Demokratische Institutionen und rechtliche Regulierungsmechanismen wandeln sich grundlegend. Dieser Wandel ist Tendenzen der Metamorphose von Recht und Politik ausgesetzt: Tendenzen, von denen vorerst nur klar ist, dass sie erfolgen, nicht, in welchem Umfang und in welchen Formen. Um Klarheit uber diese Tendenzen gewinnen zu konnen, ist es erforderlich, erneut daruber nachzudenken, wie Politik, Verantwortung, Freiheit und Recht ins Verhaltnis zu setzen sind. Auf die dem Band vorangestellte Frage, ob es eine Freiheit ohne Recht gibt, finden sich in den Beitragen der (...) Autoren unterschiedliche Antworten.". (shrink)

The author analyzes the views of Friedrich Nietzsche and Karl Jaspers on the essence and goals of science. According to Nietzsche, scientific interest has no clear goal and ultimately leads to nihilism. Nietzsche criticizes science for the limitless accumulation of information, which blinds and prevents the evaluation of the achieved results. For Jaspers, the desire for knowledge, rooted in human nature, not only has unforeseen consequences, but also does not provide an answer to the question of the essence of science (...) from an internal perspective. The author points out the risk of believing that science can create or transform a person, and considers this belief a scientific superstition. He warns against elevating science to the level of a worldview, and also points to the potential threats of genetic engineering. (shrink)

Can education be reduced to training? Can education become equal to upbringing? What is meant by education? From Fichte to Schleiermacher, through Nietzsche and Jaspers, up to Habermas, these questions were discussed over and over again in the context of the relationship between education and universities. Reviving the history of this discussion is instructive in as much as it shows that contemporary discussions about the reform of education and higher education in very important aspects represent the revival of politically unresolved (...) problems. Especially those from the 1950’s, which – through deliberations which were worth the attention – warned against subordinating scientific politics to economic politics. (shrink)

Have the forms of life in the western democracies transformed into mere forms of survival – forms of bare life, as formulated by Giorgio Agamben? Has the sphere of bare life already become truly inseparable from the sphere of politics as an arena not structured by the necessities of life? If this is so, what has then happened to language, which – according to Aristotle – we owe life to on the other side of bare existence, yet which Agamben compares (...) with a dungeon? In order to answer the above questions, the author first looks into the features of the sphere of bare life. He then expounds Agamben’s understanding of language so as to be able to penetrate the reasons because of which he ascribes language the power which facilitates the separation of political and bare existence. Finally , the author examines the relation between Agamben’s diagnosis of the reduction of the human forms of life to forms of survival and his historical-philosophical reflections on language. (shrink)

Haben sich die Lebensformen in den westlichen Demokratien zu reinen Überlebensformen transformiert – Formen bloßen Lebens, wie Giorgio Agamben es nennt? Gibt es keine Trennung mehr zwischen der Sphäre nackten Lebens und der Sphäre der Politik als einem von Lebensnotwendigkeiten nicht strukturierten Raum? Wenn ja, was ist dann der Sprache widerfahren, der wir laut Aristoteles ein Leben jenseits der nackten Existenz verdanken, während sie Agamben mit einem Gefängnis vergleicht? Um Antworten auf diese Fragen zu erhalten, ist zunächst in Erfahrung zu (...) bringen, was kennzeichnend für die Sphäre nackten Lebens ist. Sodann ist Agambens Auffassung von Sprache zu klären, um zu verstehen, warum er ihr die Kraft zuschreibt, politische und nackte Existenz trennen zu können. Abschließend ist zu erörtern, in welcher Relation Agambens Zeitdiagnose von der Reduktion menschlicher Lebensformen auf Überlebensformen mit seinen geschichtsphilosophischen Sprachbetrachtungen steht. (shrink)

Peut-on réduire la formation ŕ l’enseignement? Peut-on assimiler la formation ŕ l’éducation? De Fichte et Schleiermacher ŕ Habermas, en passant par Nietzsche et Jaspers, ces questions ont été constamment sur le tapis dans le contexte de l’enseignement. Le rappel de l’histoire de ce débat est instructif dans la mesure oů les discussions actuelles sur la réforme de l’enseignement et des universités représentent essentiellement une actualisation des problčmes irrésolus, surtout ceux soulevés dans les années 1950, oů des avertissements méritant réflexion furent (...) lancés contre la subordination de la politique scientifique ŕ la politique économique. (shrink)

Ist Bildung auf Ausbildung reduzierbar? Ist Bildung mit Erziehung gleichzusetzen? Was ist unter Bildung zu verstehen? Seit Fichte und Schleiermacher über Nietzsche und Jaspers bis hin zu Habermas sind diese Fragen im Kontext des Verhältnisses von Bildung und Universität immer wieder neu diskutiert worden. Eine Vergegenwärtigung der Geschichte dieser Diskussion ist insofern lehrreich, als sich zeigt, dass gegenwärtige Diskussionen um eine Bildungs- und Hochschulreform in wesentlichen Aspekten eine Aktualisierung von Problemen insbesondere aus den 1950er-Jahren ist, in denen mit immer noch (...) nachdenkenswerten Überlegungen vor einer Unterordnung der Wissenschaftspolitik unter die Wirtschaftspolitik gewarnt wurde. (shrink)

Donedavno, u diskusijama o politickoj filozofiji i etici nije imalo mnogo smisla postavljati pitanje o tome da li citanje Hegelove Filozofije prava jos moze necemu da nas nauci. Shvatanje da Hegelova filozofija prava ne daje supstancijalan doprinos aktuelnim diskusijama i danasnjim tezisnim problemima relativisao je, u svojim predavanjima o moralnoj filozofiji, Dzon Rols, dok je Aksel Honet to shvatanje doveo u pitanje odlucnim rehabilitovanjem sredisnjih motiva Hegelove filozofije prava. A svojom kritikom Honetovog pokusaja reaktualizacije, Ridiger Bubner otvorio je diskusiju o (...) pitanju koji delovi filozofije prava daju najizglednije potencijale za reaktuelizaciju. Ovaj prilog najpre izlaze jedan nacrt problema u vezi s Hegelovim pojmom slobodne volje, koji je neophodan kao pretpostavka da bi se mogli razumeti pokusaji interpretacije polazeci od kojih Honet i Bubner plediraju za reaktualizaciju Hegelove filozofije. Nakon toga, izlaze se skraceni prikaz misli koje imaju centralno znacenje za Honetovu rekonstrukciju i reaktualizaciju Hegelove filozofije prava. Na to se nadovezuje skica Bubnerovih razmisljanja, polazeci od koje se ispituju potencijali reaktualizacije trece alternative, koja se moze razabrati kod Rolsa, i pored toga sto je on kao takvu ne zapaza. (shrink)

Les formes de vie dans les démocraties occidentales ont-elles été transformées en formes pures de survivance – formes de vie pures, selon Giorgio Agamben? La sphère de la vie nue est-elle vraiment déjà inséparable de la sphère de la politique, domaine qui n’est pas structuré par les nécessités vitales? Si c’est le cas, qu’est-ce qui est arrivé au langage auquel, d’après Aristote, nous devons la vie au-delà de l’existence nue, alors qu’Agamben le compare avec la prison? Pour répondre à ces (...) questions, il faut tout d’abord connaître les propriétés de la sphère de la vie nue. Ensuite il faut expliquer l’appréhension d’Agamben du langage afin de comprendre pourquoi il lui attribue le pouvoir grâce auquel il peut séparer l’existence politique de l’existence nue. A la fin, il faut examiner le rapport du diagnostic d’Agamben de la réduction des formes humaines de vie en formes de survivance avec ses réflexions philosophico-historiques. (shrink)

This chapter discusses problems as they arise in Minima Moralia, respectively addressing the question of truth and knowledge as a function of the accessibility of language and the question of transparency in relation to the formulation of these problems. One of the most important meditations on reading and transparency in Minima Moralia is found in the section “Memento” [“Hinter den Spiegel”]. This thought-image takes us to the far side of mimetic perception and reflection, behind the mirror, offering what might be (...) a new way of thinking transparency. Once arrived, however, we do not stay there, as indicated by the accusative article den; we are to remain in motion, following the movement of language as it passes through and bears the traces of a complex web of social relations and aesthetic conventions. Here Theodor W. Adorno reflects on illuminating writing not in terms of its clarity, but rather its porous, material nature. (shrink)

The quarantine model, recently proposed by Pereboom and Caruso, is one of the most influential models developed to date in the context of criminal justice. The quarantine model challenges the very idea of criminal punishment and asserts that nobody deserves punishment on a fundamental level. Instead, in order to deal with offenders, it proposes a series of incapacitation measures based on public safety concerns. In this article, we examine several objections to the quarantine model that demonstrate how, in our view, (...) it can be improved. These mainly pertain to (2.1) the difficulty of reliably identifying dangerous individuals and consequently the need to base confinement decisions on probability, and (2.2) the potential for the quarantine model not to properly deter certain crimes. Three additional objections are raised with respect to (3.1) the rights that are potentially suppressed in the quarantine model; (3.2) the role of “genetic justice”; and (3.3) the difficulty it faces accommodating reasons-responsiveness. Whereas these objections do not constitute knock-down arguments against the quarantine model, they highlight issues that invite closer scrutiny, at least if it is to be considered as a credible framework for the development of viable policies in criminal justice. (shrink)

Several language experiments have been carried out on apes and other animals aiming to narrow down the presumed qualitative gap that separates humans from other animals. These experiments, however, have been driven by the understanding of language as a purely symbolic sign system, often connected to a profound disinterest for language use in real situations and a propensity to perceive grammatical and syntactic information as the only fundamental aspects of human language. For these reasons, the language taught to apes tends (...) to discard iconic and indexical elements in favour of symbolic signs. This paper sheds light on the iconic components of human language, with close attention to the iconic properties of language as present in the ape language experiments. We emphasise the role of the body in the interpretation and production of iconic signs, while demonstrating the need to take into account the Umwelt theory in the research paradigm of the experiments. Uexküll’s Umwelt theory is used to exemplify the methodological problems connected to the teaching of human language to other animal species; furthermore, we discuss how the modelling capacities of language affect the biological layer that constitutes the animal Umwelt. Language is analysed as a particular case of Umwelt transition, and as such its implications are further discussed in the article. With this paper, we enrich the discussion surrounding the human-ape pidgin language by advocating for the need to include iconic components as vital parts of this research area. With this inclusion, we uncover the inter-dependency of iconic, indexical and symbolic signs in human language, aiming to further develop the research paradigm of the ape language experiments. (shrink)

Argues that there are moral grounds to use torture where the lives of the innocent are at stake.

The discourse on the fundamental issues raised by synthetic biology, such as biosafety and biosecurity, intellectual property, environmental consequences and ethical and societal implications, is still open and controversial. This, coupled with the potential and risks the field holds, makes it one of the hottest topics in technology assessment today. How a new technology is perceived by the public influences the manner in which its products and applications will be received. Therefore, it is important to learn how people perceive synthetic (...) biology. This work gathers, integrates and discusses the results of three studies of public perceptions of synthetic biology: an analysis of existing research on how media portray synthetic biology across 13 European countries and in the USA, the Meeting of Young Minds, a public debate between prospective politicians and synthetic biologists in the Netherlands and the experiences of citizen panels and focus groups in Austria, the UK and the USA. The results show that the media are generally positive in their reports on synthetic biology, rather unbalanced in their view of potential benefits and risks, and also heavily influenced by the sources of the stories, namely scientists and stakeholders. Among the prospective Dutch politicians, there were positive expectations as well as very negative ones. Some of these positions are also shared by participants in public dialogue experiments, such as not only the demand for information, transparency and regulation but also a sense of resignation and ineluctability of scientific and technological progress. (shrink)

This paper offers a novel interpretation of Hans Jonas’ analysis of metabolism, the centrepiece of Jonas’ philosophy of organism, in relation to recent controversies regarding the phenomenological dimension of life-mind continuity as understood within ‘autopoietic’ enactivism (AE). Jonas’ philosophy of organism chiefly inspired AE’s development of what we might call ‘the phenomenological life-mind continuity thesis’ (PLMCT), the claim that certain phenomenological features of human experience are central to a proper scientific understanding of both life and mind, and as such central (...) features of all living organisms. After discussing the understanding of PLMCT within AE, and recent criticisms thereof, I develop a reading of Jonas’ analysis of metabolism, in light of previous commentators, which emphasizes its systematicity and transcendental flavour. The central thought is that, for Jonas, the attribution of certain phenomenological features is a necessary precondition for our understanding of the possibility of metabolism, rather than being derivable from metabolism itself. I argue that my interpretation strengthens Jonas’ contribution to AE’s justification for ascribing certain phenomenological features to life across the board. However, it also emphasises the need to complement Jonas’ analysis with an explanatory account of organic identity in order to vindicate these phenomenological ascriptions in a scientific context. (shrink)

In this volume Canevaro studies the 'state' documents preserved in the public speeches of the Demosthenic corpus. Offering a comprehensive account of the documents in the corpora of the orators and in the manuscript tradition, Canevaro summarizes previous scholarship and delineates a new methodology for analyzing the documents.

Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a major threat to public health and healthcare worldwide. In this article, we analyse and discuss the claim that taking actions to minimize AR is everyone's responsibility, focusing on individual moral responsibility. This should not be merely interpreted as a function of knowledge of AR and the proper use of antibiotics. Instead, we suggest a circumstantial account of individual responsibility for AR, where individuals do or do not engage in judicious antibiotic behaviour with different degrees of (...) voluntariness. Furthermore, we suggest a notion of responsibility as a virtue, in which individuals have the opportunity to develop a sensitivity towards the AR theme and, consequently, are capable of engaging, actively and voluntarily, in judicious antibiotic behaviour. The development of such sensitivity depends on the creation of adequate circumstances, that is individual capacities and availability of resources. (shrink)

Summary This short article goes back to the problem of the authenticity of the document found at Dem. 24.20–23, with wide implications for the reconstruction of Athenian nomothesia. Without providing a comprehensive response to M. H. Hansen’s recent KLIO article on the topic (M. H. Hansen, The Inserted Document at Dem. 24.20–23. Response to Mirko Canevaro, KLIO 101, 2019, 452–472; itself a response to a previous KLIO article by M. Canevaro), it clarifies some key issues and clears up some (...) important misunderstandings, also providing new evidence against the authenticity of the document. (shrink)

In Arendt the domestic sphere is the other of the political sphere. In this contribution, however, the house will be described directly. Firstly, by reconstructing some of the different dichotomies included in the macro-differentiation between house and square; secondly by probing the connections and ties that bind house and square. Thirdly, by trying to read the modern emergence of the two poles «society» and «interiority» as a double process of simultaneous expansion and concentration of domestic semantics and domestic performances.

Accused persons who are subjected to a saturation level of negative media coverage may be denied an impartial hearing, which is perhaps the most important aspect of the right to a fair hearing. Despite this, the courts have generally held that the social imperative of prosecuting accused trumps the interests of the accused. The justification for an impartial hearing stems from the repugnance of convicting the innocent. Viewed dispassionately, this imperative is not absolute, given that every legal system condones procedures (...) which result in the conviction of some innocent people. While the importance of guarding against wrongful convictions has been overstated, the imperative to bring to trial all accused has been even more exaggerated. The legal system has displayed a capacity to deal with cases where the guilty walk free. The institutional integrity of the criminal justice system would be significantly compromised by convictions that are tarnished by pre-judgment. Confidence in the criminal justice system is more important than individual criminal accountability. The inability to receive an impartial hearing should result in a permanent stay. The only exception is where the alleged crime has the capacity to cause widespread fear or social unrest. This only applies in relation to serious acts of terrorism. This article focuses on recent legal fair trial developments in Australia, however, the analysis, reasoning and conclusion applies in relation to all jurisdictions where juries determine guilt and innocence. (shrink)

This is a collective study of philosophical questions to do with experts and expertise, such as: What is an expert? Who decides who the experts are? Should we always defer to experts? How should expertise inform public policy? What happens when the experts disagree? Must experts be unbiased? Does it matter what the source of the expertise is?

In many ways, questionable epidemiological measures by which the authorities restricted civic and private life during the COVID-19 pandemic have challenged many implied notions of the inviolability of citizens’ rights and freedoms, as well as obedience to state authority. It is a problem of the incommensurability between freedom and law seen through the conflict between personal rights and the demands of the common good. This article examines how a state of emergency, such as a pandemic, affects the perception of the (...) legitimacy of the State. In this, it relies on some key concepts from Carl Schmitt’s political theology, such as the “exception”, “the sociology of legal concepts”, the “nature of sovereignty”, the formal criterion of the political as a specific way of thinking, and acting and “stasiological” nature of the political. (shrink)

We begin by introducing our readers to the Extended Mind Thesis and briefly discuss a series of arguments in its favour. We continue by showing of such a theory can be resisted and go on to demonstrate that a more conservative account of cognition can be developed. We acknowledge a stalemate between these two different accounts of cognition and notice a couple of issues that we argue have prevented further progress in the field. To overcome the stalemate, we propose to (...) focus on the ethical implications of these theories. We link work conducted on the Extended Mind Thesis with contemporary transhumanist research and claim that extended may be ethically preferred over embedded because it is a more progressive and inclusive theory. (shrink)

This paper proposes substitutional definitions of logical truth and consequence in terms of relative interpretations that are extensionally equivalent to the model-theoretic definitions for any relational first-order language. Our philosophical motivation to consider substitutional definitions is based on the hope to simplify the meta-theory of logical consequence. We discuss to what extent our definitions can contribute to that.