Estudios recientes sobre el léxico de la gracia a partir de las convenciones greco-romanas del honor, el euergetismo y el patronazgo han aportado nuevas intuiciones para comprender las afirmaciones de Pablo sobre la gracia divina. Tras describir dichas convenciones, el artículo trata algunos textos (1Co 15,8-10; 2Co 12,9; Ga 1–2); y los pasajes sobre la gratuidad de su labor (1Ts 2,9; 1Co 9,1-18; 2Co 11,7-11; 12,14-18; 2Ts 3,9), en los que Pablo habla en primera persona sobre el papel de la (...) gracia en su vida. Se pretende demostrar que dichas afirmaciones no son una mera memoria, defensa o confidencia personal, sino que con ello Pablo intenta persuadir y formar a sus comunidades. Tanto las acciones como las pasiones del apóstol se convierten en una importante procedimiento retórico: la vida de Pablo es, así pues, un paradigma visible de la gracia divina. (shrink)

This article will address the Kantian concept of respect for persons from the constructivist approach of philosopher Carla Bagnoli. Her proposal is an inspiring and elaborate update of the concept, but some aspects suggest difficulties. I will argue that these difficulties would have to do with issues that would need to be clarified and with some tensions, understood as arising from certain interpretations and redefinitions, that would also raise the need to consider a revision of what constitutes the status of (...) a person. I will point out that these tensions simultaneously concern the idea of agency. (shrink)

In the following article we make an analysis of the paper of the First World War in a possible “philosophy of the history” of the British historian Eric Hobsbawm. To achieve this we first give three axial arguments to defend our position that asserts that Hobsbawm developed, in a certain way, a philosophy of history. Then we move on enumerate the causes that the historian found triggered the Great War, in order to comprehend the nature and functionality of them inside (...) of his philosophy of history. We end reflecting on the meaning of the First War inside the global historical evolution, in so far as that specific strife, according to Hobsbawm, signified for mankind both progresses and regressions on various areas of the life. It was a strife that seems to simultaneously mean, therefore, a hope and a deception for the rationalistic objectives of the Enlightenment and the ends of Marxism. (shrink)

Ysabel Ydelsa Delgado Del Águila nació el 23 de diciembre de 1990 en Lima (Perú). Estudió la carrera de Traducción e Interpretación en el Instituto de Educación Superior Tecnológico Privado Cibertec, donde se especializó en el aprendizaje de las lenguas del inglés y el portugués y se graduó con una tesis dedicada al escritor portugués José Saramago. Actualmente, trabaja como traductora freelance y es gerente de operaciones en la filial Recife (Brasil) de VFS Global para la misión de Canadá (...) y Reino Unido. Esta organización se encarga del trámite de documentos administrativos y de cobranza para la adquisición de una visa o un permiso temporal en esos países en condición de turista. Durante el tiempo de capacitación de sus empleados, la entidad les brinda la oportunidad de establecer vínculos educativos con las universidades de la India. Ha estudiado el idioma francés en la Alianza Francesa y el italiano en el Instituto Italiano de Cultura. Además, continúa sus estudios de Administración en la Universidad Cruzeiro do Sul (São Paulo, Brasil). (shrink)

O texto apresenta elementos textuais dos escritos do jovem Marx, onde se encontra um núcleo conceitual que trata da problemática relação entre filosofia e mundo. Aspectos teóricos presentes já nos primeiros escritos do filósofo onde fica clara a exigência de promover a interação entre pensamento e realidade, ou seja, tratar da tradição filosófica sem descuidar do trato de temas e dilemas do contexto. Assim, o texto apresenta referências da posição filosófica pela qual Marx faz frente ao caráter especulativo da filosofia (...) alemã, para propor, já na revisão da filosofia política de Hegel, que a crítica do céu se transforme em crítica da Terra. O que singulariza um pensamento dessa natureza é a capacidade emancipatória da filosofia. No lugar da mera contemplação, Marx propõe a possibilidade de realizar a filosofia no mundo. Palavras-chave: Filosofia. Crítica. Ensino. Autonomia. (shrink)

As governments around the world imposed lockdowns or stay-at-home measures, people began to feel the stress as time dragged on. There were already reports on some individuals committing suicide. How do governments respond to such a phenomenon? Our main focus is the Philippine government and how it responded to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, we argue that the problem with COVID-19 went forth just dealing with physical health. First, people suffer not just from being infected but the psychological stress (...) of possibly getting the virus and the toll of the government lockdown or quarantine. Second, the Philippine Bayanihan ‘We Heal As One Act’ lacks focus on mental health issues while the government's response seemed to focus on security issues. Third, there are countries around the world that have acted effectively in protecting people’s mental health. Lastly, we propose appropriate measures to help address the people's mental health while still in the pandemic and for a future one. (shrink)

The goal of this paper is to propose a relational turn in healthcare professionalism, to improve the responsiveness of both healthcare professionals and organizations towards care of patients, but also professionals. To this end, it is important to stress the way in which difficult situations and vulnerability faced by professionals can have an impact on their performance of work. This article pursue two objectives. First, I focus on understanding and making visible shared vulnerability that arises in clinical settings from a (...) triple perspective: patient and family, health professionals, and institutions. Second, to address this challenge for professionalism, in this paper I articulate the term "relational centered-patient professionalism", which has two main axes. The relational approach means taking into account how the relationships among professionals, patients and institutions determine the constitution and evolution of those professional values. The focus on patient centered care is indispensable, because it is the ultimate goal pursued by the development of these professional values, and must always be at the center. (shrink)

The organ donation and transplantation (ODT) system heavily relies on the willingness of individuals to donate their organs. While it is widely believed that public trust plays a crucial role in shaping donation rates, the empirical support for this assumption remains limited. In order to bridge this knowledge gap, this article takes a foundational approach by elucidating the concept of trust within the context of ODT. By examining the stakeholders involved, identifying influential factors, and mapping the intricate trust relationships among (...) trustors, trustees, and objects of trust, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of trust dynamics in ODT. We employ maps and graphs to illustrate the functioning of these trust relationships, enabling a visual representation of the complex interactions within the ODT system. Through this conceptual groundwork, we pave the way for future empirical research to investigate the link between trust and organ donation rates, informed by a clarified understanding of trust in ODT. This study can also provide valuable insights to inform interventions and policies aimed at enhancing organ donation rates. (shrink)

O presente Curso de Introdução ao Estudo do Direito se destaca como significativa contribição do Autor não apenas aos que estão ingressando no apaixonante cenário jurídico, como também a todos os profissionais e estudiosos que desejam aprofundar seus conhecimentos sobre a juridicidade, através de uma linguagem didática, precisa, simples, objetiva e direta, porém sem perder o necessário rigor científico. Com a publicação desta 6a edição, a obra de Paulino Jacques volta a ocupar o lugar que sempre lhe coube na (...) discussão dos principais problemas que envolvem o Direito. (shrink)

Schumpeter sostuvo que hay que comprender el capitalismo antes de analizarlo. En este trabajo, expongo su epistemología y tres arquetipos propuestos para la comprensión de lo que él entendía por civilización capitalista de acuerdo con su visión de la Destrucción Creadora: el Fausto de Goethe, el ave Fénix de la mitología clásica y el Tsimtsum de la nueva cábala de Luria. Tras las exposiciones correspondientes, argumento las implicaciones filosóficas de considerar (o no) la visión en el estudio del capitalismo y (...) qué arquetipo se adecua mejor a la Destrucción Creadora tal como la presentó Schumpeter. (shrink)

La entrevista al doctor Darío Villanueva es sobre el panorama literario del siglo XXI. A partir de cuatro tópicos fundamentales y reincidentes: los libros, los escritores, las editoriales y la realidad. Estos han sido incorporados en las preguntas para desentrañar el sistema literario que se ha originado en los últimos años. Frente a estas interrogantes, se notará que existen algunos obstáculos que han tergiversado y entorpecido la labor de la escritura, así como el canon literario, tal como la cultura de (...) masas y la diversificación que se aprecia desde la posmodernidad. (shrink)

Este trabajo tiene el objetivo de hallar las peculiaridades que impiden que el sujeto andino en el Perú no logre una transculturación y una adaptación efectivas al momento de querer integrarse a la capital. Esa condición se identifica en los planteamientos teóricos de Antonio Cornejo Polar. Una alternativa para la solución de este problema consiste en la incorporación de elementos cómicos que disuadan esta irregularidad; en especial, se propondrá la figura del cómico ambulante como un ente esencial que propicia la (...) comunión entre las culturas discordantes. Al respecto, se han obtenido dos resultados en esta investigación. El primero fundamenta que esta interferencia se ha producido por el desconocimiento de la dinámica social de Lima como sociedad abierta y apta para la renovación; además, esta no es estática. Su permanente cambio y su conexión con la modernidad implican que el residente adopte nuevas costumbres constantemente. El segundo resultado se enfoca en la resistencia que tiene el mismo migrante de claudicar de su tradición andina para aprender formas inusitadas de cohabitar en la capital. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender as transformações societárias oriundas da sociedade de consumo e como o mundo se aglutina por meio dos avanços tecnológicos, da homogeneização da cultura baseada no consumo de massa e dos processos de verticalização provenientes dos que consomem e dos que não podem, mas querem consumir. Num segundo momento, tem como propósito analisar os diferentes padrões de consumo vivenciados no Extremo Oeste de Santa Catarina, a partir da implantação da agroindústria na região, na década de (...) 70 (séc. XX). Processos tecnobiológicos implantaram um meio artificial de produtividade, consumo, rapidez e fluidez. O mundo técnico-científico rompeu com o homem natural e sua sabedoria. Restou a obediência às regras da racionalidade e a adaptação ao mercado global. Ele exige a adequação ao proposto. Os mecanismos econômicos e tecnológicos de produção e do consumo local tornaram-se tão complexos e, em alguns aspectos, tão vulneráveis, que perturbações num só ponto da cadeia de interdependência global desarticulam toda uma rede de conexões, afetando, consequentemente, todo o tecido social da região. (shrink)

This paper takes issue with the predicativist’s identification of proper names and common count nouns. Although Predicativism emerges precisely to account for certain syntactic facts about proper names, namely, that they behave like common count nouns on occasions, it seems clear that proper names and common count nouns have different properties, and this undermines the thesis that proper names are in fact just common count nouns. The predicativist’s strategy to bridge these differences is to postulate an unpronounced determiner to go (...) with names when they appear to function as singular terms, making them effectively a concealed determiner phrase. In this paper I revisit these differences and argue that the predicativist’s strategy is not well justified and worse, it does not help make proper names and common count nouns unified; rather, it makes proper names exceptional as count nouns. I also discuss the referentialist’s take on names qua predicates and make some suggestions about how the syntactic difference between proper names and count nouns should be understood. (shrink)

This essay is devoted to the study of proper names. Although the view that sees proper names as referential singular terms is widely considered orthodoxy, there is a growing popularity to the view that proper names are predicates. This is partly because the orthodoxy faces two anomalies that Predicativism can solve: on the one hand, proper names can have multiple bearers. But multiple bearerhood is prima facie a problem to the idea that proper names have just one individual as referent. (...) On the other hand, proper names can have predicative uses. But the view that proper names are singular terms arguably does not have the resources to deal with these uses. In this dissertation I argue that the Predicate View of proper names is mistaken. In the first part of the thesis, I analyse this view in its main contentions and offer several arguments to reject it. This critical exercise provides useful insight into the life of proper names that I incorporate in my own view as follows: I argue that the behaviour of proper names should be understood in light of the wider phenomenon I call category change. Thus, I maintain, with orthodoxy, that proper names are fundamentally referential terms, but I also argue that they also have other uses, including the predicative uses highlighted by the predicativist. I also offer a semantic theory according to which proper names are polyreferential, that is, they are terms that can have more than one referent in a way that is distinct from both plural terms and general terms. This theory resolves the problem of multiple bearerhood and provides a base to account for all other uses of proper names that are not referential, i.e., common noun, adjectival and verbal uses, as semantically derived from the more fundamental referential meaning. (shrink)

To analyze which ethically relevant biases have been identified by academic literature in artificial intelligence algorithms developed either for patient risk prediction and triage, or for contact tracing to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, to specifically investigate whether the role of social determinants of health have been considered in these AI developments or not. We conducted a scoping review of the literature, which covered publications from March 2020 to April 2021. ​Studies mentioning biases on AI algorithms developed for contact (...) tracing and medical triage or risk prediction regarding COVID-19 were included. From 1054 identified articles, 20 studies were finally included. We propose a typology of biases identified in the literature based on bias, limitations and other ethical issues in both areas of analysis. Results on health disparities and SDOH were classified into five categories: racial disparities, biased data, socio-economic disparities, unequal accessibility and workforce, and information communication. SDOH needs to be considered in the clinical context, where they still seem underestimated. Epidemiological conditions depend on geographic location, so the use of local data in studies to develop international solutions may increase some biases. Gender bias was not specifically addressed in the articles included. The main biases are related to data collection and management. Ethical problems related to privacy, consent, and lack of regulation have been identified in contact tracing while some bias-related health inequalities have been highlighted. There is a need for further research focusing on SDOH and these specific AI apps. (shrink)

Alba María Laredo Delgado y Darío Méndez Salcedo Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Granada, España La comunicación entre dos personas … Read More →.

Esta entrevista se hizo a uno de los miembros de la Academia Hondureña de la Lengua, Víctor Manuel Ramos. Entre los aportes que el académico expresó, fue su contribución a la comunidad intelectual a través de estudios lingüísticos y literarios. En concreto, estos se apreciaron en el Diccionario de las Lenguas de Honduras; Literatura y su producción literaria de índole infantil. Para que ello fuera posible, el entrevistado comentó cómo fue su proceso de formación, el cual fue un tanto complejo, (...) ya que tuvo que descartar algunas filiaciones y presuntas voliciones, tales como las que pretendía hallar desde la Medicina. Finalmente, lo que se concluye de esta conversación es el logro que se puede conseguir para la sociedad después de que uno se prepara concienzudamente, sin obviar el aprendizaje que se deriva de la experiencia personal. (shrink)

We start this Volume 13 with the usual Editorial Note reviewing the main features of Economics and Business Letters. EBL is an online letter-type journal, free both for authors and readers, covering all areas of economics and business and with theoretical and empirical letters.

Unamuno, el filósofo a su pesar.--Ortega filósofo de nuestro tiempo.--Zubiri, un filósofo clásico.--Para la interpretación de una continuidad.--Tres notas.--Dos precursores.