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Virtual Reality
Edited by Rami El Ali (University of Arizona)
About this topic
| Summary | Virtual Reality (VR) is a relatively recent topic in philosophy, with most work emerging from the 1990s onwards. Though there is no single accepted definition of VR, plausibly whatever definition we accept must include what we experience when using modern virtual reality devices - like the HTC Vive, Meta Quest, or Playstation VR - as paradigmatic instances. Currently there are at least two major philosophical accounts of VR. The first, provided by David Chalmers (2017, 2019, 2022), maintains that VR is computer-generated, interactive, and immersive. The second, provided by Grant Tavinor (2021), construes virtualization as the process of instantiating an item’s structure and function in a novel or unfamiliar medium, and VR technology as a new medium that seeks to virtualize experience. While VR is new, it is related to a number of traditional and recent philosophical topics. Traditional topics include skepticism, envattment, illusions and hallucinations, and what we value. More recent topics includes video games, digital artifacts, computer simulations, and the simulation hypothesis. This is reflected in the wide range of philosophical debates around VR. These include issues about the nature of VR and VR technology; knowledge, ethics, and politics in VR; perception, memory, and other psychological states in VR; the aesthetics of VR; and VR’s relation to other technologies, in particular video games, augmented reality, and the Metaverse. |
| Key works | For a central account of virtual reality with a comprehensive look at the topic’s connection to different issues in philosophy, see Chalmers 2022 . For another central account, focusing on the connection between VR, media, perception, and aesthetics, see Tavinor 2021. For an overview of VR from different perspectives, see The Oxford Handbook of Virtuality edited by Mark Grimshaw-Aagaard. For some of the recent issues around VR, see Disputatio 11 (55). For the central debate on the nature and reality of VR, see Chalmers 2017 and McDonnell & Wildman 2019, which offer early statements of two core positions. For another central debate on the value of VR, see Cogburn & Silcox 2014 who respond to Nozick’s claims about value in the experience machine. For discussions that further develop this issue, see Brey 1999 and Ali 2023. |
| Introductions | While not articles, both these books contain excellent introductory chapters and sections: Chalmers, David John (2022). Reality+: Virtual Worlds and the Problems of Philosophy. New York: W. W. Norton. (see Tavinor, Grant (2021). The Aesthetics of Virtual Reality. New York: Routledge. For some helpful early papers that have been influential on current debates, see:Brey, Philip (1999). The ethics of representation and action in virtual reality. Ethics and Information Technology 1 (1):5-14. Chalmers, David J. (2017). The Virtual and the Real. Disputatio 9 (46):309-352.McDonnell, Neil&Wildman, Nathan (2019). Virtual Reality: Digital or Fictional? Disputatio 11 (55):371-397. |
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Related
Subcategories
Augmented Reality (10)
The Metaverse (34)
Contents
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| 1 — 50 / 370 |
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- A philosophical discussion of the implications and limitations of using Virtual Reality Technology (VR) as an “Empathy Machine”.Sarra Bouabdeli - unknownThis thesis engages in a philosophical discussion on “empathy”, “virtuality”, and the use of virtual reality (VR) technology as an “empathy machine”. Here, I define empathy as the intentional activity (or skill) of recreating aspects of another subject’s emotional experience in one’s imagination to reflectively and “experientially” understand what another is feeling. As opposed to isomorphically appropriating another’s feelings to oneself, I identify empathy as third-personally “feeling with” others. After exploring the narrow and pluralistic approaches to understanding empathy, I argue (...)
- Seeing Ghosts. Apperception, Accordance and the Mode of Living Presence in Perception.Poljanšek Tom - 2022 - In Breyer Thiemo, Cavallaro Marco & Sandoval Rodrigo Y. (eds.), Phenomenology of Phantasy and Emotion. Darmstadt: WBG. pp. 145-180.Based on Husserl’s distinction between mode of living presence (Modus der Leibhaftigkeit) and mode of certainty (Glaubensmodus der Gewißheit), which coincide in normal univocal perception, the paper argues for a distinction between two different types of accordance (Einstimmigkeit) in perceptual experience – local accordance and global accordance. While local accordance is characterized by the unfolding of appearances in agreement with lines of accordance instituted by recent perceptual apprehensions within a certain spatio-temporal domain, global accordance is characterized by the agreement between (...)Remove from this listExport citation
Bookmark - Virtuality+: The physical body in virtual reality and the path toward augmented virtuality.Philippe Bédard - 2023 - Aisthesis: Pratiche, Linguaggi E Saperi Dell’Estetico 16 (1):61-72.While many scholars have decried the erasure of the body in virtual reality (VR), this paper focuses on the body – and the physical reality for which it stands – as a critical component of any experience of virtual reality. Specifically, studying VR from the perspective of the physical body allows for a more nuanced appreciation of the unique reality of this «virtual» reality. Moreover, this paper argues that the body should not be seen as a distraction from the immersive (...)
- Lost in communication: The relationship between hikikomori and virtual reality in Japanese anime.Mariapaola Della Chiara - 2023 - Aisthesis: Pratiche, Linguaggi E Saperi Dell’Estetico 16 (1):85-93.Nowadays virtual reality has gained extreme popularity among adolescents around the world, thanks to the possibility they offer to create a new life for their users. Especially for teenagers affected by the hikikomori syndrome, who experience struggles in establishing communication with others, virtual reality has become a tool to forsake their “adverse” reality, shaping fictitious safe environments and creating relationships with similar-minded users. This issue of virtual reality has been depicted in recent Japanese animation, whose country is mostly affected by (...)
- Virtual Domes. Utopian architecture at the dawn of Virtual Reality.Margherita Fontana - 2023 - Aisthesis: Pratiche, Linguaggi E Saperi Dell’Estetico 16 (1):95-103.This paper examines the theoretical and practical aspects of geodesic dome architecture in North America as part of an aesthetic of virtualization. Geodesic domes can be conceived of as virtual environments designed as alternatives to the contemporary world and its internal crises. They were originally a tool of the American counterculture of the 1960s to search for futuristic housing solutions which responded to ecological concerns. The contribution traces some of the most important phases of dome architecture, which crossed paths with (...)
- Philosophy of the Internet. A Discourse on the Nature of the Internet.Laszlo Ropolyi - 2013 - Budapest: Eötvös University.
- Nihilismus der Transparenz. Grenzen der Medienphilosophie Jean Baudrillards.Gregor Schiemann - 2013 - In Jan-Hendrik Möller (ed.), Paradoxalität des Medialen. Fink Verlag. pp. 237-254.Jean Baudrillards Kulturphilosophie läßt sich durch die Behauptung charakterisieren, daß die Medien in der modernen Kultur vorherrschend geworden sind. Seine These, die Medien hätten jeden Bezug zu einer von ihnen unabhängigen Realität verloren, haben zahlreiche Autorinnen und Autoren nihilistisch genannt. Das Zutreffende dieser Kennzeichnung verdankt sich im Wesentlichen einem eingeschränkten, auf das 19. Jahrhundert zurückweisenden Begriff des Nihilismus. Allerdings nimmt Baudrillard auf Phänomene Bezug, die er historisch später verortet und die sich ihrer Struktur nach kategorial von den Funktionen der Medien (...)
- Ethische aspecten van virtual reality - Ontwerpers van virtual reality kunnen zeer intensieve ervaringen teweegbrengen. Ze hebben hiervoor een verantwoordelijkheid, vooral als de virtual reality is bedoeld voor opleiding en training.Philip Brey - 1999 - Filosofie En Praktijk 20:31-44.Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Virtual Seminar on the Bioapparatus.Banff Centre for the Arts - 1991 - [Banff, Alta.] : Banff Centre for the Arts.
- The Virtual Reality of Homo Economicus.Philip Pettit - 1995 - The Monist 78 (3):308-329.The economic explanation of individual behaviour, even behaviour outside the traditional province of the market, projects a distinctively economic image on the minds of the agents involved. It suggests that, in regard to motivation and rationality, they conform to the profile of homo economicus. But this suggestion, by many lights, flies in the face of common sense; it conflicts with our ordinary assumptions about how we each feel and think in most situations, certainly most non-market situations, and about how that (...)
- Virtual life and perpetualogy (self-preservation of virtual entities in computational technology).L. Andrasik - 1998 - Filozofia 53 (1):15-26.Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- The Triumph of Virtual Reality.Glenn McLaren - 2012 - Cosmos and History 8 (1):383-411.Where will the philosophers of the future come from and can we have civilization without them? In this paper I argue that there is a co-dependent relationship between philosophy and civilization, one that has emerged and developed in relation to the emergence of information technologies, particularly writing and print and conditions for deep and prolonged concentration. The internet, however, today’s powerful information technology which is increasingly mediating humanities relationships, is proving to be a technology which threatens this relationship. The internet (...)
- From virtual reality to the unimaginable body of the image: Teresa of Avila's interior castle.Juan Duchesne - 1997 - The European Legacy 2 (4):742-748.
- La desmaterialización parcial de la realidad.Sebastián González Montero - 2006 - Logos. Anales Del Seminario de Metafísica [Universidad Complutense de Madrid, España] 10:38-48.The last technological developments have introduced in life of human beans a enormous amount of hardware’s, communication systems, informatic systems. But it has brought too a multiplicity of images, objects and sensitive experiences that has a direct effect in social life. It can be said that this amount of present elements deserve to be subject of analysis, to tray to clarify the nature of informatic technology and its political impact. That means that far over history of scientific developments, its is (...)Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Real confusions on virtual phenomena.Renato Rodrigues Kinouchi - 2006 - Scientiae Studia 4 (1):139-143.
- The artificial intelligensia and virtual worlds.Stacey Edgar - 1997 - Acm Sigcas Computers and Society 27 (2):27-31.
- Uma proposta para o tratamento de fobias de direção através da criação de rotas automotivas virtuais.José Gustavo de Souza Paiva, Alexandre Cardoso & Edgard Lamounier Jr - 2007 - Aletheia: An International Journal of Philosophy 25:97-108.
- introduction to singularity edition of JCS.Uziel Awret - 2012 - Journal of Consciousness Studies 19 (1-2):7-15.This special interactive interdisciplinary issue of JCS on the singularity and the future relationship of humanity and AI is the first of two issues centered on David Chalmers’ 2010 JCS article ‘The Singularity, a Philosophical Analysis’. These issues include more than 20 solicited commentaries to which Chalmers responds. To quote Chalmers: -/- "One might think that the singularity would be of great interest to Academic philosophers, cognitive scientists, and artificial intelligence researchers. In practice, this has not been the case. Good (...)
- Estetyka wirtualności.Michał Ostrowicki (ed.) - 2005 - Kraków: Tow. Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych "Universitas".
- A impossível experiência final da modernidade: prolegómenos a uma teoria do virtual.Jorge Leandro Rosa - 2005 - Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.
- Filosofía y realidad virtual.César Moreno, Rafael Lorenzo & Alicia Ma de Mingo (eds.) - 2007 - Zaragoza: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza.
- Uwagi na temat ontologii wirtualnej rzeczywistości.Izabela Bondecka-Krzykowska - 2012 - Filozofia Nauki 20 (4).The article is an attempt at collecting some views on ontology of virtual reality (VR). Two types of definitions of virtual reality are discussed and compared: technological (concentrated on technical features of VR) and psychological (concentrated on people’s experiences with VR). In the paper features of virtual reality such as: interaction, artificiality, simulation, full body immersion, networked communications, telepresence and immersion are presented as forming differentia specifica of virtual reality. The main studied issues are ontological problems connected with virtual reality (...)Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Los nuevos entornos educativos. Desafíos cognitivos para una inteligencia colectiva.María G. Navarro - 2009 - Comunicar 33 (XVII):141-148.Comprender las tecnologías de la comunicación a la luz de las redes con que se comunican y entran en cooperación las personas ha sido una constante en autores que no han disociado su visión acerca del significado de las tecnologías respecto a los nuevos movimientos sociales. Este artículo sostiene que las TIC no son sólo una red a la que se suman los individuos, sino que actúan como tecnologías sociales cuyo perfeccionamiento depende tanto de la diversidad de sus funciones (socio-políticas, (...)
- Langan, Thomas. Surviving the Age of Virtual Reality. [REVIEW]Robert Burch - 2001 - Review of Metaphysics 55 (1):147-148.
- Immersive ideals / critical distances : study of the affinity between artistic ideologies in virtual Reality and previous immersive idioms.Joseph Nechvatal (ed.) - 2010 - Berlin: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing AG & Co KG.My research into Virtual Reality technology and its central property of immersion has indicated that immersion in Virtual Reality (VR) electronic systems is a significant key to the understanding of contemporary culture as well as considerable aspects of previous culture as detected in the histories of philosophy and the visual arts. The fundamental change in aesthetic perception engendered by immersion, a perception which is connected to the ideal of total-immersion in virtual space, identifies certain shifts in ontology which are relevant (...)
- The Virtual Reality of Fact vs. Value.William C. Frederick - 1994 - Business Ethics Quarterly 4 (2):171-173.
- Virtual Reality: Consciousness Really Explained! (Third Edition).Jerome Iglowitz - 2010 - JERRYSPLACE Publishing.Employing the ideas of modern mathematics and biology, seen in the context of Ernst Cassirer's "Symbolic Forms, the author presents an entirely new and novel solution to the classical mind-brain problem. This is a "hard" book, I'm sorry, but it is the problem itself, and not me which has made it so. I say that Dennett, and, indeed, the whole of academia is wrong.
- [Book Chapter].Dr C. Coelho, Prof J. G. Tichon, Dr T. J. Hine, Dr G. M. Wallis & Prof G. Riva - 2006
- War games and operations research.Walter E. Cushen - 1955 - Philosophy of Science 22 (4):309-320.SummaryThe problems of operations research, optimized at the tactical and strategic level, have a domain of interest much broader than many of its earlier suboptimization problems. Its appeal to scientific method requires the construction of a model from which predictions can be made. This model must have the comprehensive character of those proposed by philosophy and the sciences. Such a model is available in the form of war gaming, a traditional military training vehicle transformed in such a way as to (...)
- Virtual gravity and the duality of reality.Efthimios Harokopos - unknownIt is shown that a hypothesis about gravity having a virtual cause implies there are two primary reference frames, a reality and a functional virtual reality and an equivalence principle relating the two is postulated. A mathematical expression relating the primary reference frames to the state of reality provides an explanation of particle-wave duality and resolves the controversy about the speed of gravity. A model for motion, time and particle formation is briefly discussed, in which the hypothesis about the virtual (...)
- A virtual solution to the frame problem.Jonathan A. Waskan - forthcoming - Proceedings of the First IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots.We humans often respond effectively when faced with novel circumstances. This is because we are able to predict how particular alterations to the world will play out. Philosophers, psychologists, and computational modelers have long favored an account of this process that takes its inspiration from the truth-preserving powers of formal deduction techniques. There is, however, an alternative hypothesis that is better able to account for the human capacity to predict the consequences worldly alterations. This alternative takes its inspiration from the (...)Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Virtual worlds: a journey in hype and hyperreality.Benjamin Woolley - 1992 - Cambridge, USA: Blackwell.In Virtual Worlds, Benjamin Woolley examines the reality of virtual reality.
Ethics of Virtual Reality
- I, avatar: Towards an extended theory of selfhood in immersive VR (4th edition).Anda Zahiu - 2019 - Információs Társadalom: Társadalomtudományi Folyóirat 19 (4):7-28.In this paper, I argue that virtual manifestations of selfhood in VR environments have a transformative effect on the users, which in turn has spillover effects in the physical world. I will argue in favor of extending our notion of personal identity as to include VR avatars as negotiable bodies that constitute a genuine part of who we are. Recent research in VR shows that users can experience the Proteus Effect and other lasting psychological changes after being immersed in VR. (...)
- Emerging Technologies & Higher Education.Jake Burley & Alec Stubbs - 2023 - Ieet White Papers.Extended Reality (XR) and Large Language Model (LLM) technologies have the potential to significantly influence higher education practices and pedagogy in the coming years. As these emerging technologies reshape the educational landscape, it is crucial for educators and higher education professionals to understand their implications and make informed policy decisions for both individual courses and universities as a whole. -/- This paper has two parts. In the first half, we give an overview of XR technologies and their potential future role (...)
- Virtual reality and computer simulation.Philip Brey - 2008 - In K. E. Himma & H. T. Tavani (eds.), The handbook of information and computer ethics. Wiley. pp. 361–384.
- Reconstructing Past Experience Using Virtual Reality.Graham Goodwin & Nicola Lercari - 2023 - In Patrick Londen, Jeffrey Yoshimi & Philip Walsh (eds.), Horizons of Phenomenology: Essays on the State of the Field and Its Applications. Springer Verlag. pp. 325-336.In this paper we review digital technologies that can be used to study what the experiences of past peoples might have been. We focus on the use of immersive virtual reality (VR) systems to frame hypotheses about the visual and auditory experiences of past individuals, based on available archeological evidence. These reconstructions of past places and landscapes are often focused on visual data. We argue that we should move beyond this ocularcentric focus by integrating sound and other modalities into VR. (...)
- Olfactory Virtual Reality (OVR) for Wellbeing and Reduction of Stress, Anxiety and Pain.David Tomasi - 2021 - Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences 4 (3).Olfactory Virtual Reality (OVR) for Wellbeing and Reduction of Stress, Anxiety and Pain - Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences.
- The Values of the Virtual.Rami Ali - 2023 - Journal of Applied Philosophy 40 (2):231-245.How do we assign values to virtual items, which include virtual objects, properties, events, subjects, worlds, environments, and experiences? In this article, I offer a framework for answering this question. After considering different value theses in the literature, I argue that whether we think these theses mutually exclusive or not turns on our view about the number of value-salient kinds virtual items belong to. Virtual monism is the view that virtual Xs belong to only one value-salient kind in relation to (...)
- XR Embodiment and the Changing Nature of Sexual Harassment.Erick José Ramirez, Shelby Jennett, Jocelyn Tan, Sydney Campbell & Raghav Gupta - 2023 - Societies 13 (36).In this paper, we assess the impact of extended reality technologies as they relate to sexual forms of harassment. We begin with a brief history of the nature of sexual harassment itself. We then offer an account of extended reality technologies focusing specifically on psychological and hardware elements most likely to comprise what has been referred to as “the metaverse”. Although different forms of virtual spaces exist (i.e., private, semi-private, and public), we focus on public social metaverse spaces. We do (...)
- Virtual terrors.Emmanuel Ordóñez Angulo - forthcoming - Noûs.A long-standing aim of cinema – in particular of ‘extreme’, ‘unwatchable’ or ‘feel- bad’ cinema – has been to acquaint viewers with extreme suffering. In this article I first offer an explication of that aim in terms of recent work in philosophy of mind, then exploit the resulting framework to examine claims to the effect that a new technological development, Virtual Reality, provides cinema's best shot at achieving that aim.
- Virtual reality and technologically mediated love.Emma C. Gordon - unknownAn emerging line of research in bioethics questions whether enhanced love is less significant or valuable than otherwise, where "enhanced love" generally refers to cases where drugs (e.g., oxytocin, etc.) are relied on to maintain romantic relationships. Separate from these debates is a recent body of literature on the philosophy and psychology of "Virtual Reality (VR) dating," where romantic relationships are developed and sustained in a way that is mediated by VR. Interestingly, these discussions have proceeded largely independently from each (...)
- Are you (relevantly) experienced? A moral argument for video games.Amanda Cawston & Nathan Wildman - forthcoming - In Aidan Thompson, Laura D'Olimpio & Panos Paris (eds.), Educating Character Through the Arts. London: Routledge.Many have offered moral objections to video games, with various critics contending that they depict and promote morally dubious attitudes and behaviour. However, few have offered moral arguments in favour of video games. In this chapter, we develop one such positive moral argument. Specifically, we argue that video games offer one of the only morally acceptable methods for acquiring some ethical knowledge. Consequently, we have (defeasible) moral reasons for creating, distributing, and playing certain morally educating video games.$140.85 used (collection) View on Amazon.comRemove from this list Direct downloadExport citation Bookmark
- Correction to: The Grave Resolution to the Gamer’s Dilemma: an Argument for a Moral Distinction Between Virtual Murder and Virtual Child Molestation.Morgan Luck - 2022 - Philosophia 50 (3):1309-1309.
- The Grave Resolution to the Gamer’s Dilemma: an Argument for a Moral Distinction Between Virtual Murder and Virtual Child Molestation.Morgan Luck - 2022 - Philosophia 50 (3):1287-1308.In this paper a new resolution to the gamer’s dilemma is presented. The first part of the paper is devoted to strictly formulating the dilemma, and the second to establishing its resolution. The proposed resolution, the grave resolution, aims to resolve not only the gamer’s dilemma, but also a wider set of analogous paradoxes – which together make up the paradox of treating wrongdoing lightly.
- The Experience Machine.Lorenzo Buscicchi - 2022 - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.The Experience Machine The experience machine is a thought experiment first devised by Robert Nozick in the 1970s. In the last decades of the 20th century, an argument based on this thought experiment has been considered a knock-down objection to hedonism about well-being, the thesis that our well-being—that is, the goodness or badness of our … Continue reading The Experience Machine →.
- Social bodies in virtual worlds: Intercorporeality in Esports.David Ekdahl & Susanne Ravn - 2021 - Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 21 (2):293-316.As screen-based virtual worlds have gradually begun facilitating more and more of our social interactions, some researchers have argued that the virtual worlds of these interactions do not allow for embodied social understanding. The aim of this article is to examine exactly the possibility of this by looking to esports practitioners’ experiences of interacting with each other during performance. By engaging in an integration of qualitative research methodologies and phenomenology, we investigate the actual first-person experiences of interaction in the virtual (...)
- Hit by the Virtual Trolley: When is Experimental Ethics Unethical?Jon Rueda - 2022 - Teorema: International Journal of Philosophy 41 (1):7-27.The trolley problem is one of the liveliest research frameworks in experimental ethics. In the last decade, social neuroscience and experimental moral psychology have gone beyond the studies with mere text-based hypothetical moral dilemmas. In this article, I present the rationale behind testing the actual behaviour in more realistic scenarios through Virtual Reality and summarize the body of evidence raised by the experiments with virtual trolley scenarios. Then, I approach the argument of Ramirez and LaBarge (2020), who claim that the (...)
- African Ethics and Online Communities: An Argument for a Virtual Communitarianism.Stephen Nkansah Morgan & Beatrice Okyere-Manu - 2021 - Filosofia Theoretica: Journal of African Philosophy, Culture and Religions 10 (3):103-118.A virtual community is generally described as a group of people with shared interests, ideas, and goals in a particular digital group or virtual platform. Virtual communities have become ubiquitous in recent times, and almost everyone belongs to one or multiple virtual communities. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, with its associated national lockdowns, has made virtual communities more essential and a necessary part of our daily lives, whether for work and business, educational purposes or keeping in touch with friends (...)
- Robert Nozick’s Metaverse Machine.Lorenzo Buscicchi - 2022 - Philosophy Now 149:26-28.
- The video gamer’s dilemmas.Rami Ali - 2022 - Ethics and Information Technology 24 (2).The gamer’s dilemma offers three plausible but jointly inconsistent premises: (1) Virtual murder in video games is morally permissible. (2) Virtual paedophelia in video games is not morally permissible. (3) There is no morally relevant difference between virtual murder and virtual paedophelia in video games. In this paper I argue that the gamer’s dilemma can be understood as one of three distinct dilemmas, depending on how we understand two key ideas in Morgan Luck’s (2009) original formulation. The two ideas are (...)
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