Esta pesquisa faz parte de um estudo que pretende investigar longitudinalmente a transição da conjugalidade para a parentalidade quanto ao ajustamento diádico e a satisfação conjugal de casais primíparos. O presente relato compreendeu os dados coletados na primeira medida e, portanto, se caracterizo..

O texto discute a reiterada e repetida demanda pela qualidade e excelência exigida pela sociedade frente à educação contemporânea. Considerando alguns aspectos da modernidade/pós-modernidade em que vivem tanto os herdeiros de Prometeu, como os de Dionísio, caracterizados pelo hedonismo, e os de Hermes, que valorizam a comunicação, a criação e a mediação, postula-se que a educação vive sua crise de finalidade, não encontrando referências ou modelos para atualizar-se. Seu impulso legitimador foi diluído quando o cânone moderno de padrões objetivos de (...) conhecimento e organização em que se baseava o mundo, foram desacreditados frente a um cenário pós-moderno. Neste contexto, são discutidas as necessidades de escolhas, de suturar os opostos, de práticas de ruptura e de alternativas existenciais para impasses contemporâneos. (shrink)

Razón, poesía, historia.--La cuestión del estoicismo español.--El querer.

Este artigo discute a competência em informação frente ao plágio no meio acadêmico. Reflete sobre as causas do plágio, como o pouco incentivo para que estudantes produzam conteúdos autorais e a ausência de políticas institucionais que orientem tais produções. Como resposta a este contexto, o artigo sugere uma educação para a autoria a partir da competência em informação. A competência em informação, entre outros, promove uma relação saudável entre as pessoas e o universo informacional. Assim, o objetivo é discutir de (...) que forma a promoção da competência em informação contribui para o combate ao plágio acadêmico e a constituição da autoria. O método envolve levantamento bibliográfico em bases de dados da área de Ciência da Informação e construção argumentativa na qual os conceitos de plágio e competência em informação são relacionados. Os resultados incluem um guia demonstrativo de como a competência em informação pode ser empregada na produção de trabalhos acadêmicos e orientações para professores reconhecerem e evitarem o plágio. O trabalho conclui que as competências geradas no âmbito da relação entre indivíduos e informação podem beneficiar a construção de autoria e ser um elemento eficaz no combate ao plágio. (shrink)

A proposta deste ensaio é discorrer sobre a evolução do conceito subjacente à competência em informação sem a pretensão de abarcar todos os pontos de vista sob os quais o conceito tem sido concebido. Acredita-se que a interação propiciada pelas tecnologias de informação e comunicação pressionam o conceito no sentido da inclusão de aspectos como a relação de comunicação com o outro. Assim, defende-se a promoção de um modelo que procura acrescentar à competência em informação o aspecto comunicativo, levando à (...) proposta das competências infocomunicacionais. Enfatiza-se a necessidade de promover o desenvolvimento e aperfeiçoamento dessas competências a partir da conectividade e da meta-aprendizagem, aspectos defendidos pelo conectivismo e pela metaliteracy. As reflexões em torno da aproximação das competências infocomunicacionais a esses dois conceitos possibilitam avançar quanto às discussões a respeito da evolução do conceito de competência em informação para uma perspectiva metacognitiva, interativa e colaborativa. (shrink)

Ce travail compose un article de révision et il présente, dans son noyau, rachats historiques des vies de Jean Piaget et Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, imprégnés de convergences et similitudes, accords et désaccords entre ses expériences académiques, idées et oeuvres, et celles-ci, chevauchant avec ses contributions dans le zone de sicología de l'éducation. Ils se trouvent en règle tout au long du texte, les similitudes et différences entre les dimensions de l'approche historique-culturelle du psychisme et le constructivisme de Piaget, présents en (...) les recherches et des oeuvres de ces deux auteurs. Diverse approches de ses études sont disputées, en se soulignant les suppositions basiques de ces courants de pensée sur les questions d'apprentissage et le caractère social des procès de production de connaissance. (shrink)

Este texto apresenta uma investigação/formação em estágio inicial de recolha de informações, vinculada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia. Vincula-se à seguinte questão: Como as experiências vividas com a Matemática, nos percursos de formação, se expressam na professoralidade de pedagogos/professores? Tem como objetivos analisar experiências e percursos de formação de pedagogos/professores e as possibilidades destas terem resvalado para os modos de composição da professoralidade; compreender como se evidenciam, na professoralidade de pedagogos/professores, em denominados (...) movimentos de professoralização, em especial na lida com a Matemática. Alicerça-se em referenciais epistemológicos e metodológicos biográficos e dá indícios de estar a contribuir para a concepção da formação profissional como algo propiciador de dinâmicas de transformação. Com isso, viabiliza o tratamento da formação como autoformação, demonstrando que o ser humano, ao viver experiências de si, rearranja, continuamente, forças vitais criadoras de estados inéditos de ser. (shrink)

Dibujar el pensamiento de Seneca es dibujar su figura viva, trazar el esquema de su persona. Seneca es un mediador que para alzarse sobre nosotros necesita de nuestra necesidad, pues solo apoyado en nuestra indigencia tiene sentido. Maria Zambrano lleva a cabo un lucido estudio de la figura y significacion del pensador cordobes y presenta una seleccion de sus escritos.

Na contemporaneidade, a leitura e a escrita ganham importância significativa na vida do indivíduo. Ambas proporcionam a inserção social através do acesso à informação, do desenvolvimento da criticidade, da criatividade e da ampliação de vocabulário. Esses aspectos contribuem para a ampliação da discussão sobre a importância da leitura na construção da identidade do indivíduo,além de elucidar a promoção do entendimento da realidade. Esta leitura tem como objetivo explicitar o conceito de alfabetização, ressaltando a formação do leitor e as funções da (...) leitura, bem como as contribuições para as práticas pedagógicas que envolvem o desenvolvimento da leitura e da escrita.Palavras-chave: Alfabetização. Letramento. Leitura. (shrink)

A tese aborda a concepção dos mundos visível e invisível dos indígenas Karipuna, tendo o pajé como líder e xamã que possui habilidade ancestral de comunicação com os seres sobrenaturais, manifestação cultural desse grupo étnico que faz parte dos povos indígenas do Oiapoque, investigados no período de 2016/2019. O viés particular da tese propõe foco nas ideias cosmológicas como substrato do ritual denominado Turé, dentro da perspectiva da história da ciência e da etnociência, buscando estabelecer uma interface da Cosmologia Indígena (...) e a História da Ciência no Brasil. Esta pesquisa justifica-se pela necessidade de descrever, do ponto vista cosmológico, a partir da observação do céu, por meio das Sete Estrelas e a Estrela D’Alva – estrelas sobrenaturais que caracterizam as crenças e rituais –, as narrativas míticas do xamanismo Karipuna. Os métodos utilizados incluem levantamento de fontes impressas secundárias, história oral, análise documental de fontes primárias e observação participante in loco. Espera-se, assim, contribuir para o conhecimento cosmológico dos indígenas brasileiros de um grupo étnico da Terra Indígena Uaçá, município do Oiapoque, no estado do Amapá. (shrink)

Bayesian reasoning has been applied formally to statistical inference, machine learning and analysing scientific method. Here I apply it informally to more common forms of inference, namely natural language arguments. I analyse a variety of traditional fallacies, deductive, inductive and causal, and find more merit in them than is generally acknowledged. Bayesian principles provide a framework for understanding ordinary arguments which is well worth developing.

Hilary Putnam is one of the world’s leading philosophers. His highly original and often provocative ideas have set the agenda for a variety of debates in philosophy of science, philosophy of mind and philosophy of language. His now famous philosophical thought experiments, such as the ‘Twin earth’ and ‘the brains in the vat’ have become part of the established canon in philosophy and cognitive science. _Reading Putnam_ is an outstanding overview and assessment of Hilary Putnam’s work by a team of (...) international contributors, and includes replies by Putnam himself. Divided into clear sections, it contains chapters on key aspects of Putnam’s large body of writing, including: Scientific realism and the changes that Putnam’s thought has undergone on this topic analyticity and ontology, including the important interconnections between the views of Putnam and Quine Putnam’s arguments concerning externalist views of meaning and reference, questions of conceptual relativity, and his preoccupation with ethics through a denial of the fact–value dichotomy Putnam’s developing views on perception. Offering an excellent survey of Putnam’s work, _Reading Putnam_ is essential for those studying philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophy of science, as well as for anyone interested in contemporary philosophy. (shrink)

Bayesian reasoning has been applied formally to statistical inference, machine learning and analysing scientific method. Here I apply it informally to more common forms of inference, namely natural language arguments. I analyse a variety of traditional fallacies, deductive, inductive and causal, and find more merit in them than is generally acknowledged. Bayesian principles provide a framework for understanding ordinary arguments which is well worth developing.

An accessible introduction to the many intersections between the work of David Foster Wallace and the world of philosophical inquiry.

This book describes the application of Artificial Life simulation to evolutionary scenarios of wide ethical interest, including the evolution of altruism, rape and abortion, providing a new meaning to “experimental philosophy”. The authors also apply evolutionary ALife techniques to explore contentious issues within evolutionary theory itself, such as the evolution of aging. They justify these uses of simulation in science and philosophy, both in general and in their specific applications here.Evolving Ethics will be of interest to researchers, enthusiasts, students and (...) interested lay readers in the fields of Artificial Life, philosophy of science, ethics, agent- and individual-based modeling in ecology and the social sciences, computer simulation, evolutionary biology, evolutionary psychology and the social sciences.Dr Steven Mascaro is a researcher in computer simulation and Artificial Life.Dr Kevin Korb is a Reader in the Clayton School of Information Technology, Monash University.Dr Ann Nicholson is an Associate Professor in the Clayton School of Information Technology, Monash University.Owen Woodberry is a researcher in the Clayton School of Information Technology, Monash University. (shrink)

We present a probabilistic extension to active path analyses of token causation (Halpern & Pearl 2001, forthcoming; Hitchcock 2001). The extension uses the generalized notion of intervention presented in (Korb et al. 2004): we allow an intervention to set any probability distribution over the intervention variables, not just a single value. The resulting account can handle a wide range of examples. We do not claim the account is complete --- only that it fills an obvious gap in previous active-path approaches. (...) It still succumbs to recent counterexamples by Hiddleston (2005), because it does not explicitly consider causal processes. We claim three benefits: a detailed comparison of three active-path approaches, a probabilistic extension for each, and an algorithmic formulation. (shrink)

Traz os resultados das investigações levadas a efeito em função de alguns problemas centrais no campo da Bioética e Biodireito: clonagem, patenteamento genético, eutanásia, reprodução assistida e disposição do próprio corpo.

Resumo: Palavras-chave : Learning mathematics in school is being faced with a world of concepts that involves reading and understanding of the natural language and mathematical language. Often, the curriculum components, Portuguese language and the Mathematic don’t talk to each other. The resolution of the problems seems to be a critical point in mathematics education. This article seeks to bring these components together to identify strategies for an effective learning. Keywords : Mathematical language.Natural language. Problems. : Linguagem matemática. Linguagem natural. (...) Problemas. Aprender Matemática na escola é deparar-se com um mundo de conceitos que envolvem leitura e compreensão, tanto da linguagem natural como da linguagem matemática. Muitas vezes, os componentes curriculares, a Língua Portuguesa e a Matemática não dialogam. A resolução de problemas parece ser um dos pontos críticos na Matemática escolar. Este artigo aproxima esses componentes de forma a buscar estratégias para uma aprendizagem efetiva. (shrink)

Positive reappraisal strategies have been found to reduce negative affect following the recall of negative personal events. This study examined the restorative effect of two mood-repair instructions (self-compassion vs benefit-focused reappraisal) and a control condition with no instructions following a negative Mood Induction Procedure by using the guided recall of a negative autobiographical event. A total of 112 university students participated in the online study (81% women, Mage: 21.0 years). Immediately following the negative memory recall, participants were randomised to each (...) condition [(self-compassion: n = 36, benefit-focused: n = 39) or a control condition (n = 37)]. Repeated measures ANOVAs 3 (Repair condition) × 3 (Time of mood assessment: pre-recall, post-recall, post-regulation) showed that, as expected, negative mood (sadness, shame, and guilt) worsened significantly after the guided recall in all groups (p <.001). After the mood-repair intervention, participants in the self-compassion and benefit-focused conditions showed a significant reduction in negative mood (p <.019), while such improvement was not observed in the control group. Self-compassion and benefit-focused reappraisal functioned similarly as mood repair strategies after experiencing negative affect induced by the recall of negative personal memories. Implications in the context of autobiographical memory biases are discussed. (shrink)

The Lottery Paradox has been thought to provide a reductio argument against probabilistic accounts of inductive inference. As a result, much work in artificial intelligence has concentrated on qualitative methods of inference, including default logics, which are intended to model some varieties of inductive inference. It has recently been shown that the paradox can be generated within qualitative default logics. However, John Pollock's qualitative system of defeasible inference, does avoid the Lottery Paradox by incorporating a rule designed specifically for that (...) purpose. I shall argue that Pollock's system instead succumbs to a worse disease: it fails to allow for induction at all. (shrink)

Carter and Leslie's Doomsday Argument maintains that reflection upon the number of humans born thus far, when that number is viewed as having been uniformly randomly selected from amongst all humans, past, present and future, leads to a dramatic rise in the probability of an early end to the human experiment. We examine the Bayesian structure of the Argument and find that the drama is largely due to its oversimplification.

The investigation of probabilistic causality has been plagued by a variety of misconceptions and misunderstandings. One has been the thought that the aim of the probabilistic account of causality is the reduction of causal claims to probabilistic claims. Nancy Cartwright (1979) has clearly rebutted that idea. Another ill-conceived idea continues to haunt the debate, namely the idea that contextual unanimity can do the work of objective homogeneity. It cannot. We argue that only objective homogeneity in combination with a causal interpretation (...) of Bayesian networks can provide the desired criterion of probabilistic causality. (shrink)

I consider three aspects in which machine learning and philosophy of science can illuminate each other: methodology, inductive simplicity and theoretical terms. I examine the relations between the two subjects and conclude by claiming these relations to be very close.

The common opinion has been that evolution results in the continuing development of more complex forms of life, generally understood as more complex organisms. The arguments supporting that opinion have recently come under scrutiny and been found wanting. Nevertheless, the appearance of increasing complexity remains. So, is there some sense in which evolution does grow complexity? Artificial life simulations have consistently failed to reproduce even the appearance of increasing complexity, which poses a challenge. Simulations, as much as scientific theories, are (...) obligated at least to save the appearances! We suggest a relation between these two problems, understanding biological complexity growth and the failure to model even its appearances. We present a different understanding of that complexity which evolution grows, one that genuinely runs counter to entropy and has thus far eluded proper analysis in information-theoretic terms. This complexity is reflected best in the increase in niches within the biosystem as a whole. Past and current artificial life simulations lack the resources with which to grow niches and so to reproduce evolution’s complexity. We propose a more suitable simulation design integrating environments and organisms, allowing old niches to change and new ones to emerge. (shrink)

We further develop the mathematical theory of causal interventions, extending earlier results of Korb, Twardy, Handfield, & Oppy, (2005) and Spirtes, Glymour, Scheines (2000). Some of the skepticism surrounding causal discovery has concerned the fact that using only observational data can radically underdetermine the best explanatory causal model, with the true causal model appearing inferior to a simpler, faithful model (cf. Cartwright, (2001). Our results show that experimental data, together with some plausible assumptions, can reduce the space of viable explanatory (...) causal models to one. (shrink)

Drawing on recent findings, this study examines whether valence concordant electromyography (EMG) responses can be explained as an unconditional effect of mere stimulus processing or as somatosensory simulation driven by task-dependent processing strategies. While facial EMG over the Corrugator supercilii and the Zygomaticus major was measured, each participant performed two tasks with pictures of album covers. One task was an affective evaluation task and the other was to attribute the album covers to one of five decades. The Embodied Emotion Account (...) predicts that valence concordant EMG is more likely to occur if the task necessitates a somatosensory simulation of the evaluative meaning of stimuli. Results support this prediction with regard to Corrugator supercilii in that valence concordant EMG activity was only present in the affective evaluation task but not in the non-evaluative task. Results for the Zygomaticus major were ambiguous. Our findings are in line with the view that EMG activity is an embodied part of the evaluation process and not a mere physical outcome. (shrink)

We present a probabilistic extension to active path analyses of token causation. The extension uses the generalized notion of intervention presented in : we allow an intervention to set any probability distribution over the intervention variables, not just a single value. The resulting account can handle a wide range of examples. We do not claim the account is complete --- only that it fills an obvious gap in previous active-path approaches. It still succumbs to recent counterexamples by Hiddleston, because it (...) does not explicitly consider causal processes. We claim three benefits: a detailed comparison of three active-path approaches, a probabilistic extension for each, and an algorithmic formulation. (shrink)