This is one of four interrelated action agenda papers resulting from the National Summit on Public Health Legal Preparedness convened in June 2007 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and nineteen multi-disciplinary partner organizations. Each of the action agenda papers deals with one of the four core elements of public health legal preparedness: laws and legal authorities; competency in using those laws; coordination of law-based public health actions; and information. Options presented in this paper are for consideration by (...) policymakers and practitioners — in all jurisdictions and all relevant sectors and disciplines — with responsibilities for all-hazards emergency preparedness.This paper focuses on the fourth core element: information that can be used in shaping and applying law as a public health tool, specifically in the context of public health emergencies. (shrink)

Originally presented as the author's thesis, Paris-Sorbonne, 1974.

ABSTRACTThe Introduction presents the special issue of Critical Horizons which purpose is to do justice to Young’s conception of political responsibility by gathering essays that present, analyse and comment on it, demonstrating its value for contemporary political philosophy. Several aspects differentiate Young’s view from what could be called a classic conception of responsibility. This special issue gathers four articles that show Young’s innovative conception of responsibility. The first clarifies the logic of Young’s social connection model; the second extends its theoretical (...) framework; the third elaborates on its intuitions; the fourth applies it to a specific context in a way that reveals its interest. (shrink)

Introduction : Dialogue et diatribe, influences réciproques -- Réflexion théorique et construction d'outils d'analyse antique et moderne -- La prétendue "diatribe" antique : fantôme ou instrument herméneutique ? -- Diatribè, quelques jalons dans l'histoire d'un mot controversé -- Le style diatribe dans les Diatribai d'Épictète/Arrien -- "Que bel harnais ne fait pas bon cheval" : un topos de la philosophie morale et "populaire" entre dialogue, diatribe et protreptique -- Manipulations horatiennes de la diatribe cynico-stoïcienne dans les Satires : reprises et (...) mises à distance -- Du dialogue lucianesque à la diatribe philosophique : le Charon de Giovanni Pontano -- Diatribe et dialogisme : La voix de l'autre, quelle place et quelle voix accorder à l'interlocuteur ? -- Interrogatoire judiciaire et interrogation dialectique en partant d'Aristote, Rhétorique III 18 -- "Le partage des voix" dans les Entretiens d'Épictète -- La fonction de l'adresse dans le De Ira de Sénèque -- Le dialogue en échec chez Dion de Pruse -- Diatribe et Sermon, une fausse question ? -- Étude des dialogues fictifs dans quelques sermons d'Augustin. (shrink)

In this article we present a study of assessments of nanotechnology in food and agriculture. The study was conducted as a part of a project studying the need for integrated assessment of emerging science and technologies. The article first introduces central hopes and concerns regarding nanotechnology in food and agriculture, and how these are assessed in different assessment spheres. The question of whether there is a need for more integration in assessments in this field is then introduced and the multiple (...) interpretations of this notion are discussed, first in a sustainability context and then in the specific context of emerging science and technologies. This serves as the basis for analysing the current status of integration of nano-food assessments. The validity of our findings is discussed and the article ends with a summary of the main conclusions from the discussion. (shrink)

The French botanist Michel Adanson spent five years in precolonial Senegal in the 1750s, under the auspices of the Compagnie des Indes. This essay follows the archival traces of Adanson’s engagement with African indigo, including experiments conducted in an ad hoc “laboratory” near the French fort of Saint Louis. A reconstruction of these experiments exposes the multifarious connections to and from the island garden-laboratory, mediated by materials and different kinds of indigo knowledge, including that of local Wolof informants. A microhistory (...) of encounters in and around a tiny island off the West African coast merges with a transatlantic story connecting Senegal to Paris and to French colonies in the Caribbean (Saint-Domingue and Guyana). The essay explores geographies of knowledge and French imperial ambitions through close attention to the material properties of indigo, the practices associated with its cultivation and transformation from plant to dye, and the material remnants of Adanson’s engagement with it in Africa. These remnants—herbarium sheets, experimental notes, color samples on paper strips, dyed fabric swatches, sketched maps, correspondence, collection catalogues, and plant taxonomies—put various kinds of African knowledge and Caribbean plantation experience into dialogue with European botany and dye chemistry. (shrink)

La violencia de género contra las mujeres está relacionada con la desigualdad de género y se entiende que es la interrupción de cualquier forma de integridad de las mujeres. Puede ser del tipo físico, sexual, psicológico, patrimonial, económica o moral y puede ocurrir tanto en el entorno privado-familiar, como en el trabajo y los espacios públicos. La violencia de género tiene un impacto en la salud y la calidad de vida de las mujeres y puede generalizarse en entornos universitarios, lo (...) que también implica el desarrollo académico de las mujeres. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la evidencia sobre la prevalencia de la violencia de género en estudiantes universitarias y sus factores asociados. Esta es una revisión integral de la literatura realizada en las bases de datos LILACS, PubMed, CINAHL, ERIC y ASSIA, en la que 22 artículos cumplieron con los criterios de selección. La evidencia disponible en la literatura ha indicado diferentes formas de violencia de género en mujeres universitarias perpetradas por parejas íntimas y otros agresores. La prevalencia de la violencia de género en las estudiantes universitarias informadas en los estudios varió entre el 1,3% y el 85%, difiriendo según el tipo de violencia. La violencia está asociada a factores sociales y de comportamiento, ya que las estudiantes más jóvenes tuvieron tasas más altas de violencia, así como aquellos de raza/etnia no blanca, aquellos que se identificaron como homosexuales o bisexuales y los que tenían un historial de victimización Anterior. Las pruebas sobre el uso de alcohol y otras drogas por parte de las mujeres y la participación en hermandades sociales diferían según el tipo de violencia. Por lo tanto, se concluye que la prevalencia de la violencia de género en la población de estudiantes universitarias varía según su tipificación, en su mayoría es perpetrada por hombres cercanos a ellas y está asociada con marcadores sociales. (shrink)

Kollaboration und Konkurrenz gibt es in der Wissenschaft zwischen Individuen oder verschiedenen Gruppen, größeren Organisationen, Schauplätzen und Nationalstaaten. Die Spannung zwischen individuellem Ansehen und Gruppenmeriten oder individuellem Ehrgeiz und Gruppenleistung ist der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit inhärent und trägt zu ihrem Erfolg bei. Die Autorin vergleicht zwei soziale Modelle der Wissenschaft, die entwickelt wurden, als Wissenschaftler im 20. Jahrhundert zunehmend begannen kollaborativ zu forschen: Michael Polanyis individualistische Freie-Markt-Republik der Wissenschaft und Ludwik Flecks Denkkollektiv. Diese beiden Modelle sollten Praktiken beschreiben und Ideale für (...) die Wissenschaft im allgemeinen auf der Grundlage der Erfahrungen spezialisierter Forschungsgruppen vorschreiben. Die Arbeitsgruppen von Linus Pauling und Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin dienen hier der Erläuterung der beiden Modelle. Die Autorin untersucht verschiedene Auswirkungen von Paulings und Hodgkins Praktiken auf das persönliche Ansehen des Direktors und der Mitarbeiter, und schließt mit der Frage, ob eine kollektive Wissenschaft möglich ist. (shrink)

Part One of Montesquieu's Idea of Justice comprises a survey of the currency in philosophical, ethical and aesthetic debate during the second half of the 17th century of the terms rapport and convenance, which are central to the enigmatic definition given to justice by Mon tesquieu in Lettres Persanes LXXXllI. In this survey, attention is concen trated on the way in which the connotations of these terms fluctuate with the divergent development of the methodological and speculative outgrowths of Cartesian ism (...) into two schools of thought, materialist and idealist, often widely at variance in their views of the nature and orga nization of the universe. In Part Two, Montesquieu's definition of justice is set against this background, whose doctrinal conflicts, because of the characteristic as sociations of its key terms, it may be taken to reflect, just as it may be held to epitomize, by virtue of its elaboration in the opening chapter of De l' Esprit des Lois and its close terminological affinities with the defini tion of law there given, an undoubtedly related conflict between the implications of causal determinism and the aspirations of idealist meta physics surviving at the heart of Montesquieu's outlook, and, remaining unresolved, often said to impair the coherence if not the validity of his theory of society. (shrink)

BackgroundWith the emergence of Brain Computer Interfaces, clinicians have been facing a new group of patients with severe acquired brain injury who are unable to show any behavioral sign of consciousness but respond to active neuroimaging or electrophysiological paradigms. However, even though well documented, there is still no consensus regarding the nomenclature for this clinical entity.ObjectivesThis systematic review aims to 1) identify the terms used to indicate the presence of this entity through the years, and 2) promote an informed discussion (...) regarding the rationale for these names and the best candidates to name this fascinating disorder.MethodsThe Disorders of Consciousness Special Interest Group of the International Brain Injury Association launched a search on Pubmed and Google scholar following PRISMA guidelines to collect peer-reviewed articles and reviews on human adults published in English between 2006 and 2021.ResultsThe search launched in January 2021 identified 4,089 potentially relevant titles. After screening, 1,126 abstracts were found relevant. Finally, 161 manuscripts were included in our analyses. Only 58% of the manuscripts used a specific name to discuss this clinical entity, among which 32% used several names interchangeably throughout the text. We found 25 different names given to this entity. The five following names were the ones the most frequently used: covert awareness, cognitive motor dissociation, functional locked-in, non-behavioral MCS and higher-order cortex motor dissociation.ConclusionSince 2006, there has been no agreement regarding the taxonomy to use for unresponsive patients who are able to respond to active neuroimaging or electrophysiological paradigms. Developing a standard taxonomy is an important goal for future research studies and clinical translation. We recommend a Delphi study in order to build such a consensus. (shrink)

This article highlights Comte's ambivalence toward the sciences, which he otherwise celebrated as the foundation of positivism. It correlates changes in his attitude with his personal expériences as an ambitious scholar unable to find acceptance and legitimacy in the leading institutions of his time, especially the Académie des sciences. Comte remained a scientific bohemian, unable to adapt to the new trends of professionalization but eager to impose his moral vision on the scientific community that rejected him. Cet article souligne l'ambivalence (...) de Comte envers les sciences, qu'il a par ailleurs déclarées bases du positivisme. Il s'agit de mettre en relation ses changements d'attitude avec ses expériences personnelles, plus particulièrement avec son échec à se faire accepter et légitimer par les grandes institutions savantes de son temps, dont l'Académie des sciences. Comte est resté scientifiquement marginalisé, peu apte à s'adapter aux nouvelles exigences de la professionnalisation, mais très soucieux d'imposer ses conceptions morales à la société scientifique qui l'a rejeté. (shrink)

Nous formulons et illustrons l’hypothèse que les sites de réseaux socionumériques constituent un mécanisme emblématique de la « société de contrôle » prophétisée par Gilles Deleuze. Au centre de ce dispositif, se retrouve en effet un double mouvement contradictoire : d’une part, le processus de captation capitalistique des informations déposées par les usagers contributeurs − nous pourrions décrire ce premier mouvement comme étant celui d’une surveillance institutionnelle se réalisant par le contrôle centralisé de l’information ; d’autre part, et de manière (...) surprenante, l’on constate un consentement − voire même parfois, un désir − exprimée par de nombreux usagers d’exposer publiquement des informations et des images concernant leur vie personnelle, et cela malgré les risques qui se rattachent à de telles opérations de dévoilement. Ce second mouvement apparaît être le mécanisme central du processus d’intériorisation douce du contrôle social par des usagers pratiquant une forme de « servitude volontaire » rattachée aux besoins du capitalisme informationnel, c’est-à-dire un système dont la production de la valeur économique est fondée sur l’agrégation en bases de données gigantesques et monétisables, des informations déposées sur les sites selon une logique du grand nombre .The hypothesis we put forward and illustrate in this article is that social networking sites have become a mechanism which is emblematic of the “society of control” prophesied by Gilles Deleuze. At its hub are two conflicting movements: one is a capitalistic process of capturing information posted by contributing users, which might be seen as a tendency towards institutional surveillance through centralised data control. The other is the somewhat surprising consent of many users – and even their active desire – for public disclosure of information and images on their private lives, despite the ethical and professional risks attached to these practices of self-disclosure. This second movement seems to be a central mechanism that governs a process of painless internalisation of social control by users, as they consent to a kind of voluntary enslavement to the needs of information capitalism, in other words to a system where the production of economic value is based on aggregating, or “crowdsourcing”, often minuscule items of information into gigantic databases capable of generating money. (shrink)

Dans la première partie duParménide, Socrate présente une théorie des Formes qui explique la comprésence d’opposés dans les choses ordinaires et soutient que les Formes ne peuvent avoir des caractéristiques opposées. Dans la deuxième partie, Parménide s’appuie sur les propos de Socrate; il en dérive des conséquences inacceptables — que la Forme de l’Un n’existe pas, et ainsi, que rien n’existe. Cette conclusion est indéniablement fausse. Pour éviter ceci, Socrate doit abandonner la thèse exposée dans la première partie et trouver (...) une manière de préserver la fonction explicative des Formes. Cet article expose la structure de l’exercice qui occupe la deuxième partie du dialogue. (shrink)

Bachelard s’intéresse au processus d’acquisition de la connaissance, qui comprend l’activité des sujets connaissant. Il ne conçoit pas le raisonnement comme identique à la logique mais comme résultant du déploiement des mathématiques dans l’organisation à la fois théorique et expérimentale, et c’est pourquoi il traite de la science comme des mathématiques appliquées. L’application en question est matérielle et technique; il s’intéresse à la rationalité inhérente au matérialisme technique et à la concrétude inhérente au rationalisme appliqué.

Paperback. This volume is a new interpretation of Plato's earlier and later Theory of Ideas, starting from a detailed analysis of the dialogue, The Sophist.The way in which Plato announces his novel Metaphysics has been puzzling scholars for a long time. Did Plato really introduce Change into the Transcendent World and thus abandon his Theory of Unchangeable Forms?Many of Plato's commentators have claimed that the use of modern techniques of logico-semantical analysis can be a valuable aid in unravelling this problem, (...) as well as other difficulties Plato raised and attempted to solve. In this commentary, Plato's own logico-semantical approach to metaphysical problems is followed. (shrink)

En décembre 1897, la journaliste Marguerite Durand a fondé le journal La Fronde. Conçu d'après les quotidiens de masse de l'époque, La Fronde embrassait les domaines de la politique, des sports et de la haute finance. Mais le journal se distinguait plus particulièrement des autres quotidiens par le fait que la publication, la rédaction et aussi la typographie étaient exclusivement faites par des femmes. Dans leur effort d'imiter un quotidien bourgeois, les frondeuses adoptèrent le reportage comme style journalistique. Cette imitation (...) répresentait un double défi lancé par les frondeuses aux rôles attribués à leur sexe. Tout d'abord, en s'engageant dans la vie publique contemporaine, les frondeuses allaient au-delà des limites domestiques conventionnelles établies pour les femmes. Deuxièmement, pour être de vraies reporters, les frondeuses devaient s'aventurer dans le dur monde des faits. Se faisant, elles mettaient en question la notion répandue que les femmes étaient des créatures de fantaisie plutôt que de raison. (shrink)

High prevalence of musicians’ physical and mental performance-related health issues (PRHI) has been demonstrated over the last 30 years. To address this, health promotion strategies have been implemented at some post-secondary music institutions around the world, yet the high prevalence of PRHI has persisted. In 2018, an international group of researchers formed the Musicians’ Health Literacy Consortium to determine how best to decrease PRHI, and to examine the relationship between PRHI and health literacy. An outcome of the Consortium was the (...) development of a new health literacy tool for musicians, the MHL-Q19, which drew from the theoretical framework of the European health literacy suite of tools, HLS-EU. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the MHL-Q19. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires, including the HLS-EU-Q16 for the assessment of general health literacy; the Musculoskeletal Pain Intensity and Interference Questionnaire for Musicians (MPIIQM); the RAND-12 quality of life questionnaire; and the General Self-Efficacy scale (GSE). We hypothesized that the MHL-Q19 would have a weak correlation with the HLS-EU-Q16; moderate correlation with the physical component scale and weak correlation with the mental component scale of the RAND-12; moderate correlation with the GSE; and finally, moderate correlation with pain interference and weak correlation with pain intensity of the MPIIQM. A total of 549 post-secondary music students from six English-speaking countries completed the battery of questionnaires, and 328 of these participants provided valid responses to the MHL-Q19 alone 2 weeks later. The tool showed acceptable internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Three of our hypotheses were supported, although the strength of the correlations varied from what we had predicted. The fourth hypothesis was not supported; our findings indicate that lower health literacy scores were weakly related to higher MPIIQM pain intensity and interference scores. The results of this study support the notion that musicians’ health literacy is a distinct construct that cannot be fully evaluated with existing health literacy tools. Given that this is a new instrument, the evidence presented is positive and promising. Further studies will be needed to refine the tool. (shrink)

This paper examines contemporary developments in legal philosophy and in ethics with a view to a possibile reunification of moral philosophy on Kantian principles. With regard to legal philosophy, it notes the difficulty of an empiricist account of natural rights and relates it to the problem of obligation to apply with juridical laws. It then considers Kant's solution to problems regarding the concepts of obligation and of a right encountered by his predecessors in the natural rights tradition, whom he would (...) classify as empiricists. Turning form "The Droctrine of Right" to "The Doctrine of Virtue," it evaluates the assertion that Kant, as distinguished from "virtue ethics," has an "ethics of rules" modelled on law rather than an "ethics of character." Der Beitrag befaßt sich mit gegenwärtigen Entwicklungen im Bereich von Rechtsphilosophie und Ethik mit dem Ziel einer möglichen Wiedervereinigung der Moralphilosophie nach kantischen Prinzipien. In bezug auf die Rechtsphilosophie betont er die Schwierigkeit eines empiristischen Verständnisses von Naturrechten und bezieht diese Schwierigkeit auf das Problem der Verbindlichkeit juridischer Gesetze. Dann wird Kants Lösung der Probleme untersucht, die sich mit den Begriffen "Verbindlichkeit" und "ein Recht" für diejenigen seiner Vorgänger in der Naturrechtstradition ergeben, die Kant als Empiristen bezeichnen würde. Von der "Rechtslehre" zur "Tugendlehre" übergehend wird schließlich die Behauptung geprüft, derzufolge Kant, im Unterschied zur "Tugendethik-Lehre" , eher eine "Ethik der Regeln" vertritt, die sich auf Gesetze stützt, als eine "Ethik des Charakters". (shrink)

La pensée derridienne a laissé sur le paysage intellectuel contemporain une trace aussi profonde que difficile à interpréter. De nombreux travaux paraissent s’en inspirer dans divers champs, des sciences humaines à l’architecture en passant par le droit et la théologie. Et pourtant, alors même que son influence semble indéniable, sa signification demeure incertaine, de sorte que l’on peut légitimement...

La Bioética actual, que colabora en la búsqueda de nuevos horizontes para el desarrollo humano y hunde sus raíces en el progreso científico y en el saber ético, no debería olvidar que existe una gran diversidad de planteamientos. De fondo está la doble alternativa del «deontologismo» y del «teleologismo»... A partir de esos dos planteamientos generales se configuran las orientaciones en el campo de la Bioética actual. El prevalente, sobre todo en el mundo anglosajón, es el llamado «principialismo». LA BIOÉTICA (...) Y EL PRINCIPIO DE SOLIDARIDAD contribuye a consolidar la teoría de los principios bioéticos desde una óptica cristiana. Este trabajo intenta promover una praxis ética basada en argumentos de fe y de razón, que reivindica el derecho y el deber de todo ser humano a tener una vida digna, a partir de los cauces epistemológicos que identifican Bioética y desarrollo solidario. (shrink)

Mary Astell’s theory of friendship has been interpreted either as a version of Aristotelian virtue friendship, or as aligned with a Christian and Platonist tradition. In this paper, I argue that Astell’s theory of friendship is determinedly anti-Aristotelian; it is a theory of spiritual friendship offered as an alternative to Aristotelian virtue friendship. By grounding her conception of friendship in a Christian–Platonist metaphysics, I show that Astell rejects the Aristotelian criteria of reciprocity and partiality as essential features of the (...) friendship bond and that she develops a theory of friendship that is neither reciprocal nor partial. Further, I argue that Astell’s theory of friendship advances her feminist aims by providing a justification for female–female spiritual bonds in contradistinction to female–male marriage bonds. Astell argues that the female–female bond of spiritual friendship is sanctioned by God, and is, therefore, a divinely authorized alternative to the male–female bond of marriage. Through her theory of spiritual friendship, Astell marks out a central place for female–female bonds and provides women with a justification for resisting marriage. (shrink)

v. 1. On the twelfth century theories of fallacy.--v. 2. The origin and early development of the theory of supposition.

This paper presents our work on textual inference and situates it within the context of the larger goals of machine reading. The textual inference task is to determine if the meaning of one text can be inferred from the meaning of another and from background knowledge. Our system generates semantic graphs as a representation of the meaning of a text. This paper presents new results for aligning pairs of semantic graphs, and proposes the application of natural logic to derive inference (...) decisions from those aligned pairs. We consider this work as first steps toward a system able to demonstrate broad-coverage text understanding and learning abilities. (shrink)

Entre 1805 et 1819, Maine de Biran et Ampere echangerent une correspondance si abondante, si riche, si coherente, qu'il a paru souhaitable de consacrer un volume autonome a ces documents, pour une large part restes inedits. Pour Maine de Biran, Ampere est un interlocuteur consistant, qui permet de mettre a l'epreuve les principes philosophiques elabores dans les grands textes de la maturite; il est de plus le grand artisan de la conversion a l'ontologie, operee par le philosophe autour de 1813: (...) c'est dans ces lettres que la question du noumene est posee et discutee longuement. En Maine de Biran, Ampere dispose d'un partenaire de choix, qui lui offre l'occasion de tester les diverses classifications des operations psychiques auxquelles il attache une si grande importance. (shrink)