Results for 'Proportional quantifiers'

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  1.  31
    Processing of Numerical and Proportional Quantifiers.Sailee Shikhare, Stefan Heim, Elise Klein, Stefan Huber & Klaus Willmes - 2015 - Cognitive Science 39 (7):1504-1536.
    Quantifier expressions like “many” and “at least” are part of a rich repository of words in language representing magnitude information. The role of numerical processing in comprehending quantifiers was studied in a semantic truth value judgment task, asking adults to quickly verify sentences about visual displays using numerical or proportional quantifiers. The visual displays were composed of systematically varied proportions of yellow and blue circles. The results demonstrated that numerical estimation and numerical reference information are fundamental in (...)
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  2.  4
    Validity rules for proportionally quantified syllogisms.Henry Albert Finch - 1957 - Philosophy of Science 24 (1):1-18.
    Since the time, about a century ago, when DeMorgan, Boole and Jevons, inaugurated the study of the logic of numerically definite reasoning, no one has been concerned to establish the validity rules for a very general type of numerically definite inference which is a strong analogue of the classical syllogism. The reader will readily agree that the traditional rules of syllogistic inference cannot even begin to decide whether the following proportionally quantified syllogism is a valid argument: at most 4/7 p (...)
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  3.  73
    On the grammar and processing of proportional quantifiers: most versus more than half.Martin Hackl - 2009 - Natural Language Semantics 17 (1):63-98.
    Abstract Proportional quantifiers have played a central role in the development of formal semantics because they set a benchmark for the expressive power needed to describe quantification in natural language (Barwise and Cooper Linguist Philos 4:159–219, 1981). The proportional quantifier most, in particular, supplied the initial motivation for adopting Generalized Quantifier Theory (GQT) because its meaning is definable as a relation between sets of individuals, which are taken to be semantic primitives in GQT. This paper proposes an (...)
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  4.  85
    Presuppositions for proportional quantifiers.Chris Barker - 1996 - Natural Language Semantics 4 (3):237-259.
    Most studies of the so-called proportion problem seek to understand how lexical and structural properties of sentences containing adverbial quantifiers give rise to various proportional readings. This paper explores a related but distinct problem: given a use of a particular sentence in context, why do only some of the expected proportional readings seem to be available? That is, why do some sentences allow an asymmetric reading when other, structurally similar sentences seem to require a symmetric reading? Potential (...)
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  5.  19
    Intermediate quantifiers for Finch's proportions.Philip L. Peterson - 1992 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 34 (1):140-149.
  6.  88
    Quantifiers and Working Memory.Jakub Szymanik & Marcin Zajenkowski - 2010 - In Maria Aloni & Katrin Schulz (eds.), Amsterdam Colloquium 2009, LNAI 6042. Springer.
    The paper presents a study examining the role of working<br>memory in quantifier verification. We created situations similar to the<br>span task to compare numerical quantifiers of low and high rank, parity<br>quantifiers and proportional quantifiers. The results enrich and support<br>the data obtained previously in and predictions drawn from a computational<br>model.
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  7.  80
    A Computational Approach to Quantifiers as an Explanation for Some Language Impairments in Schizophrenia.Marcin Zajenkowski, Rafał Styła & Jakub Szymanik - 2011 - Journal of Communication Disorder 44:2011.
    We compared the processing of natural language quantifiers in a group of patients with schizophrenia and a healthy control group. In both groups, the difficulty of the quantifiers was consistent with computational predictions, and patients with schizophrenia took more time to solve the problems. However, they were significantly less accurate only with proportional quantifiers, like more than half. This can be explained by noting that, according to the complexity perspective, only proportional quantifiers require working (...)
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  8.  35
    Proportions in time: interactions of quantification and aspect. [REVIEW]Peter Hallman - 2009 - Natural Language Semantics 17 (1):29-61.
    Proportional quantification and progressive aspect interact in English in revealing ways. This paper investigates these interactions and draws conclusions about the semantics of the progressive and telicity. In the scope of the progressive, the proportion named by a proportionality quantifier (e.g. most in The software was detecting most errors) must hold in every subevent of the event so described, indicating that a predicate in the scope of the progressive is interpreted as an internally homogeneous activity. Such an activity interpretation (...)
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  9. Quantifying the Gender Gap: An Empirical Study of the Underrepresentation of Women in Philosophy.Molly Paxton, Carrie Figdor & Valerie Tiberius - 2012 - Hypatia 27 (4):949-957.
    The lack of gender parity in philosophy has garnered serious attention recently. Previous empirical work that aims to quantify what has come to be called “the gender gap” in philosophy focuses mainly on the absence of women in philosophy faculty and graduate programs. Our study looks at gender representation in philosophy among undergraduate students, undergraduate majors, graduate students, and faculty. Our findings are consistent with what other studies have found about women faculty in philosophy, but we were able to add (...)
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  10.  2
    Quantifying Talker Variability in North-American Infants' Daily Input.Federica Bulgarelli, Jeff Mielke & Elika Bergelson - 2021 - Cognitive Science 46 (1):e13075.
    Words sound slightly different each time they are said, both by the same talker and across talkers. Rather than hurting learning, lab studies suggest that talker variability helps infants learn similar sounding words. However, very little is known about how much variability infants hear within a single talker or across talkers in naturalistic input. Here, we quantified these types of talker variability for highly frequent words spoken to 44 infants, from naturalistic recordings sampled longitudinally over a year of life (from (...)
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  11. Quantifying proportionality and the limits of higher-level causation and explanation.Alexander Gebharter & Markus Ilkka Eronen - 2023 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 74 (3):573-601.
    Supporters of the autonomy of higher-level causation (or explanation) often appeal to proportionality, arguing that higher-level causes are more proportional than their lower-level realizers. Recently, measures based on information theory and causal modeling have been proposed that allow one to shed new light on proportionality and the related notion of specificity. In this paper we apply ideas from this literature to the issue of higher vs. lower-level causation (and explanation). Surprisingly, proportionality turns out to be irrelevant for the question (...)
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  12.  18
    Relational Syllogisms with Numerical Quantifiers and Beyond.Ka-fat Chow - 2021 - Journal of Logic, Language and Information 31 (1):1-34.
    In the first half of this paper, we present a fragment of relational syllogisms named RELSYLL consisting of quantified statements with a special set of numerical quantifiers, and introduce a number of concepts that are useful for the later sections, including indirect reduction, quantifier transformations and equivalence of syllogisms. After determining the valid and invalid syllogisms in RELSYLL, we then introduce two Derivation Methods which can be used to derive valid relational syllogisms based on known valid simple syllogisms. We (...)
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  13.  25
    Restrictions on Quantifier Domains.Kai von Fintel - 1994 - Dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst
    This dissertation investigates the ways in which natural language restricts the domains of quantifiers. Adverbs of quantification are analyzed as quantifying over situations. The domain of quantifiers is pragmatically constrained: apparent processes of "semantic partition" are treated as pragmatic epiphenomena. The introductory Chapter 1 sketches some of the background of work on natural language quantification and begins the analysis of adverbial quantification over situations. Chapter 2 develops the central picture of "semantic partition" as a side-effect of pragmatic processes (...)
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  14.  20
    Natural Density and the Quantifier “Most”.Selçuk Topal & Ahmet Çevik - 2020 - Journal of Logic, Language and Information 29 (4):511-523.
    This paper proposes a formalization of the class of sentences quantified by most, which is also interpreted as proportion of or majority of depending on the domain of discourse. We consider sentences of the form “Most A are B”, where A and B are plural nouns and the interpretations of A and B are infinite subsets of \. There are two widely used semantics for Most A are B: \ > C \) and \ > \dfrac{C}{2} \), where C denotes (...)
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  15.  32
    Misused honorary authorship is no excuse for quantifying the unquantifiable.Murray J. Dyck - 2013 - Journal of Medical Ethics 39 (8):514-514.
    Kovacs argues that honorary authorship and regarding each co-author of multi-authored papers as if they were sole authors when the performance of researchers is being evaluated by their publications mean that we should require authors to identify what proportion of each publication should be attributed to each co-author. Even if such attributions could be made reliably, such a change should not be made. Contributions to authorship cannot be validly quantified, and the relative merits of different publications are also neither equal (...)
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  16.  8
    Handbook of Quantifiers in Natural Language: Volume II.Edward L. Keenan & Denis Paperno (eds.) - 2017 - Cham: Imprint: Springer.
    This work presents the structure, distribution and semantic interpretation of quantificational expressions in languages from diverse language families and typological profiles. The current volume pays special attention to underrepresented languages of different status and endangerment level. Languages covered include American and Russian Sign Languages, and sixteen spoken languages from Africa, Australia, Papua, the Americas, and different parts of Asia. The articles respond to a questionnaire the editors constructed to enable detailed crosslinguistic comparison of numerous features. They offer comparable information on (...)
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  17.  66
    Contribution of Working Memory in the Parity and Proportional Judgments.Jakub Szymanik & Marcin Zajenkowski - 2011 - Belgian Journal of Linguistics 25:189-206.
    The paper presents an experimental evidence on differences in the sentence-picture verification under additional memory load between parity and proportional quantifiers. We asked subjects to memorize strings of 4 or 6 digits, then to decide whether a quantifier sentence is true at a given picture, and finally to recall the initially given string of numbers. The results show that: (a) proportional quantifiers are more difficult than parity quantifiers with respect to reaction time and accuracy; (b) (...)
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  18.  41
    Language Signaling High Proportions and Generics Lead to Generalizing, but Not Essentializing, for Novel Social Kinds.Elena Hoicka, Jennifer Saul, Eloise Prouten, Laura Whitehead & Rachel Sterken - 2021 - Cognitive Science 45 (11):e13051.
    Cognitive Science, Volume 45, Issue 11, November 2021.
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  19.  74
    Broome's Theory of Fairness and the Problem of Quantifying the Strengths of Claims.James R. Kirkpatrick & Nick Eastwood - 2015 - Utilitas 27 (1):82-91.
    John Broome argues that fairness requires that claims are satisfied in proportion to their strength. Broome holds that, when distributing indivisible goods, fairness requires the use of weighted lotteries as a surrogate to satisfy proportionally each candidate's claims. In this article, we present two arguments against Broome's account of fairness. First, we argue that it is almost impossible to calculate the weights of the lotteries in accordance with the requirements of fairness. Second, we argue that Broome rules out those methods (...)
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  20.  50
    Extensionality in natural language quantification: the case of many and few.Kristen A. Greer - 2014 - Linguistics and Philosophy 37 (4):315-351.
    This paper presents an extensional account of manyand few that explains data that have previously motivated intensional analyses of these quantifiers :599–620, 2000). The key insight is that their semantic arguments are themselves set intersections: the restrictor is the intersection of the predicates denoted by the N’ or the V’ and the restricted universe, U, and the scope is the intersection of the N’ and V’. Following Cohen, I assume that the universe consists of the union of alternatives to (...)
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  21.  45
    Linguistic and Visual Cognition: Verifying Proportional and Superlative Most in Bulgarian and Polish. [REVIEW]Barbara Tomaszewicz - 2013 - Journal of Logic, Language and Information 22 (3):335-356.
    The verification of a sentence against a visual display in experimental conditions reveals a procedure that is driven solely by the properties of the linguistic input and not by the properties of the context (the set-up of the visual display) or extra-linguistic cognition (operations executed to obtain the truth value). This procedure, according to the Interface Transparency Thesis (ITT) (Lidz et al. in Nat Lang Semant 19(3):227–256, 2011), represents the meaning of an expression at the interface with the ‘conceptual-intentional’ system (...)
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  22.  81
    Licensing strong NPIs.Jon R. Gajewski - 2011 - Natural Language Semantics 19 (2):109-148.
    This paper proposes that both weak and strong NPIs in English are sensitive to the downward entailingness of their licensers. It is also proposed, however, that these two types of NPIs pay attention to different aspects of the meaning of their environment. As observed by von Fintel and Chierchia, weak NPIs do not attend to the scalar implicatures of presuppositions of their licensers. Strong NPIs see both the truth-conditional and non-truth-conditional (scalar implications, presuppositions) meaning of their licensers. This theory accounts (...)
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  23.  60
    Experimental investigations of ambiguity: the case of most.Hadas Kotek, Yasutada Sudo & Martin Hackl - 2015 - Natural Language Semantics 23 (2):119-156.
    In the study of natural language quantification, much recent attention has been devoted to the investigation of verification procedures associated with the proportional quantifier most. The aim of these studies is to go beyond the traditional characterization of the semantics of most, which is confined to explicating its truth-functional and presuppositional content as well as its combinatorial properties, as these aspects underdetermine the correct analysis of most. The present paper contributes to this effort by presenting new experimental evidence in (...)
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  24.  32
    Monotonicity properties of comparative determiners.Hans Smessaert - 1996 - Linguistics and Philosophy 19 (3):295 - 336.
    This paper presents a generalization of the standard notions of left monotonicity (on the nominal argument of a determiner) and right monotonicity (on the VP argument of a determiner). Determiners such as “more than/at least as many as” or “fewer than/at most as many as”, which occur in so-called propositional comparison, are shown to be monotone with respect to two nominal arguments and two VP-arguments. In addition, it is argued that the standard Generalized Quantifier analysis of numerical determiners such as (...)
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  25.  21
    Uncovering the Structure of Semantic Representations Using a Computational Model of Decision‐Making.Sonia Ramotowska, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld, Leendert van Maanen & Jakub Szymanik - 2023 - Cognitive Science 47 (1):e13234.
    According to logical theories of meaning, a meaning of an expression can be formalized and encoded in truth conditions. Vagueness of the language and individual differences between people are a challenge to incorporate into the meaning representations. In this paper, we propose a new approach to study truth-conditional representations of vague concepts. For a case study, we selected two natural language quantifiers most and more than half. We conducted two online experiments, each with 90 native English speakers. In the (...)
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  26.  12
    Stop beating the donkey! A fresh interpretation of conditional donkey sentences.Maria José Frápolli & Aránzazu San Ginés - 2017 - Theoria : An International Journal for Theory, History and Fundations of Science 32 (1):7-24.
    We propose a new approach to conditional donkey sentences that allows us to face successfully the often called proportion problem. The main ingredients of the proposal are van Benthem's generalized quantifier approach to conditionals, and Barwise's situation semantics. We present some experimental data supporting our proposal.
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  27.  63
    Incommensurability in Aristotle's Theory of Reciprocal Justice.Robert L. Gallagher - 2012 - British Journal for the History of Philosophy 20 (4):667 - 701.
    In just proportional exchange, under Aristotle's theory of reciprocal justice, superior sharers in a community materially assist the weaker, and receive honour as a reward. Aristotle's economic thought is represented with a system of 18 formulae. Explained are: (1) What Aristotle means when he says that it is impossible for two sharers or their erga to be commensurable; (2) The extent to which the variables in Aristotle's proportions can be quantified. (3) What diagonal pairing ( ?ατ δ? ??τ?o? σ (...)
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  28. CSsEv: Modelling QoS Metrics in Tree Soft Toward Cloud Services Evaluator based on Uncertainty Environment.Mona Gharib, Florentin Smarandache & Mona Mohamed - 2024 - International Journal of Neutrosophic Science 23 (2):32-41.
    Cloud computing (ClC) has become a more popular computer paradigm in the preceding few years. Quality of Service (QoS) is becoming a crucial issue in service alteration because of the rapid growth in the number of cloud services. When evaluating cloud service functioning using several performance measures, the issue becomes more complex and non-trivial. It is therefore quite difficult and crucial for consumers to choose the best cloud service. The user's choices are provided in a quantifiable manner in the current (...)
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  29.  98
    Communication and Common Interest.Peter Godfrey-Smith & Manolo Martínez - 2013 - PLOS Computational Biology 9 (11):1–6.
    Explaining the maintenance of communicative behavior in the face of incentives to deceive, conceal information, or exaggerate is an important problem in behavioral biology. When the interests of agents diverge, some form of signal cost is often seen as essential to maintaining honesty. Here, novel computational methods are used to investigate the role of common interest between the sender and receiver of messages in maintaining cost-free informative signaling in a signaling game. Two measures of common interest are defined. These quantify (...)
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  30.  21
    Convexity and Monotonicity in Language Coordination: Simulating the Emergence of Semantic Universals in Populations of Cognitive Agents.Nina Gierasimczuk, Dariusz Kalociński, Franciszek Rakowski & Jakub Uszyński - 2023 - Journal of Logic, Language and Information 32 (4):569-600.
    Natural languages vary in their quantity expressions, but the variation seems to be constrained by general properties, so-calleduniversals. Their explanations have been sought among constraints of human cognition, communication, complexity, and pragmatics. In this article, we apply a state-of-the-art language coordination model to the semantic domain of quantities to examine whether two quantity universals—monotonicity and convexity—arise as a result of coordination. Assuming precise number perception by the agents, we evolve communicatively usable quantity terminologies in two separate conditions: a numeric-based condition (...)
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  31. Two Constructions with Most and their Semantic Properties.Maribel Romero - unknown
    In (1b), for the most part induces a so-called Quantificational Variability Effect (QVE) on the NP the linguists from the East Coast, yielding roughly the interpretation ‘most of the linguists from the East Coast came to NELS’. We claim that the two constructions above differ in the domain where they apply, producing similar but not identical quantificational interpretations over the NP. In particular, we argue that most of the NPs applies to the nominal domain, while for the most part applies (...)
     
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  32.  6
    Dynamic interpretation and HOARE deduction.Jan Eijck & Fer-Jan Vries - 1992 - Journal of Logic, Language and Information 1 (1):1-44.
    In this paper we present a dynamic assignment language which extends the dynamic predicate logic of Groenendijk and Stokhof [1991: 39–100] with assignment and with generalized quantifiers. The use of this dynamic assignment language for natural language analysis, along the lines of o.c. and [Barwise, 1987: 1–29], is demonstrated by examples. We show that our representation language permits us to treat a wide variety of donkey sentences: conditionals with a donkey pronoun in their consequent and quantified sentences with donkey (...)
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  33.  23
    Information Relevance Model of Customized Privacy for IoT.Wei Zhou & Selwyn Piramuthu - 2015 - Journal of Business Ethics 131 (1):19-30.
    Motivated by advances in mass customization in business practice, explosion in the number of internet of things devices, and the lack of published research on privacy differentiation and customization, we propose a contextual information relevance model of privacy. We acknowledge the existence of individual differences with respect to unique security and privacy protection needs. We observe and argue that it is unfair and socially inefficient to treat privacy in a uniform manner whereby a large proportion of the population remain unsatisfied (...)
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  34.  15
    Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala Subregion Morphology Are Associated With Obesity and Dietary Self-control in Children and Adolescents.Mimi S. Kim, Shan Luo, Anisa Azad, Claire E. Campbell, Kimberly Felix, Ryan P. Cabeen, Britni R. Belcher, Robert Kim, Monica Serrano-Gonzalez & Megan M. Herting - 2020 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 14.
    A prefrontal control system that is less mature than the limbic reward system in adolescence is thought to impede self-regulatory abilities, which could contribute to poor dietary choices and obesity. We, therefore, aimed to examine whether structural morphology of the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala are associated with dietary decisions and obesity in children and adolescents. Seventy-one individuals between the ages of 8–22 years participated in this study; each participant completed a computer-based food choice task and a T1- and T2-weighted (...)
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  35. Interpreting tractable versus intractable reciprocal sentences.Oliver Bott, Fabian Schlotterbeck & Jakub Szymanik - forthcoming - In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Semantics.
    In three experiments, we investigated the computational complexity of German reciprocal sentences with different quantificational antecedents. Building upon the tractable cognition thesis (van Rooij, 2008) and its application to the verification of quantifiers (Szymanik, 2010) we predicted complexity differences among these sentences. Reciprocals with all-antecedents are expected to preferably receive a strong interpretation (Dalrymple et al., 1998), but reciprocals with proportional or numerical quantifier antecedents should be interpreted weakly. Experiment 1, where participants completed pictures according to their preferred (...)
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  36.  7
    Stop beating the donkey!Aránzazu San Ginés & María José Frápolli - 2017 - Theoria: Revista de Teoría, Historia y Fundamentos de la Ciencia 32 (1):7-24.
    We propose a new approach to conditional donkey sentences that allows us to face successfully the often called proportion problem. The main ingredients of the proposal are van Benthem’s generalized quantifier approach to conditionals (van Benthem, 1984), and Barwise’s situation semantics (Barwise, 1989). We present some experimental data supporting our proposal.Proponemos una nueva aproximación a las oraciones condicionales burro, que nos permite hacer frente con éxito al llamado problema de la proporción. Los principales elementos de la propuesta son la aproximación (...)
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  37.  74
    Greenhouse Development Rights: A Proposal for a Fair Global Climate Treaty.Paul Baer, Tom Athanasiou, Sivan Kartha & Eric Kemp-Benedict - 2009 - Ethics, Place and Environment 12 (3):267-281.
    One of the core debates concerning equity in the response to the threat of anthropogenic climate change is how the responsibility to reduce greenhouse gas emissions should be allocated, or, correspondingly, how the right to emit greenhouse gases should be allocated. Two alternative approaches that have been widely promoted are, first, to assign obligations to the industrialized countries on the basis of both their ability to pay and their responsibility for the majority of prior emissions, or, second, to assign emissions (...)
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  38.  60
    Common nouns as modally non-rigid restricted variables.Peter Lasersohn - 2020 - Linguistics and Philosophy 44 (2):363-424.
    I argue that common nouns should be analyzed as variables, rather than as predicates which take variables as arguments. This necessitates several unusual features to the analysis, such as allowing variables to be modally non-rigid, and assigning their values compositionally. However, treating common nouns as variables offers a variety of theoretical and empirical advantages over a more traditional analysis: It predicts the conservativity of nominal quantification, simplifies the analysis of articleless languages, derives the weak reading of sentences with donkey anaphora, (...)
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  39. Numbers in Context: Cardinals, Ordinals, and Nominals in American English.Greg Woodin & Bodo Winter - 2024 - Cognitive Science 48 (6):e13471.
    There are three main types of number used in modern, industrialized societies. Cardinals count sets (e.g., people, objects) and quantify elements of conventional scales (e.g., money, distance), ordinals index positions in ordered sequences (e.g., years, pages), and nominals serve as unique identifiers (e.g., telephone numbers, player numbers). Many studies that have cited number frequencies in support of claims about numerical cognition and mathematical cognition hinge on the assumption that most numbers analyzed are cardinal. This paper is the first to investigate (...)
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  40.  7
    The associative system of early-learned Hebrew verbs and body parts: a comparative study with American English.Josita Maouene, Nitya Sethuraman, Sigal Uziel-Karl & Shohei Hidaka - 2023 - Cognitive Linguistics 34 (1):1-34.
    This paper compares the associative system of early-learned verbs and body parts in Hebrew with previously published data on American English (Maouene, Josita, Shohei Hidaka & Linda B. Smith. 2008. Body parts and early-learned verbs. Cognitive Science 32(7). 1200–1216). Following the methodology of the former study, 51 Hebrew-speaking college students gave the first body part that came to mind for each of 103 early-learned Hebrew verbs, 81 of which were translational equivalents. Rate of convergence and divergence and underlying patterns were (...)
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  41.  19
    Chemical Reactivity: The Propensity View.Mauricio Suárez & Pedro J. Sánchez-Gómez - unknown
    We argue for an account of chemical reactivities as chancy propensities, in accordance with the ‘complex nexus of chance’ defended by one of us in the past (Suárez, 2017, 2020). Reactivities are typically quantified as proportions, and an expression such as “A + B → C” does not entail that under the right conditions some amounts of A and B react to give the amount of C that theoretically would correspond to the stoichiometry of the reaction. Instead, what is produced (...)
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  42.  4
    Assessment of the Global Variance Effective Size of Subdivided Populations, and Its Relation to Other Effective Sizes.Nils Ryman, Linda Laikre & Ola Hössjer - 2023 - Acta Biotheoretica 71 (3).
    The variance effective population size (NeV\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$N_{eV}$$\end{document}) is frequently used to quantify the expected rate at which a population’s allele frequencies change over time. The purpose of this paper is to find expressions for the global NeV\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$N_{eV}$$\end{document} of a spatially structured population that are of interest for conservation of species. Since NeV\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$N_{eV}$$\end{document} depends on allele (...)
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  43.  10
    Reactivity in chemistry: the propensity view.Mauricio Suárez & Pedro J. Sánchez Gómez - 2023 - Foundations of Chemistry 25 (3):369-380.
    We argue for an account of chemical reactivities as chancy propensities, in accordance with the ‘complex nexus of chance’ defended by one of us in the past. Reactivities are typically quantified as proportions, and an expression such as “A + B → C” does not entail that under the right conditions some given amounts of A and B react to give the mass of C that theoretically corresponds to the stoichiometry of the reaction. Instead, what is produced is a fraction (...)
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  44.  22
    Action, arousal, and subjective time.Kielan Yarrow, Patrick Haggard & John C. Rothwell - 2004 - Consciousness and Cognition 13 (2):373-390.
    Saccadic chronostasis refers to the subjective temporal lengthening of the first visual stimulus perceived after an eye movement. It has been quantified using a duration discrimination task. Most models of human duration discrimination hypothesise an internal clock. These models could explain chronostasis as a transient increase in internal clock speed due to arousal following a saccade, leading to temporal overestimation. Two experiments are described which addressed this hypothesis by parametrically varying the duration of the stimuli that are being judged. Changes (...)
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  45.  9
    Un de ces [syntagmes] qui… (à propos de la locution un(e) de ces […] qui).Jean-Marie Viprey - 2006 - Corpus 5.
    Un de ces (syntagmes) qui… (à propos de la locution un(e) de ces […] qui) Cet article a pour objet de montrer, sur une question déjà soulevée en stylistique française, ce que nous semble pouvoir apporter la dimension des vastes corpus et des outils logiciels d’exploration assistée. La locution un(e) de ces […] qui, déjà étudiée comme stylème dix-neuviémiste (Bordas), vecteur d’exophore mémorielle (Fraser & Joly), est redéfinie comme support d’un décrochage discursif dans le cadre de la polyphonie du récit (...)
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  46.  7
    Un de ces [syntagmes] qui… (à propos de la locution un(e) de ces […] qui).Jean-Marie Viprey - 2006 - Corpus 5.
    Un de ces (syntagmes) qui… (à propos de la locution un(e) de ces […] qui) Cet article a pour objet de montrer, sur une question déjà soulevée en stylistique française, ce que nous semble pouvoir apporter la dimension des vastes corpus et des outils logiciels d’exploration assistée. La locution un(e) de ces […] qui, déjà étudiée comme stylème dix-neuviémiste (Bordas), vecteur d’exophore mémorielle (Fraser & Joly), est redéfinie comme support d’un décrochage discursif dans le cadre de la polyphonie du récit (...)
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  47.  23
    Social Norms and Preventive Behaviors in Japan and Germany During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Christoph Schmidt-Petri, Carsten Schröder, Toshihiro Okubo, Thomas Rieger & Daniel Graeber - 2022 - Frontiers in Public Health 2022 (1).
    Background: According to Gelfand et al., COVID-19 infection and case mortality rates are closely connected to the strength of social norms: “Tighter” cultures that abide by strict social norms are more successful in combating the pandemic than “looser” cultures that are more permissive. However, countries with similar levels of cultural tightness exhibit big differences in mortality rates. We are investigating potential explanations for this fact. Using data from Germany and Japan—two “tight” countries with very different infection and mortality rates—we examined (...)
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  48. Intensional first-order logic with types.Shalom Lappin - unknown
    The paper presents Property Theory with Curry Typing (PTCT) where the language of terms and well-formed formulæ are joined by a language of types. In addition to supporting fine-grained intensionality, the basic theory is essentially first-order, so that implementations using the theory can apply standard first-order theorem proving techniques. Some extensions to the type theory are discussed, type polymorphism, and enriching the system with sufficient number theory to account for quantifiers of proportion, such as “most.”.
     
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  49. Underspecified Interpretations in a Curry-Typed Representation Language.Chris Fox & Shalom Lappin - 2005 - Journal of Logic and Computation 15 (2):131--143.
    In previous work we have developed Property Theory with Curry Typing (PTCT), an intensional first-order logic for natural language semantics. PTCT permits fine-grained specifications of meaning. It also supports polymorphic types and separation types. We develop an intensional number theory within PTCT in order to represent proportional generalized quantifiers like "most", and we suggest a dynamic type-theoretic approach to anaphora and ellipsis resolution. Here we extend the type system to include product types, and use these to define a (...)
     
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  50.  27
    Meal sharing among the Ye’kwana.Raymond Hames & Carl McCabe - 2007 - Human Nature 18 (1):1-21.
    In this study meal sharing is used as a way of quantifying food transfers between households. Traditional food-sharing studies measure the flow of resources between households. Meal sharing, in contrast, measures food consumption acts according to whether one is a host or a guest in the household as well as the movement of people between households in the context of food consumption. Our goal is to test a number of evolutionary models of food transfers, but first we argue that before (...)
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