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Marcello Ienca [29]M. Ienca [1]
  1.  9
    The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines.A. Jobin, M. Ienca & E. Vayena - 2019 - Nature Machine Intelligence 1.
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  2. Towards new human rights in the age of neuroscience and neurotechnology.Marcello Ienca & Roberto Andorno - 2017 - Life Sciences, Society and Policy 13 (1):1-27.
    Rapid advancements in human neuroscience and neurotechnology open unprecedented possibilities for accessing, collecting, sharing and manipulating information from the human brain. Such applications raise important challenges to human rights principles that need to be addressed to prevent unintended consequences. This paper assesses the implications of emerging neurotechnology applications in the context of the human rights framework and suggests that existing human rights may not be sufficient to respond to these emerging issues. After analysing the relationship between neuroscience and human rights, (...)
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  3. Towards a Governance Framework for Brain Data.Marcello Ienca, Joseph J. Fins, Ralf J. Jox, Fabrice Jotterand, Silja Voeneky, Roberto Andorno, Tonio Ball, Claude Castelluccia, Ricardo Chavarriaga, Hervé Chneiweiss, Agata Ferretti, Orsolya Friedrich, Samia Hurst, Grischa Merkel, Fruzsina Molnár-Gábor, Jean-Marc Rickli, James Scheibner, Effy Vayena, Rafael Yuste & Philipp Kellmeyer - 2022 - Neuroethics 15 (2):1-14.
    The increasing availability of brain data within and outside the biomedical field, combined with the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to brain data analysis, poses a challenge for ethics and governance. We identify distinctive ethical implications of brain data acquisition and processing, and outline a multi-level governance framework. This framework is aimed at maximizing the benefits of facilitated brain data collection and further processing for science and medicine whilst minimizing risks and preventing harmful use. The framework consists of four primary (...)
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  4.  73
    Minding Rights: Mapping Ethical and Legal Foundations of ‘Neurorights’.Sjors Ligthart, Marcello Ienca, Gerben Meynen, Fruzsina Molnar-Gabor, Roberto Andorno, Christoph Bublitz, Paul Catley, Lisa Claydon, Thomas Douglas, Nita Farahany, Joseph J. Fins, Sara Goering, Pim Haselager, Fabrice Jotterand, Andrea Lavazza, Allan McCay, Abel Wajnerman Paz, Stephen Rainey, Jesper Ryberg & Philipp Kellmeyer - 2023 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 32 (4):461-481.
    The rise of neurotechnologies, especially in combination with artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods for brain data analytics, has given rise to concerns around the protection of mental privacy, mental integrity and cognitive liberty – often framed as “neurorights” in ethical, legal, and policy discussions. Several states are now looking at including neurorights into their constitutional legal frameworks, and international institutions and organizations, such as UNESCO and the Council of Europe, are taking an active interest in developing international policy and governance guidelines (...)
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  5.  62
    Ethics review of big data research: What should stay and what should be reformed?Effy Vayena, Minerva Rivas Velarde, Mahsa Shabani, Gabrielle Samuel, Camille Nebeker, S. Matthew Liao, Peter Kleist, Walter Karlen, Jeff Kahn, Phoebe Friesen, Bobbie Farsides, Edward S. Dove, Alessandro Blasimme, Mark Sheehan, Marcello Ienca & Agata Ferretti - 2021 - BMC Medical Ethics 22 (1):1-13.
    BackgroundEthics review is the process of assessing the ethics of research involving humans. The Ethics Review Committee (ERC) is the key oversight mechanism designated to ensure ethics review. Whether or not this governance mechanism is still fit for purpose in the data-driven research context remains a debated issue among research ethics experts.Main textIn this article, we seek to address this issue in a twofold manner. First, we review the strengths and weaknesses of ERCs in ensuring ethical oversight. Second, we map (...)
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  6. Hacking the brain: brain–computer interfacing technology and the ethics of neurosecurity.Marcello Ienca & Pim Haselager - 2016 - Ethics and Information Technology 18 (2):117-129.
    Brain–computer interfacing technologies are used as assistive technologies for patients as well as healthy subjects to control devices solely by brain activity. Yet the risks associated with the misuse of these technologies remain largely unexplored. Recent findings have shown that BCIs are potentially vulnerable to cybercriminality. This opens the prospect of “neurocrime”: extending the range of computer-crime to neural devices. This paper explores a type of neurocrime that we call brain-hacking as it aims at the illicit access to and manipulation (...)
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  7.  29
    Ethical Design of Intelligent Assistive Technologies for Dementia: A Descriptive Review.Marcello Ienca, Tenzin Wangmo, Fabrice Jotterand, Reto W. Kressig & Bernice Elger - 2018 - Science and Engineering Ethics 24 (4):1035-1055.
    The use of Intelligent Assistive Technology in dementia care opens the prospects of reducing the global burden of dementia and enabling novel opportunities to improve the lives of dementia patients. However, with current adoption rates being reportedly low, the potential of IATs might remain under-expressed as long as the reasons for suboptimal adoption remain unaddressed. Among these, ethical and social considerations are critical. This article reviews the spectrum of IATs for dementia and investigates the prevalence of ethical considerations in the (...)
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  8.  44
    Ethical concerns with the use of intelligent assistive technology: findings from a qualitative study with professional stakeholders.Tenzin Wangmo, Mirjam Lipps, Reto W. Kressig & Marcello Ienca - 2019 - BMC Medical Ethics 20 (1):1-11.
    Background Advances in artificial intelligence, robotics and wearable computing are creating novel technological opportunities for mitigating the global burden of population ageing and improving the quality of care for older adults with dementia and/or age-related disability. Intelligent assistive technology is the umbrella term defining this ever-evolving spectrum of intelligent applications for the older and disabled population. However, the implementation of IATs has been observed to be sub-optimal due to a number of barriers in the translation of novel applications from the (...)
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  9.  51
    On Artificial Intelligence and Manipulation.Marcello Ienca - 2023 - Topoi 42 (3):833-842.
    The increasing diffusion of novel digital and online sociotechnical systems for arational behavioral influence based on Artificial Intelligence (AI), such as social media, microtargeting advertising, and personalized search algorithms, has brought about new ways of engaging with users, collecting their data and potentially influencing their behavior. However, these technologies and techniques have also raised concerns about the potential for manipulation, as they offer unprecedented capabilities for targeting and influencing individuals on a large scale and in a more subtle, automated and (...)
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  10.  44
    Misplaced Trust and Distrust: How Not to Engage with Medical Artificial Intelligence.Georg Starke & Marcello Ienca - 2024 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 33 (3):360-369.
    Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a rapidly increasing role in clinical care. Many of these systems, for instance, deep learning-based applications using multilayered Artificial Neural Nets, exhibit epistemic opacity in the sense that they preclude comprehensive human understanding. In consequence, voices from industry, policymakers, and research have suggested trust as an attitude for engaging with clinical AI systems. Yet, in the philosophical and ethical literature on medical AI, the notion of trust remains fiercely debated. Trust skeptics hold that talking about trust (...)
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  11.  38
    Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Neuroscience: Methodological and Ethical Challenges.Marcello Ienca & Karolina Ignatiadis - 2020 - American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience 11 (2):77-87.
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  12.  56
    Democratizing cognitive technology: a proactive approach.Marcello Ienca - 2019 - Ethics and Information Technology 21 (4):267-280.
    Cognitive technology is an umbrella term sometimes used to designate the realm of technologies that assist, augment or simulate cognitive processes or that can be used for the achievement of cognitive aims. This technological macro-domain encompasses both devices that directly interface the human brain as well as external systems that use artificial intelligence to simulate or assist (aspects of) human cognition. As they hold the promise of assisting and augmenting human cognitive capabilities both individually and collectively, cognitive technologies could produce, (...)
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  13.  28
    Direct-to-Consumer Neurotechnology: What Is It and What Is It for?Marcello Ienca & Effy Vayena - 2019 - American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience 10 (4):149-151.
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  14.  22
    “Hunting Down My Son’s Killer”: New Roles of Patients in Treatment Discovery and Ethical Uncertainty.Marcello Ienca & Effy Vayena - 2020 - Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 17 (1):37-47.
    The past few years have witnessed several media-covered cases involving citizens actively engaging in the pursuit of experimental treatments for their medical conditions—or those of their loved ones—in the absence of established standards of therapy. This phenomenon is particularly observable in patients with rare genetic diseases, as the development of effective therapies for these disorders is hindered by the limited profitability and market value of pharmaceutical research. Sociotechnical trends at the cross-section of medicine and society are facilitating the involvement of (...)
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  15.  49
    Why converging technologies need converging international regulation.Dirk Helbing & Marcello Ienca - 2024 - Ethics and Information Technology 26 (1):1-11.
    Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, gene editing, nanotechnology, neurotechnology and robotics, which were originally unrelated or separated, are becoming more closely integrated. Consequently, the boundaries between the physical-biological and the cyber-digital worlds are no longer well defined. We argue that this technological convergence has fundamental implications for individuals and societies. Conventional domain-specific governance mechanisms have become ineffective. In this paper we provide an overview of the ethical, societal and policy challenges of technological convergence. Particularly, we scrutinize the adequacy of (...)
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  16.  14
    Non-voluntary BCI explantation: assessing possible neurorights violations in light of contrasting mental ontologies.Guido Cassinadri & Marcello Ienca - forthcoming - Journal of Medical Ethics.
    In research involving patients with implantable brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), there is a regulatory gap concerning post-trial responsibilities and duties of sponsors and investigators towards implanted patients. In this article, we analyse the case of patient R, who underwent non-voluntary explantation of an implanted BCI, causing a discontinuation in her sense of agency and self. To clarify the post-trial duties and responsibilities involved in this case, we first define the ontological status of the BCI using both externalist (EXT) and internalist (INT) (...)
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  17.  24
    (1 other version)Consent as a compositional act – a framework that provides clarity for the retention and use of data.Minerva C. Rivas Velarde, Christian Lovis, Marcello Ienca, Caroline Samer & Samia Hurst - 2024 - Philosophy, Ethics and Humanities in Medicine 19 (1):1-10.
    Background Informed consent is one of the key principles of conducting research involving humans. When research participants give consent, they perform an act in which they utter, write or otherwise provide an authorisation to somebody to do something. This paper proposes a new understanding of the informed consent as a compositional act. This conceptualisation departs from a modular conceptualisation of informed consent procedures. Methods This paper is a conceptual analysis that explores what consent is and what it does or does (...)
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  18.  8
    Qualitative studies involving users of clinical neurotechnology: a scoping review.Georg Starke, Tugba Basaran Akmazoglu, Annalisa Colucci, Mareike Vermehren, Amanda van Beinum, Maria Buthut, Surjo R. Soekadar, Christoph Bublitz, Jennifer A. Chandler & Marcello Ienca - 2024 - BMC Medical Ethics 25 (1):1-14.
    Background The rise of a new generation of intelligent neuroprostheses, brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and adaptive closed-loop brain stimulation devices hastens the clinical deployment of neurotechnologies to treat neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, it remains unclear how these nascent technologies may impact the subjective experience of their users. To inform this debate, it is crucial to have a solid understanding how more established current technologies already affect their users. In recent years, researchers have used qualitative research methods to explore the subjective (...)
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  19.  49
    Digital Medicine and Ethics: Rooting for Evidence.Effy Vayena & Marcello Ienca - 2018 - American Journal of Bioethics 18 (9):49-51.
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  20.  20
    Health data privacy through homomorphic encryption and distributed ledger computing: an ethical-legal qualitative expert assessment study.Effy Vayena, Marcello Ienca & James Scheibner - 2022 - BMC Medical Ethics 23 (1):1-13.
    BackgroundIncreasingly, hospitals and research institutes are developing technical solutions for sharing patient data in a privacy preserving manner. Two of these technical solutions are homomorphic encryption and distributed ledger technology. Homomorphic encryption allows computations to be performed on data without this data ever being decrypted. Therefore, homomorphic encryption represents a potential solution for conducting feasibility studies on cohorts of sensitive patient data stored in distributed locations. Distributed ledger technology provides a permanent record on all transfers and processing of patient data, (...)
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  21.  31
    (1 other version)Correction to: Synthetic Biology and the Translational Imperative.Raheleh Heidari Feidt, Marcello Ienca, Bernice Simone Elger & Marc Folcher - 2019 - Science and Engineering Ethics 25 (1):53-53.
    The author group of above-mentioned review paper was incorrectly published in the online article.
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  22.  37
    (1 other version)Synthetic Biology and the Translational Imperative.Raheleh Heidari Feidt, Marcello Ienca, Bernice Simone Elger & Marc Folcher - 2019 - Science and Engineering Ethics 25 (1):33-52.
    Advances at the interface between the biological sciences and engineering are giving rise to emerging research fields such as synthetic biology. Harnessing the potential of synthetic biology requires timely and adequate translation into clinical practice. However, the translational research enterprise is currently facing fundamental obstacles that slow down the transition of scientific discoveries from the laboratory to the patient bedside. These obstacles including scarce financial resources and deficiency of organizational and logistic settings are widely discussed as primary impediments to translational (...)
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  23. Cambridge Handbook of Information Technology, Life Sciences and Human Rights.Marcello Ienca, O. Pollicino, L. Liguori, R. Andorno & E. Stefanini (eds.) - forthcoming
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  24. Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Brain and Mental Health.Marcello Ienca & Fabrice Jotterand (eds.) - forthcoming
  25.  7
    3 The Neuroenhancement Continuum and the Minimal Rule.Marcello Ienca - 2018 - In Emilian Mihailov, Tenzin Wangmo, Victoria Federiuc & Bernice Elger (eds.), Contemporary Debates in Bioethics: European Perspectives. [Berlin]: De Gruyter Open. pp. 23-36.
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  26.  6
    Technologien zur Förderung der Autonomie von Menschen mit Demenz.Marcello Ienca - 2023 - In Mathias Lindenau & Marcel Meier Kressig (eds.), Autonomie: Maßstab, Ideal oder Illusion? Vadian Lectures Band 9. transcript Verlag. pp. 91-116.
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  27.  18
    The Routledge Handbook of the Ethics of Human Enhancement.Fabrice Jotterand & Marcello Ienca (eds.) - 2023 - Routledge.
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