A brief overview of the main Croatian philosophers of the 19th century is given (regardless of whether they worked in or outside of Croatia). Special attention is paid to Šimun Čučić (logic, metaphysics, ethics) and Franjo pl. Marković (logic, aesthetics). The philosophy of other authors is briefly summarized on the ground of the existing research results.

Die Darstellung der Entwicklung der Strafgesetzbüuuml;cher Sachsens im 19. Jahrhundert ist das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit. Den Schwerpunkt bildet die Darstellung der Kodifizierungsbestrebungen seit 1811, der jeweils geltenden Fassungen der säauml;chsischen Strafgesetze, der Diskussionen der Gesetzesplanungsinstanzen und ihrer Entwürfe sowie der Stellungnahmen verschiedener Wissenschaftler und Behöouml;rden.

In der Medizin vollzieht sich im 19. Jahrhundert eine kopernikanische Wende: Die Zellulartheorie wird entwickelt. Heute ist uns vollig selbstverstandlich, dass der menschliche Korper aus Zellen besteht, die seine Struktur und Funktion bestimmen. Doch diese Lehre bestimmt seit gerade einmal 150 Jahren das medizinische Denken und hat Theorien abgelost, welche unvorstellbare 2.000 Jahre Geltung besassen. Diesen Wandel interpretiert die Autorin als Paradigmawechsel und verfolgt ihn in den Werken deutscher, englischer und franzosischer Arzte des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts. Sie beleuchtet (...) den Einfluss der Philosophie, insbesondere die Auswirkungen der Ideen Kants und Schellings. Die Studie zu den philosophischen Grundlagen der modernen Medizin richtet sich an Philosophen, Wissenschaftshistoriker und Arzte. In the 19th century, a Copernican turn took place in medicine with the development of the cell theory. We take it completely for granted today that the human body is made up of cells which determine its structure and its function. But this doctrine has only been defining medical thinking for 150 years and it replaced theories which had been valid for an inconceivable 2000 years. The author interprets this transition as a paradigm shift, and she explores it in the works of German, English and French doctors in the 18th and 19th century. She sheds light on the influence of philosophy, in particular the impact of Kans and Schellings ideas. This study of the philosophical foundations of modern medicine is addressed to philosophers, science historians and medical physicians. (shrink)

In der Medizin vollzieht sich im 19. Jahrhundert eine kopernikanische Wende: Die Zellulartheorie wird entwickelt. Heute ist uns vollig selbstverstandlich, dass der menschliche Korper aus Zellen besteht, die seine Struktur und Funktion bestimmen. Doch diese Lehre bestimmt seit gerade einmal 150 Jahren das medizinische Denken und hat Theorien abgelost, welche unvorstellbare 2.000 Jahre Geltung besassen. Diesen Wandel interpretiert die Autorin als Paradigmawechsel und verfolgt ihn in den Werken deutscher, englischer und franzosischer Arzte des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts. Sie beleuchtet (...) den Einfluss der Philosophie, insbesondere die Auswirkungen der Ideen Kants und Schellings. Die Studie zu den philosophischen Grundlagen der modernen Medizin richtet sich an Philosophen, Wissenschaftshistoriker und Arzte. In the 19th century, a Copernican turn took place in medicine with the development of the cell theory. We take it completely for granted today that the human body is made up of cells which determine its structure and its function. But this doctrine has only been defining medical thinking for 150 years and it replaced theories which had been valid for an inconceivable 2000 years. The author interprets this transition as a paradigm shift, and she explores it in the works of German, English and French doctors in the 18th and 19th century. She sheds light on the influence of philosophy, in particular the impact of Kans and Schellings ideas. This study of the philosophical foundations of modern medicine is addressed to philosophers, science historians and medical physicians. (shrink)

How to Travel and Observe: Manuals for Scientific Travelers beyond in the 19th Century. The article deals with manuals for travelers who went to Africa and Asia for the sake of geographic exploration. These are widely neglected sources for the history of European exploration and the emergence of geography as an academic discipline. The article argues that these manuals are essential for an understanding of the travelers’ socialization as members of the scientific project of geography and their contributions (...) to geographical knowledge production. (shrink)

English summary: This volume looks at the so far little studied connections between the philosophy of Schelling and the historiographic waves in theological, philosophical and historical discourse during the first half of the 19th century. The reception of Schelling in theology, philosophy and history relates primarily to his writings around 1800. The essays in this volume firstly analyze the considerable impact that these texts had on the structure of contemporary debate. Secondly, they analyze the interdependence of the historical (...) theology that was beginning to take root and Schelling's emerging later philosophy. Thirdly, they examine the reception of Schelling's philosophy of history from the perspective of Friedrich Schleiermacher and historical academic discourse, as well as David Friedrich Strauss, Ferdinand Christian Baur and the Landhut Romantics. German description: Der vorliegende Band thematisiert die bislang nur wenig erforschten Zusammenhange zwischen der Philosophie Schellings und den Historisierungsschuben in den theologischen, philosophischen und geschichtswissenschaftlichen Diskursen der ersten Halfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Die Rezeption Schellings in Theologie, Philosophie und Geschichtswissenschaft bezieht sich vor allem auf dessen Schriften um 1800. Die Beitrage des Bandes untersuchen sowohl die breite Wirkung dieser Texte in den zeitgenossischen Debattenkonstellationen sowie die Wechselwirkungen zwischen der sich etablierenden historischen Theologie und der Herausbildung von Schellings Spatphilosophie als auch die Rezeption der Geschichtsphilosophie Schellings bei Friedrich Schleiermacher sowie in den geschichtswissenschaftlichen Diskursen, bei David Friedrich Strauss, Ferdinand Christian Baur sowie in der Landshuter Romantik. Mit Beitragen von: Christopher Arnold, Ulrich Barth, Christian Danz, Georg Essen, Malte Dominik Kruger, Christof Landmesser, Michael Murrmann-Kahl, Georg Neugebauer, Jan Rohls, Oliver Wintzek, Johannes Zachhuber. (shrink)

Abstract“Victories of Freedom which Humans Achieved by Research in the Foundation of Things”. ‐ This article analyzes the political self‐conception of leading representatives of the natural sciences in 19th century Germany. It is argued that the main feature of this self‐conception which remained constant over the time consisted in a strong “rationalization‐imperative”, i.e. the postulate that state and society have to be reshaped on the basis of natural science. On the other hand, this imperative was put forward in (...) very different forms and with different political content: it shifted from revolutionary aspirations in the period of 1848 to moderate and sometimes even reactionary positions in the last decades of the century. (shrink)

"Der Aufsatz fokussiert die literarische Gattung von Utopie und Science Fiction als empirisches und historisches Material und untersucht an ausgewählten Texten des 19. Jahrhunderts, über welche zukünftigen Medien, Medienpraktiken und menschlichen Lebensformen dort geschrieben und (antizipativ) reflektiert wird. Zeitutopien, so die forschungsleitende These, fungieren als Modell und Entstehungsherd innovativer (Medien-) Techniken und besitzen eine spezifische Gestaltungskraft neuer Lebenswelten. The paper focuses on the literary genre of utopia and science fiction as empirical and historical material. With reference to selected texts from (...) the 19th century, it outlines which future media, media practices and human life forms are discussed in an often anticipatory way. The thesis is that time utopias act as a model and source of innovative (media) technologies and have a specific power to design new worlds. ". (shrink)

Visualization in 19th-century German geography: Robert Schlagintweit and Hans Meyer as examples. – Visual representations of nature formed an essential part of 19th-century earth sciences. In particular, colonial photography – as a visual source, and as an instrument of the construction of national identities – serves essential research interests of current history and social sciences. The present paper is a case study on the role and function of photography in German geography of the 19th and (...) early 20th centuries. It focuses on the work of the Munich geographer Robert Schlagintweit and the Leipzig colonial geographer Hans Meyer ; the early history of photography in India and the function of images in the geographical exploration of overseas territories are discussed. Although there is nearly half a century between the work of R. Schlagintweit and H. Meyer, their photography shows remarkable parallels. The ideas of both on the practice of visualization are rooted in pedagogic and didactic concepts as well as in popular science. For both geographers photography was essentially a technical help, which often needed graphic revisions. And they both preferred photography to depict people and buildings . Concerning the more comprehensive question of how far their photography transmitted a specific German ‘image of abroad’, it is indicated that such a specific image should have its essential roots in a peculiar visual culture of German earth sciences in the first half of the 19th century. Thus the paper offers a starting point for further studies discussing the change from a ‘Biedermeier image’ of foreign cultures to a more ‘colonial’ one in 19th-century German geography. (shrink)

The foundation and administration of European Zoological gardens in the 19th century is analized. It is significant of such new institutions, that they are founded in the large cities, and that most of the founders looked at the great models in Paris and London, which are described first. Further it is shown that the change from princely menageries to public Zoological Gardens is caused both by common interests in people's education and pleasure and by scientific aims which leaded (...) to choose the name Zoological “garden” in analogy to botanical gardens. It seems to be characteristic of such public institutions created by citizens in the 19th century that they are mostly supported by commercial or scientific local societies. This is exemplified by describing the administration of the Zoological gardens of Berlin (1841), Frankfurt (1856) and Hamburg (1863), which initiated also research for acclimatization of wild animals. (shrink)

Hennemann finds that the history of the natural sciences has usually been treated in a non-historical way, as a merely chronological sequence of discoveries and developments with little attention paid to the evolution of its historically conditioned presuppositions. Focusing chiefly on the 19th century, he uncovers many interconnections between the special sciences and the philosophy of nature. He is unsuccessful in his attempt to discern a basic structural relationship.--L. S. F.

‚Origin‘ must be counted among the 19th century’s obsessions. Following the lead of 18th century Enlightenment, subverting origins rather than venerating them became a theoretical preoccupation. Yet art – specifically the art of music – dealt with origins in a different way. That way eludes the obvious alternative of either awe or unmasking. It is specifically modern: The work of art attends to its own genesis. The different versions of the beginning of Bruckner’s Fourth Symphony disclose a (...) subtle craft of constructing the unconstructed, origin: artificial nature. (shrink)

Between the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, the cultural atmosphere in Italy was influenced by the Ideologists and still conditioned by the followers of the sensualistic tradition. The new philosophy encountered fierce opposition; philosophers refused to come to term with the fundamental texts of Criticism, which were beyond their reach also because of the language. But besides this theoretical opposition to Criticism, that was strongly influenced by the French negative interpretation of Kant, (...) there were also scholars who began to translate Kant’s writings. Interesting is that they were not philosophers but government officials with a good knowledge of the German language. (shrink)

The atomic hypothesis according to Ludwig Boltzmann. The scientific and philosophical importance of a controversial position at the close of the 19th century. This paper examines Boltzmann’s standpoint in the controversy over the existence of atoms between himself on the one hand and Mach, Ostwald, Helm and to some extent Duhem on the other hand. The latter wanted to develop a physics only constructed with perceptible phenomena. Because of the lack of empirical evidence of the atoms at that (...) time they did not accept them for the construction of physics. In contrast, Boltzmann found the acceptance of atoms to be a fruitful assumption, since for him the construction of physics required going beyond perceptible phenomena. Two different conceptions of nature and of the ways to know nature clashed in this disagreement between Boltzmann and his opponents. Op-posing one-sided positions, Boltzmann supported the hypothetical character of science, in which more than one basic hypothesis can be advanced: he was open to the possibility of fundamental revolutions in science. (shrink)

Carl Vogt’s quarrel with Rudolph Wagner is considered to be a culmination of the materialism dispute in the 19th century. Out of this basically academic issue on the nature of human mental functions, a personal dispute quickly developed which was unrivalled in thematic incisiveness and expression. The aim of this study is the detailed linguistic analysis of the polemics and argumentation in this dispute based on extensive text excerpts, in which for the first time detailed linguistic studies on (...) Vogt and Wagner are presented. (shrink)

Since the 19th century the theory of evolution has been the guide not only of biological research, but of the explanation of man's psychic and mental abilities, too. In particular Herbert Spencer's and Charles Darwin's works gave rise to an evolutionary view of human mind (evolutionary psychology). This view was generalized to the explanation of epistemic structures like science and was adopted by many philosophers and scientists, e. g. Boltzmann, Mach, and others. Under the influence of Darwin's theory (...) of natural selection a selective elimination model was established in order to explain epistemic activities. Thus, in the 19th century we find expressed the basic ideas of today's evolutionary epistemology. The modern evolutionary theory of (human) knowledge therefore turns out to be the more precise and elaborated formulation of the fundamental postulates of an evolutionary psychology. (shrink)

Exactitude. The Genesis of an Epistemic Virtue in the ‘Long Nineteenth Century’. The article examines the genesis of exactitude as an epistemic virtue in both scholarly and scientific contexts in the 19th century, mainly in Prussia. Starting with an influential historiographic work on ancient metrology three semantic fields of accuracy, exactitude and precision are differentiated and pursued in their etymologies as well as applications. The historic situation between 1790 and 1860 is identified as the crucial period when (...) the exactness of the exact sciences as well as the notion of accuracy in the humanities start to diverge from one another in order to develop an epistemic virtue each on its own. (shrink)

Clinical photography in the late 19th century aimed at unveiling the hidden processes invisible to the clinical eye. Changes in the outer form hinted at deeper lying causes, and decoding these forms was supposed to extend the range of the clinical eye into the realm of invisibility. Two suppositions supported this hope: the belief that each disease as an ontological entity showed typical exterior signs which allowed a diagnosis at sight, and the technological trust in photography as a (...) precise and objective means of representation superior to the human eye. For a short time, clinical photography seemed to be the “via regia” of diagnosis. Heinrich Curschmann's Klinische Abbildungen and Ludwig Jankau's periodical Internationale medizinisch-photographische Monatsschrift marked the climax of this development in Germany. Röntgen's discovery and its immediate application in clinical medicine put an end to the optimistic expectations: clinical photography was from now on only one among many different means of documenting clinical signs and findings. (shrink)

Since the beginning of the 19th century dynamometry was a common method to measure human body strength. Instruments were described by J.-B. Regnier, G.B.A. Duchenne de Boulogne, V. Burq et Mathieu, and unauthorized copies of different size were also being used. Although it is not clear which instrument exactly Sigmund Freud used when trying to measure the effects of cocaine on grip strength in 1884, it seems that he used copies like those maintained in the Museum on the (...) History of Medicine in Ingolstadt. Attempts of quantification seem to belong to the scientific tendencies in mid and late 19th century medicine. It can be demonstrated, that the roots of dynamometry go back to the first decades of the century and belong to the conceptions derived from Mesmerism and Animal Magnetism. (shrink)

English summary: Natural church law was the central discussion forum for questions of religious policies in the 18th and early 19th centuries. In this section of secular natural law, very diverse protagonists discussed the sovereign's claim to power over the church, the freedoms enjoyed by the clergy, the demand for religious freedom and democracy within the church. German description: Unsere Vorstellungen vom Verhaltnis von Staat und Kirche werden entscheidend von der Rechtsphilosophie des 18. und fruhen 19. Jahrhunderts bestimmt. Das (...) epochepragende sakulare Naturrecht widmete sich staatskirchenrechtlichen Fragen im Teilgebiet des anaturlichen Kirchenrechts. Dessen Anhanger leiteten aus ubergeordneten Vernunftgrunden Regeln ab, die - im Gegensatz zu den besonderen Rechtsordnungen einzelner Kirchen - fur alle Religionen Gultigkeit beanspruchten. Die Kirche galt einerseits als eine mit autonomen Befugnissen ausgestattete Gesellschaft; ihre Existenz im Staat machte sie andererseits zum Objekt staatlicher Hoheitsrechte. Das Spannungsverhaltnis von Gesellschaftsautonomie und Staatsaufsicht erlaubte die Legitimierung unterschiedlicher politischer Interessen: der Starkung der kirchlichen Unabhangigkeit oder des staatlichen Einflusses. Thomas Hahn untersucht den Wandel von Inhalten und Funktionen des naturlichen Kirchenrechts im Zeitraum von ca. 1680 bis 1850. (shrink)

Die in diesem Band zusammengefassten Aufsätze nehmen wichtige Weichenstellungen der evangelischen Kirche im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert in den Blick und beleuchten deren Auswirkungen für die Gestaltung einer vom Staat unabhängigen Volkskirche. Ein wesentlicher Fokus richtet sich auf die Zeit der nationalsozialistischen Diktatur von 1933 bis 1945 und den so genannten "Kirchenkampf". Regional liegt ein Schwerpunkt auf Hessen.

Scientists working on the wave theory of light in the 19 th century took it for granted that there had to be a medium for the propagation of light waves. This medium was called the luminiferous [= “light carrying”] ether. One of the central questions about this medium concerned its state of motion. There were two options: (1) The ether is completely undisturbed by matter moving through it (stationary or immobile ether); (2) Matter drags along the ether in its (...) vicinity and/or in its interior (dragged-along ether). Stellar aberration provided the main argument for the first option (even though a special dragging effect in the case of transparent matter had to be built into the theory to account for refraction). Polarization provided the main argument for the second option. These two options and the arguments pro and con will be explained in more detail below. (shrink)

Im ersten Teil verorte ich den historischen Kontext des Umbruchprozesses der Wissenschaft des 19. Jahrhunderts im Hinblick auf die Physik. Vom Beginn der Neuzeit bis weit ins 20. Jahrhundert hinein war die Physik die Leitwissenschaft in den Naturwissenschaften. Der Wandlungsprozess der auf sie bezogenen Wissenschaftsauffassungen setzt im 19. Jahrhundert bislang unangetastete, von der Antike herrührende Geltungsansprüche außer Kraft. Im zweiten Teil vergleiche ich Nietzsches Charakterisierung der Wissenschaften exemplarisch mit der von Hermann von Helmholtz. Helmholtz kann als ein herausragender (...) Vertreter der Naturforschung des 19. Jahrhunderts angesehen werden. Er entwickelte seine erste bahnbrechende wissenschaftliche Leistung noch ganz im Rahmen einer auf Wahrheit und Einheit fokussierten Wissenschaftsauffassung. Im Verlauf seiner weiteren Arbeiten relativierten sich seine Geltungsansprüche zunehmend. In systematischer Hinsicht näherte sich Helmholtz damit nicht nur der Position an, die Nietzsche immer schon eingenommen hat, sondern er übertraf sie sogar in bestimmter Hinsicht. -/- Im dritten Teil setze ich mich kritisch mit einem Aspekt der Rezeption des historischen Verhältnisses von Nietzsche und Helmholtz auseinander. Helmholtz gehörte zu den wenigen repräsentativen Naturwissenschaftlern, von denen man annimmt, dass ihre Forschungen auf das Denken Nietzsches Einfluss hatten. Bemerkenswerterweise stammen die betreffenden Arbeiten aus der ersten Phase von Helmholtz’ Wissenschaftsauffassung. Während Helmholtz mit seinen Forschungen einen traditionellen Wahrheitsanspruch bestätigt sah, bezog sich Nietzsche auf sie, um sie umgekehrt zur Destruktion dieses Anspruches einzusetzen. Wo der Rezeption diese Konstellation entgangen ist, hat sie dazu beigetragen, die Aktualität von Nietzsches Wissenschaftskritik zu überschätzen. (shrink)

Since 1997, FORUM has been an integral part of the landscape of European studies. In addition to contemporary history, it offers insights into the history of ideas and reviews books on Central and Eastern European history. It offers more than just history--for instance, interdisciplinary discussions by political scientists, literary, legal, and economic scholars, and philosophers. FORUM sees itself as a bridge between East and West. Through the translation and publication of texts and contributions from Russian, Polish, and Czech researchers, it (...) offers the Western reader access to the scholarly discourse of Eastern Europe. The 'short' 20th century is one of the best-documented eras in history. Nevertheless, it holds more mysteries than many periods of antiquity or the Middle Ages of which we have only sparse relics. One of the biggest mysteries is the question of the causes of the collapse of civilization in the first half of the century. In Germany as well as in Russia, regimes came to power invoking the implementation of utopias that had been dreamt up during the 'long' 19th century yet which had been considered unrealizable. Now, it turned out, even the most radical utopian blueprint could be put into place. This development, intertwined with an extraordinarily deep crisis of European democracy, did not happen overnight. It had been looming for a long time. There had even been several prescient voices heralding the upcoming crisis--trailing away without being noticed. Volume 19, Issue 1 of FORUM recognizes some of these unheard prophets and scrutinizes their writings. (shrink)

To celebrate the 270th anniversary of the De Gruyter publishing house, the company is providing permanent open access to 270 selected treasures from the De Gruyter Book Archive. Titles will be made available to anyone, anywhere at any time that might be interested. The DGBA project seeks to digitize the entire backlist of titles published since 1749 to ensure that future generations have digital access to the high-quality primary sources that De Gruyter has published over the centuries.

Originally published in 1983. The nineteenth century was a time of great economic, social and political change. As Europe modernized, previously ignorant and apathetic elements in the population began to demand political freedoms. There was pressure also for a freer press, for the rights of assembly and association. The apprehension of the existing elites manifested itself in an intensification of often brutal form of political repression. The first part of this book summarizes on a pan-European basis, the major techniques (...) of repression such as the denial of popular franchise and press censorship. This is followed by a chronological survey of these techniques from 1815 – 1914 in each European country. The book analyzes the long and short-term importance of these events for European historical development in the 19 th and 20 th centuries. (shrink)

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGTroeltschs Konzept des »Neuprotestantismus« wird als Exemplar der für das Christentum aller Zeiten wesentlichen Besinnung auf seine im geschichtlichen Werden erreichte Gegenwartslage betrachtet. Dabei kommen die Stärken des Konzepts, aber auch seine Unklarheiten und systematischen Schwächen in den Blick. Die Stärke des Konzepts ist die Betonung des Bruches des gesamtgesellschaftlichen Kontextes, in dem das protestantische Christentum an der Wende vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert existiert, gegenüber den sozialen Kontexten seiner Entstehung und ersten Entfaltung im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert. (...) Die Unklarheiten des Konzepts betreffen die Frage nach den entscheidenden Wirkfaktoren und Urhebern dieses Bruches. Diese Unklarheiten ergeben sich aus den Schwächen des Konzepts. Diese liegen auf der Ebene der die Geschichtserkenntnis und die Geschichtsschreibung leitenden Kategorien, die keine angemessene Wahrnehmung derjenigen Kontinuitäts- und Identitätsmomente ermöglichen, die von jeder Diskontinuitätswahrnehmung und -behauptung faktisch immer schon vorausgesetzt werden. Dieser Mangel erweist Troeltschs Anspruch, nur die Christentumstheorie Schleiermachers fortzuschreiben, als unhaltbar. Vielmehr bleibt Troeltschs Position hinter der Schleiermacherschen zurück, weil ihr diejenigen epistemologischen und ontologischen Einsichten fehlen, welche Schleiermacher besaß und welche es für Schleiermacher möglich machten, alle Phänomene der Christentumsgeschichte und die zwischen ihnen waltende Diskontinuität im Horizont des Wesens des Christentums und seiner Identität-in-der-Geschichte aufzufassen. Dadurch ist Schleiermacher in der Lage, das Christentum, auch in seiner protestantischen Ausprägung, als einen in den jeweiligen geschichtlichen Verhältnissen widerstandsfähigen und bildungskräftigen Faktor zu denken. Demgegenüber führt der Ausfall der Erkenntnis und Anerkennung des Wesens des Protestantismus und seiner Identität-in-der-Geschichte bei Troeltsch dazu, dass hier der Protestantismus überwiegend nur noch als Produkt der Verhältnisse in den Blick kommt. Nicht die Position Schleiermachers, wohl aber diejenige Troeltschs gehört daher in den Prozess der Selbstsäkularisierung des Protestantismus.SUMMARYTroeltsch's concept of “neo-Protestantism” is regarded as an example of reflection – essential to Christianity of all times – on the present situation of Christianity which is achieved through a process of historical becoming. Such a form of reflection is characteristic of Christianity throughout its history. Thereby the strengths of the concept come into view, but also its opacities and systematic weaknesses. The strength of the concept is the emphasis on the breach in the entire social context in which Protestant Christianity existed at the turn from the 19th to the 20th century, compared to the social contexts of its origins and the first stage of this disruption in the 16th and 17th century. The ambiguities of the concept relate to the question of the decisive influences and originating factors of this breach. These uncertainties arise from the weaknesses of the concept. These lie at the level of historical knowledge and of leading categories of historiography which do not make it possible to perceive continuity and moments of identity which are, in fact, always presupposed in the perception of discontinuity in history. This proves that Troeltsch's claim to carry forward Schleiermacher's theory of Christianity must be seen as untenable. Because of its missing epistemological and ontological foundations Troeltsch's view remains inferior to that of Schleiermacher. On the basis of such epistemological and ontological foundations Schleiermacher was able to interpret the phenomena of the history of Christianity and its discontinuities in the horizon of the essence of Christianity and its identity in history. Therefore Schleiermacher is able to conceive of Christianity also in Protestant form as an active factor in its respective historical circumstances which is able to function both creatively and critically in relation to external factors. In contrast, Troeltsch can only conceive of Protestantism as the product of external circumstances. It is the position of Troeltsch, not that of Schleiermacher, which is part of the process of self-secularization in Protestantism. (shrink)

Less Erroneous Pictures. Whalers’ Knowledge in Nineteenth‐Century Natural History, Oceanography, and Literature. This paper uses the iconoclasm of Herman Melville's Moby‐Dick as a point of departure to examine the problem of representing whales pictorially. Focussing on the use of images in cetological works and whaling logbooks, the paper investigates how the whalers’ knowledge, which served the hunting, killing, and economic exploitation of whales, came to be inscribed in the antithetical work of natural historians who were increasingly interested in living (...) organisms. This paper argues that Melville's juxtaposition of whalers’ and naturalists’ knowledge runs parallel with a dichotomy, along which natural histories, travelogues, and thematic maps of oceanography constitute the whale as an object of knowledge. It concludes by suggesting that, at the same time, this dichotomy is repeatedly undermined for the sake of the whale's representation. (shrink)

Lecture 1. What is intellectual history? -- Lecture 2. The scientific origins of the Enlightenment -- Lecture 3. The emergence of the modern intellectual -- Lecture 4. The cultural meaning of the French Revolution -- Lecture 5. The new conservatism in post-revolutionary Europe -- Lecture 6. The new German philosophy -- Lecture 7. Hegel's philosophical conception of history -- Lecture 8. The new liberalism -- Lecture 9. The literary culture of Romanticism -- Lecture 10. The meaning of the romantic hero (...) -- Lecture 11. The Industrial Revolution and classical economics -- Lecture 12. Early critiques of industrial capitalism -- Lecture 13. Hegelianism and the young Marx -- Lecture 14. Marx's social critique -- Lecture 15. Feminism in the 19th century culture -- Lecture 16. Women's rights in a man's world -- Lecture 17. Tocqueville & Mill, rethinking liberal theory -- Lecture 18. Nationalisms and national identities -- Lecture 19. The novel as art and social criticism -- Lecture 20. Science and its literary critics -- Lecture 21. Charles Darwin and the new biology -- Lecture 22. Controversies of social Darwinism -- Lecture 23. The heroic critic in mass society -- Lecture 24. Nietzsche's critique of European culture. (shrink)

The volume is dedicated to the work of Chajim H. Steinthal (1823-1899), who in the second half of the nineteenth century was a prominent philosophical linguist and also an eminent teacher of the "Science of Judaism." Together with Moritz Lazarus he founded the discipline of "Voelkerpsychologie" ("psychology of nations").

Abstract‘Little by Little’. Data Collection and Scales in Nineteenth‐Century Legal Anthropology. With the growing possibilities to measure and accumulate data, two strategies for a small discipline like the history of science are suggested: (1) It should facilitate and maintain the cooperation of specialists who pursue different subject matters and methods. (2) It should invite the recent history of quantification as an essential perspective. A large data collection on the anthropology of law by the German colonial office serves as example.

The way how the Baconian Sciences (Kuhn's term) in early 19th c. German physics changed from a qualitative to a mathematical outlook.

This article considers the concept of Sachverhalt in the Austrian philosophical tradition of the 19 th century. In particular, we examine the works of Bernard Bolzano, Rudolf Lotze, Julius Bergmann, Franz Brentano, Karl Stumpf, Anton Marty and Alexius Meinong. The emergence of the concept of Sachverhalt, or the state of things, in extensive philosophical discussions is connected with the works of L. Wittgenstein and phenomenologist Adolf Reinach. Reinach criticized previous theories of judgment. He wrote that they were built on (...) the evaluation, affirmation or negation of a particular object. And that is a mistake. Only introduction of the concept of Sachverhalt allows us to solve a number of logical contradictions that faces the theory of judgment. We find this term in the works of Lotze and Stumpf, but what is its position in their theories? Does it solve the problems that mentions Reinach? Therefore, in this study, we answer the question of how fair is Reinach’s criticism. Also we analyze the various theories of judgment in Austrian philosophy to determine whether it is possible to speak of Sachverhalt as a single entity connecting the concepts of all authors in the Austrian tradition. (shrink)

Autor prostredníctvom skúmania literárnych diel Charlesa Dickensa, Williama Makepeaca Thackeryho, George Eliotovej a Thomasa Hardyho vytvára mozaiku viktoriánskej morálky Anglicka 19. storočia. Dospel k záveru, že uvedená doba vôbec nebola taká puritánska, ako si ju zvykneme predstavovať a morálne problémy, ktoré ľudstvo rieši v priebehu svojho vývoja sú vo svojej podstate univerzálne, hoci nie totožné. Líšia sa vo svojich individuálnych podobách, v akých sa s nimi stretávame v jednotlivých obdobiach dejín ľudstva.

Photography – a novel medium of scientific representation in the XIXth century array of arts and sciences. To delve into various nineteenth century academic disciplines under the heading ‘photography in the arts and sciences’ as did last year's annual conference of the History of Science Society – the interest in such a topic only partly stems from the ‘iconic turn’ that has generally enlarged the scope of the social sciences in recent years. A more poignant feature in any (...) such present day study will probably be a basic scepticism facing the fact that in public use photographs have been manipulated in many respects.Yet, while shying away from any simple success story, a historically minded approach to changing ‘visual paradigms’ has begun to emerge. In this context, it has proved of considerable heuristic value to reconsider the role of early photography in an array of science, arts and technology: Since the reliance on the traditional ways of sketching reality persisted, in many an instance where photography was introduced, the thoughts the pioneer photographers had about their new, seemingly automated business, call for close attention. Thus scholarship sets up a parallel ‘discussion room’; the lively debate on the benefit of academic drawings as opposed to photographic portraits is a case in point.Some fairly specialised reports on photographically based analyses, such as electron microscopy, point to a borderline where the very idea of representation as a correspondence of reality and imagination gets blurred. Even though any ‘visual culture’ will have to shoulder the ‘burden of representation’, it is equally likely that it will offer a deeper sensibility for the intricacies entailed in the variegated ways of illustrating or mapping chosen subjects of scientific interest. Scholarship may thus somewhat control the disillusionment that by now has become the epitome of writing on photographic history. Provided with a renewed methodological awareness for the perception process and its photographic transition, historians may strike a better balance between the ever present tendencies of a realistic and an aesthetic way of picturing the world we live in. (shrink)

Vorbemerkungen: Die Exponenten der spekulativen Ästhetik in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts vertreten die Ansicht, dass eine Begegnung mit den verschiedenen Gegenstandsbereichen der Welt und unsere Einordnung in diese Weltbezüge nur gelingen kann, wenn nicht alles rein zufällig und verschieden ist, sondern vielmehr in einer alles übergreifenden Einheit zusammengehört und einer höheren Idee folgt. […] [Denn] das Schöne steht für den höheren Sinn von allem, was ist und geschieht. In Übereinstimmung mit diesem Grundsatz, jedoch auf völlig anderen Grundlagen, kommen zu (...) jener Zeit Vorstellungen auf, in denen es um den konkreten Nachweis des Schönen, Wahren und Guten in allem geht und damit darum, den betreffenden Wert der Dinge aus ihnen selbst abzuleiten. Es sind die Vertreter der Formwissenschaft, die im Sinne einer exakten Wissenschaft danach streben, diesen Nachweis des Wertes eines jeden (und von allem) aus dem Gegebenen selbst zu erschließen. […]. (shrink)

Während im 19. Jahrhundert die ›weißen Flecken‹ von den Landkarten verschwinden, erscheint eine eigentümliche Figur in der geographischen Imagination, die Figur eines Forschers, der verschollen ist. Das Verschwinden jedoch findet unter Beobachtung statt, es wird in Erzählungen und Karten organisiert, es schreibt sich in Protokolle ein, die das Verschwinden wahrnehmbar machen und zugleich die Wahrnehmung eines homogenen geographischen Raums und die Bedingungen seiner Repräsentation formieren. While, during the 19th century, the ›white spots‹ disappear from the maps, a (...) peculiar figure appears in the geographical imagination: the figure of a researcher who has been lost. However, the disappearance takes place under observation, it is organized in narratives and maps, it is inscribed in protocols that make the disappearance perceptible and simultaneously form the perception of a homogeneous geographical space and the conditions of its representation. (shrink)

Der Konstruktionsbegriff erfuhr er unter dem Eindruck technischer Fortschritte wie soziokultureller Veränderungen vor allem im 19. Jahrhundert wesentliche Wandlungen. Mit dessen selbstverständlich erscheinender Nutzung ergibt sich die Frage nach seinem Bedeutungsfeld: Ist Konstruieren ein Prozess, der sich auf das Entwerfen, die Präsentation der äußerlichen Gestalt des zu erzeugenden Gegenstandes konzentriert oder sind in ihm wesentlich mehr Aspekte impliziert? Im 17./18. Jahrhundert war Konstruktion verbunden mit dem Maschinenbegriff und vom Anspruch getragen, das geschlossene Ganze der Maschine als Objekt zu (...) erfassen. Im Unterschied dazu wurde namentlich in der klassischen deutschen Philosophie der Konstruktionsgedanke in ganz anderer Weise ausgebildet. Insbesondere Fichte vollzog einen Paradigmawechsel, indem er die Konstruktion zur universellen Fähigkeit der Begriffsbildung erhob. Wissen galt ihm als ideale "Nachkonstruktion" des Seins unter der Form des Wissens. Es verbindet sich damit der Wechsel vom ordnenden zu einem entwerfenden Weltverhältnis. Das Wissen erscheint nun als ein Werdendes. Im Herausarbeiten der theoretischen-begrifflichen Fassung des Wesens eines Gegenstandes manifestiert sich der entwerfende, tätige Charakter des Subjektes. Der Artikel verfolgt zum einen Aspekte der philosophischen und zum anderen der technischen Entwicklung. The concept of construction underwent significant changes under the influence of technical advances and socio-cultural changes, especially in the 19th century. With its seemingly obvious use, the question of its field of meaning arises: Is construction a process that focuses on design, the presentation of the external shape of the object to be produced, or are significantly more aspects implied in it? In the 17th/18th In the 19th century, construction was associated with the concept of machine and supported by the claim to grasp the closed whole of the machine as an object. In contrast to this, the idea of ​​construction was developed in a completely different way, especially in classical German philosophy. Fichte in particular carried out a paradigm shift by elevating construction to the universal ability of concept formation. Knowledge was for him the ideal "reconstruction" of being under the form of knowledge. This is linked to the change from an ordering to a designing world relationship. Knowledge now appears as something in the making. The drafting, active character of the subject manifests itself in the working out of the theoretical-conceptual version of the essence of an object. The article follows aspects of philosophical and technical development on the one hand. (shrink)