L’auteur de Représentations et normes liées à la masculinité : Construction d’un concept hier et aujourd’hui. Pour une masculinité positive dans une perspective biblique, Genève : Globethics, 2023, 327p. ISBN : 978-2-88931-511-6 présente ici le problème à la fois plus large et plus étroit des défis de l’éducation dans le contexte du genre. Ce défi éducatif est plus étroit car par éducation on entend un bagage d’expériences de formation, une sorte d’émulation scolaire précise, celle enseignée par le maître d’école, et (...) on ne fait pas référence, par exemple, aux traditions et aux mœurs transmises au sein de la famille, ni à l’édification et à l’élévation de l’âme associées à l’expérience religieuse. L’éducation et le contexte du genre peuvent aussi ouvrir un horizon plus large que la question du genre masculin, traité dans l’essai de l’auteur ; cet horizon ne reste pas moins un défi. Tandis que les « lois sont soit inconnues soit quotidiennement violées en faveur du respect des normes établies par la culture. » On assiste en RD Congo à l’augmentation de la vulnérabilité des femmes, processus initié en grande partie dans le milieu scolaire. (shrink)

Drawing on his investigation of over one hundred mid-Victorian British newspapers and periodicals, Alvar Ellegård describes and analyzes the impact of Darwin's theory of evolution during the first dozen years after the publication of the Origin of Species . Although Darwin's book caused an immediate stir in literary and scientific periodicals, the popular press largely ignored it. Only after the work's implications for theology and the nature of man became evident did general publications feel compelled to react; each social group (...) responded according to his own political and religious prejudices. Ellegård charts the impact of this revolution in science, maintaining that although the idea of evolution was generally accepted, Darwin's primary contribution, the theory of natural selection, was either ignored or rejected among the public. (shrink)

<I>The Handbook of Business Ethics is a substantially revised new edition of <I>Ethics in the Economy, currently in its third printing. With new content and revised material, the contributors rally against the concept that ethics is only an instrument for improving business efficacy. They see ethics as fundamental to all levels of economic activity, from individual and organizational to societal and global.<BR> Globally, the ethicality of economic actions is often highly questionable and in many respects unacceptable. The ethical nature of (...) the economy should be considerably improved, but there is an inherent paradox: if we want to develop the ethicality of our economic affairs only as a means of achieving higher efficiency, in the final analysis we will fail. We have the chance to improve the ethical quality of our economic activities only if our motivation is genuinely ethical, that is, only if we want to realize ethical conduct for its own sake. (shrink)

In this paper, we argue that the future of development in Africa lies in the shift from democracy in the conventional sense to technocracy, where the role of the expert is recognized and appreciated. We set out by presenting conceptualizations ofdemocracy and technocracy. Thereafter, we highlight the challenge posed by the demands of the information society to traditional concepts of democracy.

Most of the on-going debate is about “how” to protect archaeological ruins, whilst at the same time allowing the general public to enjoy them. Today it is clear how important it is, from the actual planning stages of excavations, to interact with experts from other disciplines, who are working on their own findings and offering them up for collective enjoyment. Whatever might be feasible for an indoor museum is not always feasible with an architectonic ruin, as regards both presenting objects (...) with explicative apparatus that determines their significance, and exploring them in a new way when interpretations change or new ideologies are introduced. First of all, conserving excavations is the not the same as conserving a transportable object. In the past many countries in Europe preferred to “present” Roman remains simply as “gardens of ruins”, often endeavouring to stand them in sharp contrast with a more recurrent evocation of the original contexts of local life. Recently, with regard to the Roman tradition, there has been a noticeable inversion of trend in musealization operations, according to which the mere “contemplation of ruins” should be replaced by emotional contact with history. The main consequence of these new tendencies is the replacement of an informatics-based and didactic approach to musealization, in favour of a more authentically interpretative approach. Back-up resulting from experimentation in the fields of restoration and conservation becomes indispensible in implementing these new strategies for the musealization of archaeology. Continuous research and the progressive advance of conservation techniques have meant that the need to transfer archaeological remains has been avoided and an improved in situ “presentation” of these remains, both movable and immovable, can now be guaranteed. (shrink)

Discusses questions of causation, substance, and identity. Among the philosophers discussed are: Immanuel Kant, Thomas Acuin, Augustine, Plato, David Hume, John Locke, Socrates, Aristotle, Baruch Spinoza, Descartes, Leibniz, and Hegel.

With the advent of the cloud computing model allowing a shared access to massive computing facilities, a surging demand emerges for the protection of the intellectual property tied to the programs executed on these uncontrolled systems. If novel paradigm as confidential computing aims at protecting the data manipulated during the execution, obfuscating techniques (in particular at the source code level) remain a popular solution to conceal the purpose of a program or its logic without altering its functionality, thus preventing reverse-engineering (...) on the program even with the help of computing resources. The many advantages of code obfuscation, together with its low cost, makes it a popular technique. This paper proposes a novel methodology for source code obfuscation that can be used together with other traditional obfuscation techniques, making the code more robust against reverse engineering attacks. Three program complexity metrics are used to define three different single-objective combinatorial optimization versions of the problem, which are solved and analysed. Additionally, three multi-objective problems are defined, those considering each of the selected metrics together with the program execution time, in order to avoid strong obfuscations penalizing the performance. The goal of the defined problems is to find sequences of LLVM optimizations that lead to highly obfuscated versions of the original code. These transformations are applied to the back-end pseudo-assembly code (i.e., LLVM Intermediate Representation), thus avoiding any further optimizations by the compiler. Classical genetic algorithms (GAs) are used to solve the studied problems, namely a basic cellular GA for the single-objective problems and the popular NSGA-II for the multi-objective ones. The promising results show the potential of the proposed technique. (shrink)