Casualties of Indian Liberalisation.Purushottama Bilimoria - 2018 - Proceedings of the XXIII World Congress of Philosophy 51:25-30.
    There is a lot of talk around about Globalisation and its mana-like benefits; indeed, there are many, in areas such as the spread of communication capabilities, social media, and wider distribution of goods in the free trade marketplace that in previous decades were ‘protected’ by exorbitant excise tariffs, licensing restrictions, and low turn-overs. Since Weber, Robertson, Wallerstein, Appadurai, Tambiah et al, there has been much theorizing on the inevitability of Globalisation and its neat corollaries, Free Trade, Liberalisation, Parallel Modernities, (...)
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  21.  23
    Механізми державно-приватного партнерства в проектах розвитку міських агломерацій.Melnykova Maryna & Gradoboіeva Yеlyzaveta - 2017 - Схід 2 (148):9-13.
    The article examines the possibilities of using the mechanisms of public-private partnership when implementing the projects on urban agglomerations development. Specific features of the urban agglomerations development are identified. They are based on combining the efforts of the territorial communities and aimed at implementing joint projects by attracting the appropriate resources, which allows to obtain an agglomeration effect and ensure the improvement of the quality of life of the population. It was proved that to implement joint projects on the basis (...)
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  22.  49
    Welcome Threats and Coercive Offers.Daniel Lyons - 1975 - Philosophy 50 (194):425 - 436.
    In American legal journals over the last decade there were hundreds of pages of articles worrying over threats to justice and freedom arising from the power to withhold benefits. Government officials have tremendous discretion to offer or withhold foreign aid, ration-books, government contracts and jobs, welfare subsidies, public housing, tariff protection, academic grants, alien resident status, paroles, or exemption from conscription or combat, from arrest or prosecution or imprisonment. Right-wing economists have worried about welfare-state emphasis on administrative discretion rather than (...)
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  23.  11
    Bertrand Russell on Economics, 1889–1918.J. King - 2005 - Russell: The Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies 25 (1).
    Bertrand Russell was perhaps the last great philosopher to take an active interest in economics. After a brief, youthful engagement with the economics of socialism in 1889, Russell wrote on economic questions in three separate periods up to 1918, and in each case there was a clear political motivation. The first, in 1895–96, arose from his investigation of Marxism as a creed and of German social democracy as its principal contemporary political expression. The second, in 1903–04, was provoked by his (...)
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  24.  26
    ‘The apostle of free trade:’ Adam Smith and the nineteenth-century American trade debates.Glory M. Liu - 2018 - History of European Ideas 44 (2):210-223.
    ABSTRACTThis paper examines the diversity of uses of Adam Smith’s ideas in nineteenth-century American debates about the tariff. Legislative debates about American trade policy ran almost uninterrupted from the 1820s to the end of the century; as a result, they provide an abundance of examples of the ways in which legislators marshaled economic ideas to shape political discourse and influence policy. Smith’s causal ideas about free trade and its effects were referenced in policymaking, and Smith’s intellectual authority was often invoked (...)
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  25.  8
    The Measure of Criminal Injuries Compensation: Political Pragmatism or Dog's Dinner?Peter Duff - 1998 - Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 18 (1):105-142.
    The theoretical basis of criminal injuries compensation schemes is vague and, hence, the level at which awards should be set is unclear. Until recently, awards under the British Scheme were pegged at the level of common law damages but there now exists a ‘tariff’ system which sets out a standard award for each type of injury regardless of the recipient's individual losses. Up until now, it has been fairly clear that an award of compensation represents, in concrete form, an expression (...)
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  26.  14
    Robbers and Incendiaries: Protectionism Organizes at the Harrisburg Convention of 1827.W. Kesler Jackson - 2010 - Libertarian Papers 2:21.
    Though lobbying for federal money may seem like business as usual today–with billions of dollars spent annually by companies, labor unions, and other organizations in an effort to win a piece of what has become an enormous federal pie–this was not always the case in the United States. An all-but-forgotten event, the Harrisburg Convention of 1827, may have been one of the key historical turning points in this regard, an opening of a floodgate that would transform the role of the (...)
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  27.  10
    The Redefinition of Foreign Policy of the United States since Trump’s Election: The Case of Trade War with China.Paweł Jaskuła - 2019 - International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal 23 (1):161-182.
    The main aim of this text is to present economic relations between China and the US today. The election of Donald Trump in 2016, significantly redefined American trade policy toward China. Despite the first months of his presidency, which promised an efficient, long-term cooperation between Beijing and Washington, incumbent president decided to implement severe restriction on the trade with China at the beginning of 2018. However, the announced imposition of tariffs on almost all goods coming from this country could (...)
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  28. Telecommunications Pricing: Theory and Practice.Bridger M. Mitchell & Ingo Vogelsang - 1991 - Cambridge University Press.
    The past decade has witnessed a surge of pricing innovations in the U.S. telecommunications industry. This book systematically reviews recent innovations in the economic theory of pricing and extends results to the conditions which characterise telecommunications markets. The implementation of normative pricing theory is examined in selected US telephone tariffs, providing a rich and diverse data base and laboratory for examining the practical consequences of pricing innovations. The authors develop and illuminate the relationships between the normative economic theory of (...)
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  29.  22
    Inattentive consumers in markets for services.Stefania Sitzia, Jiwei Zheng & Daniel John Zizzo - 2015 - Theory and Decision 79 (2):307-332.
    In an experiment on markets for services, we find that consumers are likely to stick to default tariffs and achieve suboptimal outcomes. We find that inattention to the task of choosing a better tariff is likely to be a substantial problem in addition to any task and tariff complexity effect. The institutional setup on which we primarily model our experiment is the UK electricity and gas markets, and our conclusion is that the new measures by the UK regulator Ofgem (...)
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  30. World Trade Organization.Christian Barry & Scott Wisor - 2022 - In Hugh LaFollette (ed.), International Encyclopedia of Ethics. Wiley.
    The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a multilateral trade organization that, at least partially, governs trade relations between its member states. The WTO (2011a) proclaims that its “overriding objective is to help trade flow smoothly, freely, fairly and predictably.” The WTO is a “treaty-based” organization – it has been constituted through an agreed, legally binding treaty made up of more than 30 articles, along with additional commitments by some members in specific areas. At present, 153 states are members of the (...)
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  31.  10
    Happiness Quantified: A Satisfaction Calculus Approach.Bernard M. S. Van Praag & Ada Ferrer-I.-Carbonell - 2004 - Oxford University Press UK.
    How do we measure happiness? Focusing on subjective measures as a proxy for welfare and well-being, this book finds ways to do that. Subjective measures have been used by psychologists, sociologists, political scientists, and, more recently, economists to answer a variety of scientifically and politically relevant questions. Van Praag, a pioneer in this field since 1971, and Ferrer-i-Carbonell present in this book a generally applicable methodology for the analysis of subjective satisfaction. Drawing on a range of surveys on people's satisfaction (...)
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  32.  12
    Introduction to Special Issue on Migration.Richard Epstein & Mario Rizzo - 2023 - Public Affairs Quarterly 37 (3):153-155.
    The variety and complexity of the eight papers in this Symposium issue are evidence that immigration is a tough nut to crack both as a matter of policy and application. There is no way that any short summary can do justice to these papers, which take a variety of moral, economic, historical, and empirical approaches to some of the recurrent issues in the field, so it is best in this short issue to try to situate the problem in a general (...)
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  33.  5
    Bertrand Russell on Economics, 1889–1918.J. E. King - 2014 - Russell: The Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies 25 (1).
    Bertrand Russell was perhaps the last great philosopher to take an active interest in economics. After a brief, youthful engagement with the economics of socialism in 1889, Russell wrote on economic questions in three separate periods up to 1918, and in each case there was a clear political motivation. The first, in 1895–96, arose from his investigation of Marxism as a creed and of German social democracy as its principal contemporary political expression. The second, in 1903–04, was provoked by his (...)
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  34.  12
    The UK House of Commons report on the influence of the pharmaceutical industry: Lessons for equitable access to medicines in Australia.T. S. Faunce & George F. Tomossy - 2005 - Monash Bioethics Review 24 (2):S38-S42.
    This paper examines the recent UK House of Commons Health Committee report on the Influence of the Pharmaceutical Industry in relation to its findings and recommendations concerning access to medicines, and in particular the continuance of cost effectiveness or reference pricing. This mechanism of bargaining down the price of drugs on social justice grounds recently has been targeted by the US Department of Commerce as an unjustifiable non-tariff barrier to trade that should be eliminated in all OECD countries. Concerns have (...)
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  35.  32
    Reassessing Marshall's Producers' Surplus: a Case for Protectionism.Daniel Linotte - 2018 - Economic Thought 7 (1):50.
    The rationale for liberal economic policies refers inter alia to the so-called producer and consumer surpluses, namely welfare concepts which were proposed by Alfred Marshall in his seminal work Principles of Economics, first published in 1890. In the case of trade policy, relying on surpluses and referring to the 'small country case', it is recommended to remove tariff barriers imposed on the imports of commodities because it should increase welfare and, in theory at least, the losers of such a trade (...)
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  36.  9
    De crisis in de staalnijverheid : pogingen tot opvijzelen en beleidskeuzen.Jef Maton - 1978 - Res Publica 20 (2):341-356.
    The Belgian steel industry falls apart into four groups. The Flemish industry consists mainly of a very modern steel plant Sidmar near the port of Ghent controlled by the industrial holding Arbed. The Walloon industry falls apart into three basins : Cockerill in Liège; the holy triangleof Charleroi, controlled by Frère-Bourgeois, Cobepa and Bruxelles-Lambert ; the independents.In the Walloon industry the successive processes of steel making are distributed over a great number of plants, most of the equipment is outdated, labour (...)
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  37.  72
    David Hume's Practical Economics.A. R. Riggs - 1985 - Hume Studies 11 (2):154-165.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:154, DAVID HUME'S PRACTICAL ECONOMICS As Professor Eugene Rotwein emphasized in his introduction to David Hume: Writings on Economics (Madison, 1955), the philosopher made his observations on the eve of the industrial revolution in a period of accelerating change. Very often — as in the latter half of the seventeenth century — times of flux and turmoil call forth Utopian thinkers, who propose the creation of hierarchical, communal, authoritarian (...)
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  38.  10
    How Sweet It Is: Sugar, Science, and the State.Deborah Jean Warner - 2007 - Annals of Science 64 (2):147-170.
    Summary Americans import large amounts of sugar, levy a stiff tariff on it, and base this tariff on the saccharine content of each sample, and thus the assessment of sugar quality for tax purposes was enormously important. It was also among the most difficult challenges of a scientific or technical nature facing the federal government in the nineteenth century, and the issues it raised would often recur as science-based quality control became an essential feature of industry.
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  39.  11
    Import Penetration and Corporate Misconduct: A Natural Experiment.Christopher Dupuis & Ying Zheng - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-32.
    Corporate misconduct receives significant attention in the business ethics literature. This paper studies how corporate misconduct is impacted by import penetration from China, which is largely exogenous to the U.S. product market. Using this natural experiment, we find that heightened Chinese import penetration curbs corporate misconduct of U.S. firms. The effect is more pronounced for firms with weaker corporate governance and firms more vulnerable to product market competition. The findings provide implications for firms facing increased import penetration. Firms may consider (...)
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  40. The Design and Operation of Rules of Origin in Greater Arab Free Trade Area: Challenges of Implementation and Reform.Bashar H. Malkawi - 2019 - Journal of World Trade 53 (2):243–272.
    Rules of origin (ROO) are pivotal element of the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA). ROO are basically established to ensure that only eligible products receive preferential tariff treatment. Taking into consideration the profound implications of ROO for enhancing trade flows and facilitating the success of regional integration, this article sheds light on the way that ROO in GAFTA are designed and implemented. Moreover, the article examines the extent to which ROO still represents an obstacle to the full implementation of (...)
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  41. Globalistics and Globalization Studies: Global Transformations and Global Future.Leonid Grinin, Ilya Illin, Andrey Korotayev & Peter Herrmann - 2016 - Volgograd, Russia: Uchitel Publishing House.
    The present volume is the fifth in the series of yearbooks with the title Globalistics and Globalization Studies. The subtitle of the present volume is Global Transformations and Global Future. We become more and more accustomed to think globally and to see global processes. And our future can all means be global. However, is this statement justified? Indeed, in recent years, many have begun to claim that globalization has stalled, that we are rather dealing with the process of anti-globalization. Will (...)
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  42.  84
    Economic trade between Australia and India: A case study of foreign direct investment.Srabani Roy Choudhury - 2011 - Thesis Eleven 105 (1):79-93.
    Australia and India have had few reasons in the past to develop systematic and significant levels of economic engagement. This was due to very different positions they have held in the world-system since the Second World War. De-colonization, the fall of the British Empire, the weak status of the British Commonwealth, and the realpolitik of the Cold War saw India and Australia located on different parts of the geo-political and economic world map with small demographic and cultural flows, and insignificant (...)
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  43. Reforming Rules of Origin in Greater Arab Free Trade Area for Effective Economic Integration.Bashar H. Malkawi - 2017 - Economic Research Policy Forum Brief 29:1-7.
    Free trade agreements are about reducing tariffs, market access in services, protection of intellectual property rights, streamlining customs procedures, trade remedy measures, and dispute settlement mechanism. Equally important if not even more important than these provisions is the designation of rules of origin. Many benefits can be lost if restrictive rules of origin are incorporated. Rules of origin are supposed to be straightforward and easy-to-follow methods used to determine origin of imported goods. The policy question that arises is how (...)
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  44.  15
    Russell and Chinese Civilization.Yu Dong - 1992 - Russell: The Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies 12 (1):22-49.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:RusselL on Chinese Civilization 23 RUSSELL ON CHINESE CIVILIZATIONI Yu DONG Ph}losophy / McMaster University Hamilton, Ont., Canada L8s 4K1 1 I am indebted to Nicholas Griffin for his valuable comments and encouragement. I thank Marty Fairbairn and Perer Lovrick for many corrections in the paper. I am also greatly indebred to Ken Blackwell for his helpful criticisms and suggesrions. • (London: Allen & Unwin, 1922), p. 20. 3 (...)
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  45. Jordan’s Accession to the WTO: Retrospective and Prospective.Bashar H. Malkawi - 2010 - Estey Center Journal of International Law and Trade Policy 11 (1):12-45.
    Jordan acceded to the WTO in 1999. In its accession Jordan agreed, for example, to reduce tariffs on imported products and open its services market; it also modified its intellectual property regime. Jordan enjoyed special and differential treatment in few areas and was not able to designate olive oil as a good eligible for special safeguards. The WTO agreements required fundamental changes in the domestic laws and regulations of Jordan. The article concludes by arguing that Jordan’s accession to the (...)
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  46.  24
    Evolution of Problems in the Lithuanian Labour Law from 1990.Justinas Usonis - 2012 - Jurisprudencija: Mokslo darbu žurnalas 19 (3):1131-1148.
    The article describes the evolution of problems in the Lithuanian labour law and labour law science since the re-establishment of independence in 1990. Three periods of evolution are presented: the Soviet period (lasted until 1990), the transitional period (1990- 2004) and the period of the Labour Code (2003 and onwards). During the Soviet period, the Code of Labour Laws regulated employment relationship in strict detail as the main employer was the state itself. Good reflections of that period can be pointed (...)
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  47.  4
    Kuyper’s early critique of unchecked capitalism.Harry Van Dyke - 2013 - Philosophia Reformata 78 (2):115-123.
    It was in the days when European society was in the throes of expanding industrial capitalism that Abraham Kuyper formulated his basic ideas about the pitfalls of the free enterprise system and the need for a structural make-over of society. Already two decades before his mature address of 1891 on the social question, he urged the church to concern herself seriously with the plight of the working classes. In 1874 he railed against “fictitious trade” and mere “paper assets.” In an (...)
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  48.  39
    Disaggregated pluralistic theories of global distributive justice – a critique.Julian Culp - 2017 - Journal of Global Ethics 13 (2):168-186.
    Pluralistic theories of global distributive justice aim at justifying a plurality of principles for various subglobal contexts of distributive justice. Helena de Bres has recently proposed the class of disaggregated pluralistic theories, according to which we should refrain from defending principles that apply to the shared background conditions of such subglobal contexts. This article argues that if one does not justify how these background conditions should be regulated by principles of a just global basic structure, then the realization of the (...)
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  49.  87
    Could the Presumption of Innocence Protect the Guilty?Patrick Tomlin - 2014 - Criminal Law and Philosophy 8 (2):431-447.
    At criminal trial, we demand that those accused of criminal wrongdoing be presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond any reasonable doubt. What are the moral and/or political grounds of this demand? One popular and natural answer to this question focuses on the moral badness or wrongness of convicting and punishing innocent persons, which I call the direct moral grounding. In this essay, I suggest that this direct moral grounding, if accepted, may well have important ramifications for other areas of the (...)
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  50.  44
    Constructing "quality": The political economy of standards in Mexico's avocado industry. [REVIEW]Lois Stanford - 2002 - Agriculture and Human Values 19 (4):293-310.
    As the world's leader inavocado production, Mexico produces anestimated 900,000 tons/year, of which the stateof Michoacán produces 83% of nationalproduction and 40% of world avocado productionwithin five regional districts. In 1914 theUnited States imposed a phytosanitary banagainst Mexican avocado exports to the USmarket, a non-tariff barrier that stood despiteNAFTA. This paper examines increasedstandardization of product quality in avocadoas a political process in Michoacán duringthe 1980s and 1990s, during which differentregional groups and firms struggled to imposetheir standards and defend their economicinterests (...)
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