Dieser Band umfasst 35 Texte des Wiener Philosophen und Wissenschaftstheoretikers Friedrich G. Wallner aus den 1980er Jahren. Sie setzen sich allesamt auseinander mit dem sprachphilosophischen Denken des fruhen wie spaten Wittgenstein. Die Auseinandersetzung erfolgt dabei in einer zweifachen Weise: In einem ersten Teil gilt es den Texten, Grundgedanken Wittgensteins zu analysieren, zu erhellen sowie deren Pragungen und Einflusse aufzuzeigen. Dabei werden der Ansatz seines Denkens sowie dessen Bedeutung fur Wissenschaftstheorie und Dichtung erortert. In einem zweiten Teil verfolgen die Texte (...) das Ziel, im Anschluss an Wittgenstein ein Konzept von Philosophie auszuarbeiten, welches Philosophie als Therapie begreift. Ein Konzept, welches im Horizont der Einzelwissenschaften mehrfach zur Anwendung kommt.". (shrink)

Wussten Sie, dass das Schreiben im Mittelalter auch eine körperliche Anstrengung war? Oder dass Frauen einen erheblichen Anteil an der Literaturförderung hatten? Die Beschäftigung mit der deutschsprachigen Literatur des Mittelalters bringt nicht nur die Begegnung mit Figuren wie König Artus, Parzival oder den Nibelungen. Sie öffnet auch den Blick auf einen spannenden Literaturbetrieb – zwischen Analphabetentum und lateinischer Schriftkultur, Mäzenatentum und fahrenden Sängern. Aus dem Inhalt: Diskussion von Epochengrenzen, Sprachstufen und Literaturbegriff; Hintergründe und Entstehungsbedingungen: Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit, Geistlichkeit und Adel, (...) Autor und Publikum; Paläografie und Textkritik: Handschrift und Edition; Dichtung als Formkunst: Reim und Metrum; Literaturperioden im Überblick: Alt-, Mittel- und Frühneuhochdeutsch; Gattungen und Werke des Mittelhochdeutschen: Artusepik, Heldenepik, Grals- und Minneroman, Minnesang; vrouwe und ritter: Geschlechterkonzepte und Genderaspekte. (shrink)

Nietzsche called The Gay Science "the most personal of all my books." It was here that he first proclaimed the death of God -- to which a large part of the book is devoted -- and his doctrine of the eternal recurrence. Walter Kaufmann's commentary, with its many quotations from previously untranslated letters, brings to life Nietzsche as a human being and illuminates his philosophy. The book contains some of Nietzsche's most sustained discussions of art and morality, knowledge and truth, (...) the intellectual conscience and the origin of logic. Most of the book was written just before Thus Spoke Zarathustra, the last part five years later, after Beyond Good and Evil. We encounter Zarathustra in these pages as well as many of Nietzsche's most interesting philosophical ideas and the largest collection of his own poetry that he himself ever published. Walter Kaufmann's English versions of Nietzsche represent one of the major translation enterprises of our time. He is the first philosopher to have translated Nietzsche's major works, and never before has a single translator given us so much of Nietzsche. (shrink)

Published posthumously in 1908, Ecce Homo was written in 1888 and completed just a few weeks before Nietzsche’s complete mental collapse. Its outrageously egotistical review of the philosopher’s life and works—featuring chapters called Why I Am So Wise and Why I Write Such Good Books—are redeemed from mere arrogance by masterful language and ever-relevant ideas. In addition to settling scores with his many personal and philosophical enemies, Nietzsche emphasizes the importance of questioning traditional morality, establishing autonomy, and making a commitment (...) to creativity. Essential reading for students of philosophy, this unique memoir is crucial to an understanding of Nietzsche’s other works. (shrink)

This English translation—the first since 1909—restores Human, All Too Human to its proper central position in the Nietzsche canon. First published in 1878, the book marks the philosophical coming of age of Friedrich Nietzsche. In it he rejects the romanticism of his early work, influenced by Wagner and Schopenhauer, and looks to enlightened reason and science. The "Free Spirit" enters, untrammeled by all accepted conventions, a precursor of Zarathustra. The result is 638 stunning aphorisms about everything under and above (...) the sun. (shrink)

In this study Friedrich Waismann gives a systematic presentation of insights into philosophical problems which can be achieved by clarifying the language in which the problems are posed. Much of the material and the method itself derive from Wittgenstein's work in the early 30s. The book was originally envisaged as a lucid and well organized account of Wittgenstein's distinctive form of linguistic philosophy to enable the Vienna Circle to incorporate these valuable methods into their own programme of analysis. The (...) project evolved over many years into a wide-ranging survey of the dissolution of many philosophical problems and the construction of a systematic philosophical grammar. Waismann shows in detail how puzzlement can be removed by careful description of the uses of the terms employed in framing problems. At the same time, he sketches a general framework for analysis of language, including chapters on names, general terms, logical operators, propositions, questions, etc. This book is an authoritative presentation of Wittgenstein's influential philosophy of language in a format much easier to follow than his own intricate and elusive texts. Waismann exhibits clearly the merits of this method of philosophizing. This book should serve as an important and useful text for those who wish to understand the method and power of linguistic philosophy. It has no equal as an introduction to Wittgenstein's philosophy. (shrink)

The Voices of Wittgenstein brings for the first time, in both the original German and in English translation, over one hundred short essays in philosophical logic and the philosophy of mind. This text is of key historical importance to understanding Wittgenstein's philosophical thought and development in the 1930's. Transcribed from the papers of Friedrich Waismann and dating from 1932 to 1935, the majority are highly important dictations by Wittgenstein to Waismann. It also includes texts of redrafted material by Waismann, (...) closely based on these dictations. (shrink)

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884), was a provocative and profoundly influential critique of the Victorian nuclear family. Engels argued that the traditional monogamous household was in fact a recent construct, closely bound up with capitalist societies. Under this patriarchal system, women were servants and, effectively, prostitutes. Only Communism would herald the dawn of communal living and a new sexual freedom and, in turn, the role of the state would become superfluous.

Buch 1. Geschichte des Materialismus bis auf Kant.--Buch 2. Geschichte des Materialismus seit Kant.

The present work carries us back to a period which, although chronologically no more than a generation or so behind us, has become as foreign to the present generation in Germany as if it were already a full hundred years old. Yet it was the period of Germany's preparation for the Revolution of 1848; and all that has happened in our country since then has been merely a continuation of 1848, merely the execution of the last will and testament of (...) the revolution. Just as in France in the eighteenth century, so in Germany in the nineteenth, a philosophical revolution ushered in the political collapse. But with what a difference! The French were in open combat with all official science, with the church and often also the state; their writings were printed beyond the frontier, in Holland or England, while they themselves were often on the point of landing in the Bastille. But the Germans were professors, state-appointed instructors of youth; their writings were recognized textbooks, and the system rounding off the whole development---the Hegelian system---was even raised, in some degree, to the rank of a royal Prussian philosophy of state! Was it possible that a revolution could hide behind these professors, behind their pedantically obscure phrases, their ponderous, wearisome sentences? Were not the liberals, the very people who then passed as the representatives of the revolution, the bitterest opponents of this brain-befuddling philosophy? But what neither governments nor liberals saw was seen by at least one man as early as 1833, and indeed by a man called Heinrich Heine. (shrink)

v. 1. The birth of tragedy; or, Hellenism and pessimism.--v. 2. Early Greek philosophy & other essays.--v. 3. On the future of our educational institutions. Homer and classical philology.--v. 4-5. Thoughts out of season.--v. 6-7. Human, all-too-human.--v. 8. The case of Wagner. Nietzsche contra Wagner. Selected aphorisms.--v. 9. The dawn of day.--v. 10. The joyful wisdom.--v. 11. Thus spake Zarathustra.--v. 12. Beyond good and evil.--v. 13. The genealogy of morals. Peoples and countries.--v. 14.-15. The will to power.--v. 16.--The twilight of (...) the idols; or, How to philosophise with the hammer. The antichrist.--v. 17. Ecce homo, Nietzsche's autobiography.--v. 18. Guppy, R. Index to Nietzsche. (shrink)

Classic, influential study of Greek tragedy.

The author attempts to sketch a new picture of language: language is stratified into layers, each layer having a logic of its own and being separated from the others by gaps over which one may jump but which cannot be bridged by logical processes. Philosophers try to bridge the gaps and become entangled in pseudo-problems. Law statements exemplify one stratum, thing statements another, sense-datum statements another, ethical statements another, and so on. The different subject-matters are to be characterized by reference (...) to the different strata, rather than conversely; a sense impression is something that is describable in a language of such-and-such structure; a material object is something which can be described in such-and-such language; and so on. A consequence of the theory is said to be that logic loses its universal validity: logic can only be applied to statements that are homogeneous. However, relations between the layers do claim the attention of the logician. (shrink)

Bestimmend fur die hier getroffene Auswahl der Arbeiten ist Friedrich Wallners Interesse an der Tradition der osterreichischen Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie: Dieses richtet sich nicht so sehr auf die historiographische Rekonstruktion, sondern viel mehr auf die theoretisch-philosophische Entwicklung solcher Traditionen als Beitrage zur zeitgenossischen Debatte in der Epistemologie. Der programmatische Titel "Strategien indirekter Rationalitat" gilt richtungweisend fur alle im Buch vorhandenen Gebiete der Forschung und beschreibt eine pluralistische, vielseitig orientierte Perspektive. Diese Perspektive beweist - nach einer der wichtigsten Lehren Wittgensteins (...) - wie sich das philosophische Tun nicht in einer -einseitigen Diat- erschopfen kann, sondern aus mehreren Methoden und -gleichsam verschiedenen Therapien- besteht.". (shrink)

This book describes constructive realism in the intercultural world.

Constructive Realism, an increasingly discussed philosophy of science founded by the Viennese philosopher of science Fritz G. Wallner, is the core issue of the texts gathered in this volume. The authors either discuss the constructive-realistic view philosophically or present their research interpreted by the constructive-realistic doctrine. Constructive Realism inspires philosophy as well as natural science and humanities. This volume proves this inspiring feature of Constructive Realism. All texts are written by colleagues, friends and scholars of Fritz G. Wallner to honour (...) his 60th birthday. (shrink)

An der Gegenüberstellung zu Neurath werden die Gesichtspunkte, welche Wittgensteins Phüosophie - insbesondere seinen Traktat - vom Konzept des Wiener Kreises unterscheiden, dargestellt. Außerdem wird gezeigt, wie sich Ideen des Wiener Kreises aus der Transformation von Traktatgedanken entwickelten. So ergeben sich z.B. strukturelle Entsprechungen zwischen dem Programm einer Einzelwissenschaft und Wittgensteins Einsichten in die Unhintergehbarkeit der Sprache. Dabei werden nicht nur Mißverständnisse Neuraths, was den Traktat betrifft, aufgezeigt, sondern auch auf Inkonsequenzen von Neuraths Ansatz hingewiesen. Im Horizont eines linguistischen Monismus (...) werden Aspekte der Einheit von Wittgensteins Philosophie besprochen. Dabei zeigen sich Vorgriffe von selten Neuraths auf Gedanken der Sprachspieltheorie. Die Abgrenzung gegenüber der Metaphysik und die Rolle ideologischer Voraussetzungen werden diskutiert. (shrink)

An der Gegenüberstellung zu Neurath werden die Gesichtspunkte, welche Wittgensteins Phüosophie - insbesondere seinen Traktat - vom Konzept des Wiener Kreises unterscheiden, dargestellt. Außerdem wird gezeigt, wie sich Ideen des Wiener Kreises aus der Transformation von Traktatgedanken entwickelten. So ergeben sich z.B. strukturelle Entsprechungen zwischen dem Programm einer Einzelwissenschaft und Wittgensteins Einsichten in die Unhintergehbarkeit der Sprache. Dabei werden nicht nur Mißverständnisse Neuraths, was den Traktat betrifft, aufgezeigt, sondern auch auf Inkonsequenzen von Neuraths Ansatz hingewiesen. Im Horizont eines linguistischen Monismus (...) werden Aspekte der Einheit von Wittgensteins Philosophie besprochen. Dabei zeigen sich Vorgriffe von selten Neuraths auf Gedanken der Sprachspieltheorie. Die Abgrenzung gegenüber der Metaphysik und die Rolle ideologischer Voraussetzungen werden diskutiert. (shrink)

A hypothesis for the control of eukaryotic DNA replication at the chromosomal level is proposed. The specific regulatory problem arises from the subdivision of the genome into thousands of individually replicating units, each of which must be duplicated a single time during S‐phase. The hypothesis is based on the finding of direct repeats at replication origins. Such repeats can adopt, beyond the full‐length double helical structure, another configuration exposing two single‐stranded loops that provide suitable templates for the initiation of DNA (...) replication. Any further initiation at the same origin is excluded as the single strandedness is eliminated by the replication process. Restoration of the initiable loop structure is proposed to occur by DNA‐protein rearrangements involved in chromosome condensation and duplication of the chromosomal protein backbone during mitosis. A possible role of the maturation promoting factor (MPF) is suggested. (shrink)