Thomas Chubb seems to have been an 18th century English artisan class version of Eric Hoffer. Only the subject for Chubb was Deism rather than democracy. This is not, of course, to deny the link between these two, a link which is accented to some extent in Chubb's own work. Bushell has given us a short biographical account of Chubb together with six chapters that dutifully comb Chubb's moral, political, and, especially, his theological writings for a synthetic view of Chubb's (...) opinion on such subjects as the historical Jesus, theodicy, providence, toleration, and natural law. Chubb seems to have attracted the curiosity of the intelligensia [[sic]] of his own and later times. But, on balance, he does not appear to be even a major minor figure.--E. A. R. (shrink)

Thomas Chubb seems to have been an 18th century English artisan class version of Eric Hoffer. Only the subject for Chubb was Deism rather than democracy. This is not, of course, to deny the link between these two, a link which is accented to some extent in Chubb's own work. Bushell has given us a short biographical account of Chubb together with six chapters that dutifully comb Chubb's moral, political, and, especially, his theological writings for a synthetic view of Chubb's (...) opinion on such subjects as the historical Jesus, theodicy, providence, toleration, and natural law. Chubb seems to have attracted the curiosity of the intelligensia [[sic]] of his own and later times. But, on balance, he does not appear to be even a major minor figure.--E. A. R. (shrink)

A obra Policraticus de João de Salisbury representa um dos textos fundamentais do medievo. Escrita dentro do estilo renascentista do século XII ela gerou polêmica desde a sua publicação pelas suas doutrinas, dentre elas: a defesa do tiranicídio. O presente estudo tem por objetivo dar uma contribuição a essa discussão, mostrando que, embora seja possível apontar para algumas lacunas na sua argumentação, a defesa do tiranicídio em João de Salisbury está consoante com elementos do seu pensamento político. Nesta (...) perspectiva, procuraremos mostrar: o direito de resistência civil e o tiranicídio; breves observações sobre a posição de Salisbury. Para tanto, iremos recorrer aos livros III, IV, V e VIII do Policraticus. (shrink)

João de Salisbury (ca.1120-1180) é uma das grandes figuras do medievo. Nascido na Inglaterra, estudou na França, onde frequentou a escola de Chartres, ali foi aluno de Pedro Abelardo (1079-1142). No seu retorno à Inglaterra, foi secretário do arcebispo de Canterbury, Thomas Becket (1118-1170). O conflito deste com o Rei Henrique II da Inglaterra, que acabou desembocando no assassinato do arcebispo por seguidores do Rei na Catedral de Canterbury, foi decisivo para as posições políticas de João de Salisbury. (...) O _Policraticus_, uma obra escrita em estilo renascentista do século XII, reflete as posições políticas, filosóficas e teológicas do autor e, desde que foi publicada, gerou uma série de discussões e polêmicas. Entre as posições polêmicas está a defesa do tiranicídio. Neste trabalho, o objetivo é apresentar e analisar sinteticamente a prática do tiranicídio em Salisbury, valendo-se principalmente dos livros III, IV, V e VIII do _Policraticus_. (shrink)

Il saggio affronta la questione se nel pensiero di Giovanni di Salisbury sia presente un pensiero mistico e quella di quali siano le relazioni con la sua teoria della conoscenza. Il pulchrum rappresenta uno dei temi tramite cui è possibile riflettere su tale questione, poiché problematizza il rapporto tra umano e divino, tra immanente e trascendente, su più livelli del discorso salisburiano. All’interno del generale atteggiamento scettico dell’autore, il pulchrum si articola nelle dimensioni dell’armonia musicale cosmica e umana, come (...) proportio o venustas; dei criteri di misura, numero e peso con cui Dio crea e che sono indici della sua ineffabilità in senso dionisiano; dell’armonia tra forma e contenuto proprie della retorica e della poesia; infine dell’ordine proporzionale che regola non solo il cosmo, ma anche la res publica. Il saggio conclude individuando un atteggiamento mistico, che non è propriamente pensiero mistico, nei momenti in cui maggiormente emergono gli aspetti di ispirazione dionisiana. The essay concerns the question of the possibility of mystical thought in the reflection of John of Salisbury and that of what is the relationship with his theory of knowledge. The pulchrum represents one of the themes through which one can approach this issue, because proves problematic the relationship between human being and God, immanent and transcendent, on multiple levels of John’s thought. Into his general sceptical attitude, the pulchrum is articulated in some dimensions of the musical harmony, both cosmic and human, such as proportio or venustas. In addition, it is understood as measure, number and weight with which God creates and that are signs of his ineffability in a Dionysian meaning. The concept of beauty is also related to the relationship between form and content concerning both rhetoric and poetry. Finally, it concerns the proportional order that regulates not only the cosmos, but also the res publica, in the moments in which the aspects of Dionysian derivation mainly emerge. (shrink)

Introduction -- Prologue -- Book one -- Book two -- Book three -- Book four.

John of Salisbury (c. 1115-1180) was the foremost political theorist of his age. He was trained in scholastic theology and philosophy at Paris, and his writings are invaluable for summarizing many of the metaphysical speculations of his time. The Policraticus is his main work, and is regarded as the first complete work of political theory to be written in the Latin Middle Ages. Cary Nederman's new edition and translation, currently the only version available in English, is primarily aimed at (...) undergraduate students of the history of political thought and medieval history. His new translation shows how important this text is in understanding the mores, forms of conduct and beliefs of the most powerful and learned segments of twelfth century Western Europe. (shrink)

A collection of letters portraying the life and times of this great medieval scholar, the devoted secretary of Archbishop Theobald, and the faithful friend and counsellor of Becket. Volume 1 of his correspondence, 'The Early Letters,' long out of print, is available on microfiche.

Big Ideas for Little Kids includes everything a teacher, a parent, or a college student needs to teach philosophy to elementary school children from picture books. Written in a clear and accessible style, the book explains why it is important to allow young children access to philosophy during primary-school education. Wartenberg also gives advice on how to construct a "learner-centered" classroom, in which children discuss philosophical issues with one another as they respond to open-ended questions by saying whether they agree (...) or disagree with what others have said. (shrink)

Introducing Dialogic Pedagogy presents some of the ideas of Russian philosopher Mikhail Bakhtin concerning dialogism in a way that will engage and inspire those studying early childhood education. By translating the growing body of dialogic scholarship into a practical application of teaching and learning with very young children, this book provides readers with alternative ways of examining, engaging and reflecting on practice in the early years to provoke new ways of understanding and enacting pedagogy. This text combines important theoretical ideas (...) with a practical application to support practitioners who are keen to promote creativity and agency through ethical self-other relations. It provides unique insights into the amazing world of the youngest child, and offers enriched understandings of the profound impact of adults in their journey of becoming (or bildung). Key points covered include: Investigating dialogic philosophy and its application to early childhood education, with an emphasis on notions of justice, democracy, ethics and answerability Considering the relationship between dialogism and pedagogical approaches Theorising a range of approaches to relevant early childhood practice, as pedagogy This accessible and readable guide offers sound theoretical principles with practical suggestions for early years' settings. The book is supplemented by an extensive online video resource website that will bring these revolutionary ideas to life.. (shrink)

本书记述了历史上两个幽默大师,即战国时期的齐国人淳于髡和西汉武帝时期的东方朔的生平事迹。.

_Seeing the World through Children’s Eyes_ brings an overarching emphasis on ‘seeing’ to early years research and provides an opportunity to see and hear from leading researchers in the field concerning how they work with visual methodologies in their early years research.

Standard models of adolescent risk taking posit that the cognitive abilities of adolescents and adults are equivalent, and that increases in risk taking that occur during adolescence are the result of socio emotional differences in impulsivity, sensation seeking, and lack of self-control. Fuzzy-trace theory incorporates these socio emotional differences. However, it predicts that there are also cognitive differences between adolescents and adults, specifically that there are developmental increases in gist-based intuition that reflects understanding. Gist understanding, as opposed to verbatim-based analysis, (...) generally has been hypothesized to have a protective effect on risk taking in adolescence. Gist understanding is also an essential element of informed consent regarding risks in medical decision- making. Evidence thus supports the argument that adolescents’ status as mature minors should be treated as an exception rather than a presumption, because accuracy in verbatim analysis is not mature gist understanding. Use of the exception should be accompanied by medical experts’ input on the bottom-line gist of risks involved in treatment. (shrink)

The foundation of the Christian counselling movement -- Christian counselling in the UK -- The aims of Christian counselling -- Integrating psychological and biblical truth -- Sigmund Freud--the founding father of psychotherapy -- The individual psychology of Alfred Adler -- Abraham Maslow--the man with new age tendencies -- Carl Rogers--a man who believed in himself -- Albert Ellis--the aggressive atheist -- The Bible's verdict on psychological 'truth' -- The case against Larry Crabb -- Self-esteem: the secular foundation -- Self-esteem and (...) the Christian counselling movement -- Self-esteem dogma in the light of scripture. (shrink)

The Great Psychotherapy Debate: Models, Methods, and Findings comprehensively reviews the research on psychotherapy to dispute the commonly held view that the benefits of psychotherapy are derived from the specific ingredients contained in a given treatment (medical model). The author reviews the literature related to the absolute efficacy of psychotherapy, the relative efficacy of various treatments, the specificity of ingredients contained in established therapies, effects due to common factors, such as the working alliance, adherence and allegiance to the therapeutic protocol, (...) and effects that are produced by different therapists. In each case, the evidence convincingly corroborates the contextual model and disconfirms the prevailing medical model. (shrink)

English summary: Marc Andre Wiegand analyzes the neo-Kantian premises of Gustav Radbruch's legal philosophy.

This chapter focuses on one historically important approach to computationalism about thought. According to "the classical computational theory of mind" (CTM), thinking involves the algorithmic manipulation of mental symbols. The chapter reviews CTM and the related language of thought (LOT) position, urging that the orthodox position, associated with the groundbreaking work of Jerry Fodor, has failed to specify a key component: the notion of a mental symbol. It clarifies the notion of a LOT symbol and explores an approach different from (...) the orthodox, Fodorian LOT/CTM. The LOT position is a leading approach to the computational nature of thought. A key feature of LOT is that its mental representations have a combinatorial syntax. A representational system has a combinatorial syntax when it employs a finite store of atomic representations, which can be combined to form compound representations, which can then be combined to form further compound representations. (shrink)

This article explores the relationship between automatic and involuntary language in the work of Samuel Beckett and late nineteenth-century neurological conceptions of language that emerged from aphasiology. Using the work of John Hughlings Jackson alongside contemporary neuroscientific research, we explore the significance of the lexical and affective symmetries between Beckett’s compulsive and profoundly embodied language and aphasic speech automatisms. The interdisciplinary work in this article explores the paradox of how and why Beckett was able to search out a longed-for language (...) of feeling that might disarticulate the classical bond between the language, intention, rationality and the human, in forms of expression that seem automatic and “readymade”. (shrink)

A classical and quantum relativistic interacting particle formalism is revisited. A Hilbert space is achieved through the use of variable individual particle rest masses, but no c-number mass parameter is required for the relativistic free particle. Boosted center of momentum states feature in both the free and interacting model. The implications of a failure to impose simultaneity conditions at the classical level are explored. The implementation of these conditions at the quantum level leads to a finite uncertainty in interaction times, (...) perhaps more closely modeling the exchange of virtual particles in quantum field theory. This work is compared and contrasted with other variable mass models in the literature. (shrink)

Classical generators of one-dimensional reparametrization, and higher dimensional diffeomorphism symmetries are displayed for the relativistic free particle, relativistic particles in interaction, and general relativity in both Lagrangian and Hamiltonian frameworks. Projectability of these symmetries under the Legendre map is achieved only with dynamical variable-dependent transformations. When gauge symmetries are included, as in Einstein-Yang-Mills and a new reparametrization covariant pre-Maxwell model, pure coordinate symmetries are not projectable. They must be accompanied by internal gauge transformations.

First published in 1996. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This book examines the U.S economy from 1967 to 2011 and utilizes a new method to predict the future of the economy as far ahead as 2030. Projections using estimates from the U.S. Bureau of Census are used to further project personal income, personal income annual change, and disposable personal income to 2030.

My life during those three months looks a lot like the public mental health system. Local Community Mental Health agencies (CMHs) are required, on a daily basis, to meet the needs of people with mental illness in a system that everyone knows is tragically under funded. The system does what it can with the resources it has and looks towards the next fiscal year, with fingers crossed, hoping for some relief. Some in the system have given up hope, and consider (...) it a "success" if their funding isn�t cut or eliminated. (shrink)

A classical and quantum relativistic interacting particle formalism is revisited. A Hilbert space is achieved through the use of variable individual particle rest masses, but no c-number mass parameter is required for the relativistic free particle. Boosted center of momentum states feature in both the free and interacting model. The implications of a failure to impose simultaneity conditions at the classical level are explored. The implementation of these conditions at the quantum level leads to a finite uncertainty in interaction times, (...) perhaps more closely modeling the exchange of virtual particles in quantum field theory. This work is compared and contrasted with other variable mass models in the literature. (shrink)

A quantum physical projector is proposed for generally covariant theories which are derivable from a Lagrangian. The projector is the quantum analogue of the integral over the generators of finite one-parameter subgroups of the gauge symmetry transformations which are connected to the identity. Gauge variables are retained in this formalism, thus permitting the construction of spacetime area and volume operators in a tentative spacetime loop formulation of quantum general relativity.

A well-known relativistic action at a distance interaction of two unequal masses is altered so as to yield purely Newtonian radial forces with fixed particle rest masses in the system center-of-momentum inertial frame. Although particle masses experience no kinematic mass increase in this frame, speeds are naturally restricted to less than the speed of light. We derive a relation between the center-of-momentum frame total Newtonian energy and the composite rest mass. In a new proper time quantum formalism, we obtain an (...) L2(R4 ⊗ R4, C) Hilbert space by varying individual particle rest masses. We propose the use of density operators, recognizing that the auxiliary proper time parameter is not an observable. The quantum formalism is applied to our altered version of the relativistic harmonic oscillator. Our generalized coherent states yield four-dimensional wave packets which follow the correct classical world lines. Appendices contain reviews of classical Hamiltonian reparametrization (incorporating our notion of manifest covariance), and a comparison of this work with the literature. (shrink)

The second edition of The Great Psychotherapy Debate has been updated and revised to include a history of healing practices, medicine, and psychotherapy, an expanded theoretical presentation of the contextual model, an examination of therapist effects, and a thorough review of the research on common factors such as the alliance, expectations, and empathy.