The international media recently reported the case of Eluana Englaro, a 38-year-old woman in a permanent vegetative state who died in February 2009 following withdrawal of her feeding tube. At the time of her death, she had been unconscious for 17 years. For many years, her father had been seeking permission to allow her to die. His request was rejected by the courts several times on different grounds, until the Italian Supreme Court finally granted it. The case caused considerable political (...) turmoil. The government, the president, the Constitutional Court, and the European Court of Human Rights got involved. This paper gives an account of the history of the case, enriched by personal communications with the people directly involved and a memoir by the father of Eluana. (shrink)

Background In the Netherlands, using drugs to deliberately end the life of a severely defective newborn baby who is in extreme suffering can be permissible under very precise circumstances. This does not mean that all Dutch neonatologists are willing to engage in such behaviour. This paper discusses the use of neuromuscular blockers (NMBs) in connection with abstention decisions in neonatology and the boundaries between ‘deliberate ending of life’ and other end-of-life decisions. These boundaries are of paramount importance because, of all (...) end-of-life decisions, only ‘deliberate ending of life’ must be reported by the responsible doctor and exposes him to the risk of being prosecuted. Methods 14 Dutch neonatologists were presented with a hypothetical case of a severely asphyxiated baby who faces a long dying process after withdrawal of ‘medically futile’ (zinloos) life-sustaining ventilation. Doctors were asked whether it is acceptable to administer NMBs in this situation and whether such behaviour should be reported. Results and conclusions Doctors' responses were heterogeneous, showing that the acceptability of using NMBs in certain situations and the boundaries between end-of-life decisions are currently a subject of discussion among Dutch neonatologists. Many respondents reported feeling threatened by the potential involvement of the criminal law authorities in the system of control over ‘deliberate ending of life’. (shrink)

Dans cet article, l’auteur amorce quelques pistes de réflexion pour un dossier beaucoup plus large sur l’accueil de parents à pathologies lourdes dans un lieu à la fois aussi peu « spécialisé » et aussi « perméable » qu’un Espace-Rencontre.

Família e escola são os dois primeiros contextos de desenvolvimento afetivo, cognitivo e social da criança. As experiências vividas nos contextos familiar e escolar interferem nas aprendizagens escolares. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos das relações afetivas familiares no desempenho escolar de alunos do Ensino Fundamental I e conhecer quais orientações são dadas a professores diante de alunos com problemas de aprendizagem ocasionados por afetos negativos nas relações familiares. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica integrativa de artigos científicos nas (...) bases de dados SciELO, PePSIC e BVS-Psi, utilizando-se o operador booleano AND e os descritores “relações familiares”, “desempenho acadêmico”, “desenvolvimento infantil”, “problemas de aprendizagem” e “afeto”, “interação pai(s) e filho(s)”, “motivação”, “parentalidade”, “empatia”, “rendimento escolar” e “aluno”. Foram adotados como critérios de inclusão: artigos publicados entre 2012 e 2022, em português, disponibilizados gratuitamente on-line e na íntegra. De 11.557 artigos encontrados, após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, foram selecionados 80 e, destes, cinco contemplaram os objetivos deste estudo. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo e apontam que a relação afetiva familiar positiva apresenta consequências positivas no desempenho escolar; as relações afetivas familiares negativas afetam negativamente; e que não são dadas orientações a professores sobre como lidar com alunos com problemas de aprendizagem, devido a problemas nas relações afetivas familiares. Observa-se que novos estudos devem ser desenvolvidos, considerando-se as lacunas identificadas no acervo selecionado. (shrink)

The moral responsibility of pharmaceutical companies is often invoked when discussing the difficulties faced by developing countries regarding their access to medication. In this article, I wish to criticize one strategy of attributing responsibility to pharmaceuticals, according to which moral responsibility originates from the analogy between enterprise and individual moral agent. I will propose an alternative strategy linking responsibility to the functions of the enterprise using a distinction between the organizational and occupational functions of a pharmaceutical company. Despite its interest, (...) the mitigated success of this proposition will bring me to reconsider the overall relevance of attributing, in such a targeted manner, moral responsibility to pharmaceuticals. (shrink)

We become aware of our bodies interoceptively, by processing signals arising from within the body, and exteroceptively, by processing signals arising on or outside the body. Recent research highlights the importance of the interaction of exteroceptive and interoceptive signals in modulating bodily self-consciousness. The current study investigated the effect of social self-focus, manipulated via a video camera that was facing the participants and that was either switched on or off, on interoceptive sensitivity and on tactile perception ). The results indicated (...) a significant effect of self-focus on SSDT performance, but not on interoception. SSDT performance was not moderated by interoceptive sensitivity, although interoceptive sensitivity scores were positively correlated with false alarms, independently of self-focus. Together with previous research, our results suggest that self-focus may exert different effects on body perception depending on its mode . While interoception has been previously shown to be enhanced by private self-focus, the current study failed to find an effect of social self-focus on interoceptive sensitivity, instead demonstrating that social self-focus improves exteroceptive somatosensory processing. (shrink)

Contemporary moral philosophy has different approaches to provide justice and equality to groups that are traditionally discriminated on the grounds of gender, religion, age, sexual orientation, etc. On the other hand, functionally diverse (disabled) people have had a parallel approach to their discrimination, excluded from mainstream diversities. Including functional diversity and the diversity model in modern recognition and redistribution theories, as another human diversity, provides an extended ethical approach: diversity ethics. This general framework also includes other fundamental ideas for equality (...) such as human fragility, social domination logics, self-respect and auto-recognition. Diversity ethics provides sound foundations to defend justice and equality for all human diversities and an alternative to other approaches that broaden the moral community, excluding some humans, like Peter Singer’s ethics. (shrink)

À partir de la métaphore de « corps familial », l’auteur propose quelques hypothèses invitant à « faire travailler » ensemble les concepts de la thérapie familiale et les théories de l’adolescence. Le pubertaire impliquerait une sorte d’autonomie des organes génitaux, une fragmentation, phénomènes mis en parallèle avec les risques liés à l’autonomisation d’un membre de la famille au moment de son adolescence. L’adolescence est ainsi entendue comme une épreuve pour le sujet et pour le corps familial, nécessitant un travail (...) de liaison… Est particulièrement abordé ici le vécu parental de perte. (shrink)

Medical ethics educators have a responsibility to assess the dominant ped­agogical methods and textbooks we utilize to advance our students’ knowledge about cultural differences and health disparities. In this essay, I argue that intersectional theory functions as an effective tool for the assessment and correction of diversity, equity, and inclusion training models for medical students. I critique, in particular, the additive conceptions of identity and diversity that dominate the literature. Intersectional theorists also provide helpful directives for how to train students (...) to be suspicious of social categories and their relations to power structures. Their ideas can be used to create parameters for case-based learning so as not to undertheorize the culture of medicine and to add depth to core concepts like autonomy and privacy through much-needed investigations of identity formation and expression. Ultimately, intersectional theory pushes medical ethicists to educate their students to understand difference, diversity, and inequity within a wider moral frame. (shrink)

L’étude qui nous occupe est motivée par l’apparente ambivalence du traitement historique des objets épistémiques par la philosophie des sciences. Cette dernière tend à étudier les objets soit sous l’angle de leur émergence et de leur persistance, soit sous celui de leur abandon, en conjonction avec une approche linéaire et unidirectionnelle de l’histoire. La notion de désuétude semble idoine pour désigner un état des objets épistémiques...

Borrowing some of Aby Warburg’s methods from his Mnemosyne Atlas, this paper experiments with an anti-linear, non-teleological method of writing fashion history. It investigates fashion movement, gesture and pose, and their afterlife in images and objects. It thus looks at the intersection of time and the gesture, particularly in relation to the idea of the ‘now’, a central organising principle of fashion. To this end, it juxtaposes images of the body in motion from a wide range of sources, including scientific (...) photography, etiquette manuals and fashion magazines. Spanning three centuries, though not chronologically, the images show a range of activities: not only fashion posing, but also tennis-playing, duelling, dancing, military marching, social gestures, and going to the races. The paper proposes that each image is charged with some quality or attribute that is also immanent in one or more of the others, even though they have no causal or temporal relationship. (shrink)

Borrowing some of Aby Warburg’s methods from his Mnemosyne Atlas, this paper experiments with an anti-linear, non-teleological method of writing fashion history. It investigates fashion movement, gesture and pose, and their afterlife in images and objects. It thus looks at the intersection of time and the gesture, particularly in relation to the idea of the ‘now’, a central organising principle of fashion. To this end, it juxtaposes images of the body in motion from a wide range of sources, including scientific (...) photography, etiquette manuals and fashion magazines. Spanning three centuries, though not chronologically, the images show a range of activities: not only fashion posing, but also tennis-playing, duelling, dancing, military marching, social gestures, and going to the races. The paper proposes that each image is charged with some quality or attribute that is also immanent in one or more of the others, even though they have no causal or temporal relationship. (shrink)

À partir de la métaphore de « corps familial », l’auteur propose quelques hypothèses invitant à « faire travailler » ensemble les concepts de la thérapie familiale et les théories de l’adolescence. Le pubertaire impliquerait une sorte d’autonomie des organes génitaux, une fragmentation, phénomènes mis en parallèle avec les risques liés à l’autonomisation d’un membre de la famille au moment de son adolescence. L’adolescence est ainsi entendue comme une épreuve pour le sujet et pour le corps familial, nécessitant un travail (...) de liaison… Est particulièrement abordé ici le vécu parental de perte. (shrink)

Both in the U.S. and in France, inheritance is probably the main factor of wealth concentration among the richest part of the population, and of its intergenerational reproduction. In so far as wealth is an opportunity, a reform of inheritance tax could be a mean to ensure a fairer distribution of opportunities in the society. Many reforms of inheritance systems have been conceived at least since Bentham. The identification and the analysis of ethical properties of reforms as the ones designed (...) by Mill, Rignano, Solvay, Huet and Haslett show that the latter is certainly the one which most satisfies the requirements of an ethics of inheritance. (shrink)

The identification of a post-modern art requires the determination of its implicit patterns of signification, as is the case with the modern art’s patterns of signification. In fact, the mere formal and stylistic analyses are not able to distinguish the post-modern art from the modern art. Actually, the specificity of minimalist and post-minimalist sculpture is founded on a phenomenological interpretation of subjective aesthetic experience (the reciprocal glance between who regards and what is regarded) and on a phenomenological interpretation of significance. (...) In other words, this phenomenological interpretation gives a positive content to the concept of post-modern art. (shrink)

El cuidado de la reciprocidad y de la imparcialidad es fundamental en la tradición de la filosofía liberal. Las teorías liberales y solidarias de la justicia aspiran a establecer un acceso igual a las oportunidades y a los recursos a todos los individuos dentro de la comunidad. Sin embargo la dificultad principal que se encuentra reside en la determinación y la identificación de los recursos pertinentes que se debe tomar en cuenta. Ahora bien el análisis demuestra que ni el enfoque (...) de Rawls sobre los bienes primarios ni el de Dworkin, apoyado en una subasta de las dotaciones tan internas que externas, convienen. ¿Cuál es desde entonces el enfoque lo mas satisfactorio? ¿Debemos revolver al de la igualdad del bienestar como el análisis, propuesta por Roemer, de la posición de Dworkin le sugiere? ¿Debemos privilegiar el punto de vista de la igualdad de las ?realizaciones sociales fundamentales?? Tal son las perspectivas que queremos explorar. (shrink)

Alors que concernant notre vie privée, nous croyons que nous avons des responsabilités particulières envers les personnes avec qui nous avons des relations spéciales, nous sommes attachés, au plan politique, à une égale sollicitude à l'égard de tous, c'est-à-dire à un traitement de tous les citoyens comme des égaux. Ainsi un conflit de principe, entre « l'égoïsme » et « l'utilitarisme », semble être au fondement de la détermination du comportement individuel. Or une analyse de la théorie du comportement rationnel, (...) telle qu'A. Sen la formule, permet de comprendre comment la perspective d'autrui peut être intégrée à nos fins et à des conceptions particulières du bien, en tant que chacun prend en compte, dans ses choix comme dans son agir, des valeurs auxquelles il accorde de l'importance. (shrink)

Suočujući se sa suvremenim kulturnim i religijskim pluralizmom, povezanim sa zahtjevima prepoznavanja od manjina u multikulturalnim društvima, niti klasični republikanizam niti liberalizam ne daju nam zadovoljavajuću orijentaciju u oblikovanju političkog obrazovanja prilagođenog tom društvenom kontekstu. Obrazovanje će doprinijeti društvenoj pacifikaciji i socijalnim kompromisima samo ako elaboriramo političko obrazovanje koje uzima u obzir i primjereno odgovara na glavni aktualni politički cilj: zajedničko življenje s našim različitostima. U ovome članku istražuje se sadržaj takovog političkog obrazovanja.

The non envy criterium, introduced by Tinbergen and convoqued by some theories of justice, cannot always be used to identify allocations which also satisfy the requirement of Pareto-optimality. This is the reason why it had been neglected for a while. Nevertheless, it is still useful in some contexts we would like to describe. In fact, recent conclusions of normative economy demonstrated that, in some conditions and even in the framework of production, this criterium provide a solution for fair allocations. Precisely, (...) we would like, on the basis of these results, to determine which extent has the implementation of non envy criterium in order to identify fair distributive allocations in a context of exchange and production as well. (shrink)

Dans l'examen de problèmes distributifs on admet souvent qu'une répartition égale des avantages ne nécessite aucune justification, une distribution inégale ne pouvant être instituée qu'à condition d'être justifiée. Notre propos est ici d'envisager et d'évaluer les jugements négatifs motivés par un sentiment ou un diagnostic d'inégalité, pour en discerner les enjeux éthiques réels et contribuer à identifier les conditions d'acceptabilité, par les agents sociaux, de configurations inégalitaires. En particulier, il nous semble que la problématique de l'égalité des chances gagnerait à (...) être reformulée en termes d'obstacles rencontrés dans la mise en œuvre de projets de vie individuels. Par ailleurs, nous tâcherons de montrer que l'identification d'inégalités pertinentes, appelant une correction, profite du renoncement à un point de vue unifié sur l'inégalité et à la référence à l'égalité comme principe privilégié dans tous les domaines. (shrink)

Varias encuestas constatan un amplio consenso sobre (a) el hecho de que una redistribución justa es una redistribución que permite mejorar las oportunidades y las condiciones de vida de los individuos más desfavorecidos y sobre (b) la idea de que las desigualdades debidas a factores no controlables deben ser corregidas en la medida de lo posible. Sin embargo permanecen conflictos y profundos desacuerdos sobre la importancia del mérito personal así como sobre la importancia de los efectos desmotivadores de la redistribución. (...) Nos propondremos un esclarecimiento de estas divergencias basado en la hipótesis según la cual las opciones colectivas se explican por las creencias y representaciones subjetivas relativas a los procesos generadores de desigualdad. (shrink)

Au cours des dernières années, plusieurs maternités parisiennes ont vu croître le nombre de refus d'interruption médicale de grossesse (IMG) dans des cas de pronostic vital néonatal péjoratif ou induisant un handicap très sévère. Ces refus d'IMG sont à la source de tensions entre les parents et les membres des équipes médicales concernées. Nous proposons dans ce qui suit plusieurs arguments éthiques et une analyse de ces dilemmes moraux justifiant que soient pleinement pris en compte les préférences morales des parents (...) qui refusent ces interruptions de grossesse. (shrink)

The identification of a post-modern art requires the determination of its implicit patterns of signification, as is the case with the modern art’s patterns of signification. In fact, the mere formal and stylistic analyses are not able to distinguish the post-modern art from the modern art. Actually, the specificity of minimalist and post-minimalist sculpture is founded on a phenomenological interpretation of subjective aesthetic experience (the reciprocal glance between who regards and what is regarded) and on a phenomenological interpretation of significance. (...) In other words, this phenomenological interpretation gives a positive content to the concept of post-modern art. (shrink)

Parmi l’abondante littérature consacrée aux esthétiques kantienne et hégélienne, seuls quelques auteurs en ont esquissé une lecture phénoménologique. Prenant pour objet ces textes de l’idéalisme allemand, cette lecture a pu être qualifiée de «paradoxale» et d’«an-historique». Pourtant il est incontestable que l’appréhension désintéressée du beau est corrélative d’un apparaître phénoménal. Dans cette mesure, nous voulons cerner l’intérêt et la pertinence d’une perspective phénoménologique, pour l’analyse de l’appréhension du phénomène et de l’expérience esthétiques comme tels, mais également et de façon immanente (...) pour le commentaire critique des esthétiques kantienne et hégélienne. (shrink)

During the last few years, several maternity departments in Paris hospitals have registered an increasing number of parental refusals to terminate pregnancies on the basis of foetal abnormality. These refusals have provoked disagreement and tension between parents and medical staff within the departments in question. The present contribution will endeavour to advance a number of ethical arguments and an analysis of these moral dilemmas with a view to justifying the need to fully account for the moral preferences of the parents (...) who refuse to have their pregnancy interrupted. (shrink)

Los debates actuales en torno a controversias éticas (sobre bioética o ligadasa la religión, por ejemplo) muestran que el acuerdo moral en torno avalores comunes es difícil de conseguir. Nuestras sociedades se caracterizanpor un pluralismo radical. Este articulo intenta comprobar la tesis rawlsianasegún la cual la solución a los conflictos en las sociedades pluralistasreside en la primacía sistematica de los valores de la “cultura política pública” sobre los valores privados.

Angesichts der kulturellen und religiösen Vielfalt zeitgenössischer multikultureller Gesellschaften sowie der von ihren Minderheiten erhobenen Forderungen nach Anerkennung geben weder der klassische Republikanismus noch der L iberalismus eine befriedigende Antwort auf die Frage, wie eine dieser neuen sozialen Realität angemessene politische Erziehung auszusehen hätte. Die Schule kann nur dann ihrer Aufgabe gerecht werden und zur Beilegung unvermeidlicher sozialer Konflikte beitragen, wenn politische Erziehung überdacht und geprüft wird, wie sie das Zusammenleben unterschiedlicher Kulturen fördern kann. Der Beitrag untersucht die Inhalte einer (...) solchen Erziehung. (shrink)

Facing contemporary cultural and religious pluralism, associated to the demands of recognition from minorities, in multicultural societies, neither classical republicanism nor political liberalism gives satisfactory orientation to shape a political education accommodated to this social context. Education will contribute to social pacification and social compromises, only if we elaborate a political education which takes into account and responds properly to the main actual political goal: living together with our differences. In this paper we will explore the content of such political (...) education. (shrink)

This paper investigates the practices whereby the subject, in an organisational context, carries out systematic practices of self-discipline and becomes a calculative self. In particular, we explore the techniques of conduct developed by management accountants in a French carmaker, which adheres to a neoliberal environment. We show how these management accountants become calculative selves by building the very measurement of their own performance. The organisation thereby emerges as the cauldron in which a Homo liberalis is forged. Homo liberalis is the (...) individual capable of constructing for him/her the political self-discipline establishing his/her relationship with the social world on the basis of measurable performance. The management accountants studied in this article prefigure the Homo liberalis in the self-discipline they develop to act in compliance with the organisation’s goals. (shrink)

Cet article traite de l’histoire du law french, un idiome dont les débuts ont émergé durant le règne de Henri II d’Angleterre et qui a dominé le monde juridique du common law anglais jusqu’au début du XVIIIe siècle. L’anglo-français a joué un rôle essentiel lors de la fondation du common law. Il s’agissait de la construction d’un double édifice interdépendant : le droit et ses concepts en plein développement, d’un côté, et une langue s’enrichissant d’un vocabulaire de plus en plus (...) technique et spécialisé, de l’autre. L’utilisation continue du law french dans les rangs des juristes, combinée au déclin général de l’usage de l’anglo-normand dans le reste de la société, a contribué à la formation d’une langue qui n’a bientôt été plus compréhensible que pour les spécialistes de droit. Ainsi toutes personnes non instruites dans les sciences du droit se sont trouvées exclues de ce domaine, non seulement par une terminologie en raison de l’objet des textes, mais par l’usage d’une langue de plus en plus étrangère. (shrink)

Cet article traite de l’histoire du _law french_, un idiome dont les débuts ont émergé durant le règne de Henri II d’Angleterre et qui a dominé le monde juridique du _common law_ anglais jusqu’au début du XVIII e siècle. L’anglo-français a joué un rôle essentiel lors de la fondation du _common law_. Il s’agissait de la construction d’un double édifice interdépendant : le droit et ses concepts en plein développement, d’un côté, et une langue s’enrichissant d’un vocabulaire de plus en (...) plus technique et spécialisé, de l’autre. L’utilisation continue du _law french_ dans les rangs des juristes, combinée au déclin général de l’usage de l’anglo-normand dans le reste de la société, a contribué à la formation d’une langue qui n’a bientôt été plus compréhensible que pour les spécialistes de droit. Ainsi toutes personnes non instruites dans les sciences du droit se sont trouvées exclues de ce domaine, non seulement par une terminologie en raison de l’objet des textes, mais par l’usage d’un... (shrink)