Empirical research is largely supportive of the assertion of instrumental stakeholder theory that a positive relationship exists between “managing for stakeholders” and firm performance. However, despite considerable debate on the subject, the amount of variation across firm investments in stakeholders (stakeholder management performance) has not been adequately investigated. We address this gap using a sample of more than eighteen thousand firm-level observations over ten years. We find evidence to support an inverted U–shaped relationship between variation in stakeholder management performance and (...) Tobin’sq, suggesting that firms that have some imbalance in their stakeholder management, but not too much, perform best. We discuss the implications of our study for instrumental stakeholder theory and managerial practice. (shrink)

According to an externalist theory of content the content of an individual’s thoughts and the meaning of her words need not supervene on her intrinsic history. Two individuals may be intrinsically exactly alike yet entertain different thoughts, and attach different meanings to the words they use. ETC, which has been most notably defended by Saul Kripke, Hilary Putnam and Tyler Burge, has attained the status of current orthodoxy. Nevertheless, some maintain that combining ETC with the premisses that we have privileged (...) access to our intentional states yields a surprising conclusion. It yields the conclusion that we can have a priori knowledge of features of the external world that seem only accessible to empirical investigation. Call the argument from ETC and privileged access to this conclusion the main argument. Some take the main argument to be a reductio of ETC. Since we have privileged access to our intentional states, and lack the a priori knowledge attributed by the main argument, ETC is false. Some take the main argument to refute the premisses that we have privileged access to those intentional states falling within the scope of ETC. Others see the main argument as a refutation of external world scepticism. We will show that the main argument does not support any of these interesting conclusions. We will show that the main argument does not threaten to restrict privileged access, refute external world scepticism, or constitute a reductio of ETC. More exactly, we will show that the most defensible version of ETC, even when combined with the premiss that we have unrestricted privileged access to our intentional states, yields no a priori knowledge of the external world. (shrink)

Background: Pain has been associated with structural changes of the brain. However, evidence regarding white matter changes in response to acute pain protocols is still scarce. In the present study, we assess the existence of differences in brain white matter related to pain intensity reported by patients undergoing surgical removal of a mandibular impacted third molar using diffusion tensor imaging analysis.Methods: 30 participants reported their subjective pain using a visual analog scale at three postsurgical stages: under anesthesia, in pain, and (...) after the administration of an analgesic. The diffusion data were acquired prior to surgery.Results: DTI analysis yielded significant positive associations of fractional anisotropy in white matter areas related to pain processing with the differences in pain between the three postsurgery stages. Extent and location of these associations depended on the magnitude of the subjective pain differences. Tractography analysis indicated that some pain–tract associations are significant only when pain stage is involved in the contrast, while others are only when anesthesia is involved in the contrast.Conclusions: The association of white matter fractional anisotropy and connectivity, measured before the pain stages, with subjective pain depends on the magnitude of the differences in pain scores. (shrink)

Instrumental stakeholder theory seeks to explain how managing stakeholders effectively can yield competitive advantage for incumbent firms. We extend instrumental stakeholder theory to explain and predict future competition operationalized as new entrepreneurial entries. Our study is among the first to empirically examine the relationships between aggregate stakeholder management performance and the entrepreneurial entries of individuals. Using a combined U.S. dataset from 2003 to 2013 from the Kinder, Lydenberg and Domini Index, Compustat, and Kauffman’s Entrepreneurship Survey, we find support for three (...) hypotheses. First, higher levels of stakeholder management performance are related to lower rates of entrepreneurial entry. Second, a curvilinear relationship exists between stakeholder management performance and entrepreneurial entry, where both low and very high stakeholder management performance increase entrepreneurial entry. Third, the greater the variance in stakeholder management performance across stakeholders, the more entrepreneurial entry. Our findings suggest that managing for stakeholders can help to avoid future competition. We add an entrepreneurship lens to the business ethics of stakeholder theory showing how incumbent stakeholder management performance shapes opportunities for entrepreneurs, a largely neglected stakeholder group. (shrink)

The aim of this study was to analyze the association between physical activity and eating habits during the COVID-19 pandemic among Brazilian adults. A sample of 1,929 participants answered an online survey, however 1,874 were included in the analysis. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on eating habits was assessed inquiring about participants' intake of fruits, vegetables, fried foods, and sweets during the pandemic. Physical activity was assessed by asking participants about their weekly frequency, intensity and number of minutes/hours engaging (...) in structured physical activities per week. Participants were then stratified into categories based on moderate-to-vigorous intensity and into active or inactive. Increased sweets consumption was the most commonly reported change to eating habits, followed by an increase in the consumption of vegetables, fruits, and fried foods. Physical activity practice was related to lower consumption of fried foods and sweets. A cluster analysis revealed subjects with higher the level of physical activity was more likely to follow a healthy diet. Thus, physical activity was positively associated with healthier eating habits. Health authorities must recommend regular physical as a strategy to improve overall health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future studies should address the physical activity interventions to improve health status during a pandemic. (shrink)

The Cambridge Companion to Socrates is a collection of essays providing a comprehensive guide to Socrates, the most famous Greek philosopher. Because Socrates himself wrote nothing, our evidence comes from the writings of his friends (above all Plato), his enemies, and later writers. Socrates is thus a literary figure as well as a historical person. Both aspects of Socrates' legacy are covered in this volume. Socrates' character is full of paradox, and so are his philosophical views. These paradoxes have led (...) to deep differences in scholar's interpretation of Socrates and his thought. Mirroring this wide range of thought about Socrates, this volume's contributors are unusually diverse in their background and perspective. The essays in this volume were authored by classical philologists, philosophers, and historians from Germany, Francophone Canada, Britain, and the United States, and they represent a range of interpretive and philosophical traditions. (shrink)

Under the lig ht of Being and Nothingness’s the o re t ical body – Sartre’s master piece –, it is intended to discuss the essential source of human reality as “n i h i l a t i o n” and ontological lack, as well as manifestations and cons e q u e nces from this primordial human passion to be transformed to coagulated transcendence, to be transformed in Being In-itself-For-itself: to be consciousness and, at the same t i (...) me, to be a complete and finished Being, with infinite de nsity and witho u t fissures. (shrink)

The Routledge Companion to Performance Philosophy is a volume of especially commissioned critical essays, conversations, collaborative, creative and performative writing mapping the key contexts, debates, methods, discourses and practices in this developing field. Firstly, the collection offers new insights on the fundamental question of how thinking happens: where, when, how and by whom philosophy is performed. Secondly, it provides a plurality of new accounts of performance and performativity as the production of ideas, bodies and knowledges in the arts and beyond. (...) Comprising texts written by international artists, philosophers and scholars from multiple disciplines, the essays engage with questions of how performance thinks and how thought is performed in a wide range of philosophies and performances, from the ancient to the contemporary. Concepts and practices from diverse geographical regions and cultural traditions are analysed to draw conclusions about how performance operates across art, philosophy and everyday life. The collection both contributes to and critiques the philosophy of music, dance, theatre and performance, exploring the idea of a philosophy from the arts. It is crucial reading material for those interested in the hierarchy of the relationship between philosophy and the arts, advancing debates on philosophical method, and the relation between Performance and Philosophy more broadly. (shrink)

Given its non-invasive nature, there is increasing interest in the use of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation across basic, translational and clinical research. Contemporaneously, tVNS can be achieved by stimulating either the auricular branch or the cervical bundle of the vagus nerve, referred to as transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation and transcutaneous cervical VNS, respectively. In order to advance the field in a systematic manner, studies using these technologies need to adequately report sufficient methodological detail to enable comparison of results between (...) studies, replication of studies, as well as enhancing study participant safety. We systematically reviewed the existing tVNS literature to evaluate current reporting practices. Based on this review, and consensus among participating authors, we propose a set of minimal reporting items to guide future tVNS studies. The suggested items address specific technical aspects of the device and stimulation parameters. We also cover general recommendations including inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants, outcome parameters and the detailed reporting of side effects. Furthermore, we review strategies used to identify the optimal stimulation parameters for a given research setting and summarize ongoing developments in animal research with potential implications for the application of tVNS in humans. Finally, we discuss the potential of tVNS in future research as well as the associated challenges across several disciplines in research and clinical practice. (shrink)

Given its non-invasive nature, there is increasing interest in the use of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation across basic, translational and clinical research. Contemporaneously, tVNS can be achieved by stimulating either the auricular branch or the cervical bundle of the vagus nerve, referred to as transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation and transcutaneous cervical VNS, respectively. In order to advance the field in a systematic manner, studies using these technologies need to adequately report sufficient methodological detail to enable comparison of results between (...) studies, replication of studies, as well as enhancing study participant safety. We systematically reviewed the existing tVNS literature to evaluate current reporting practices. Based on this review, and consensus among participating authors, we propose a set of minimal reporting items to guide future tVNS studies. The suggested items address specific technical aspects of the device and stimulation parameters. We also cover general recommendations including inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants, outcome parameters and the detailed reporting of side effects. Furthermore, we review strategies used to identify the optimal stimulation parameters for a given research setting and summarize ongoing developments in animal research with potential implications for the application of tVNS in humans. Finally, we discuss the potential of tVNS in future research as well as the associated challenges across several disciplines in research and clinical practice. (shrink)

Pancreatitis is a complex, progressively destructive inflammatory disorder. Alcohol was long thought to be the primary causative agent, but genetic contributions have been of interest since the discovery that rare PRSS1, CFTR and SPINK1 variants were associated with pancreatitis risk. We now report two associations at genome-wide significance identified and replicated at PRSS1-PRSS2 and X-linked CLDN2 through a two-stage genome-wide study. The PRSS1 variant likely affects disease susceptibility by altering expression of the primary trypsinogen gene. The CLDN2 risk allele is (...) associated with atypical localization of claudin-2 in pancreatic acinar cells. The homozygous CLDN2 genotype confers the greatest risk, and its alleles interact with alcohol consumption to amplify risk. These results could partially explain the high frequency of alcohol-related pancreatitis in men. © 2012 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved. (shrink)

A presente investigação busca ressaltar a contribuição heideggeriana para a questão da alteridade, contrapondo-se às interpretações que enfatizam o "solipsismo existencial" do Dasein resoluto como o sintoma de que Heideggerteria desconsiderado esse problema em sua analítica existencial. Para tanto, discute-se o movimento argumentativo pelo qual Heidegger, partindo da análise do encontro do outro na cotidianidade mediana, chega até o problema do reconhecimento da alteridade que todo Dasein já traz em si mesmo. Segundo a interpretação aqui proposta, a chave para uma (...) possível leitura ética da analítica existencial se encontra na articulação entre as análises fenomenológicas da angústia e do chamado da consciência, pois é justamente nelas que se revela o estranho apelo de uma alteridade que já habita cada um, e que tem de ser pensada como a condição ontológica do reconhecimento de si e do outro enquanto singularidade própria, isto é, como alteridade.By critically departing from current interpretations that stress the "existential solipsism" of the resolute Dasein, the present investigation emphasizes the Heideggerian contribution to the question of otherness. I discuss the main `existentials' through which Heidegger, starting with the question of the encounter of the other in the everyday world, reaches the crucial point where he acknowledges that otherness is already rooted in each Dasein. According to this interpretation, the key to uncover the ethical dimension of Heidegger's existential analytic is to be found in the theoretical articulation established between the phenomenological analysis of anguish and the phenomenological analysis of the call of conscience. This is the locus where Heidegger rends manifest that the resolute Daseinalready carries within itself the strange appeal of otherness, considered as the existential condition for the acknowledgment of the other in his own singularity, that is, as otherness. (shrink)

This book explores the nature and implications of positive, creative, and loving mimesis and brings together the interdisciplinary fields of Girardian studies and creativity studies in new and original ways. Scientists, philosophers, psychologists, theologians and ancient thinkers are brought into thought provoking and insightful dialogue with Girardian conceptions of mimetic desire, scapegoating, and hominization.

Heidegger jamais considerou Ser e tempo como uma investigação ética nem dedicou qualquer de suas obras à discussão específica dessa questão, aspecto que vem sendo criticado como sintoma de uma insidiosa precariedade ética instalada no coração de sua reflexão ontológica. A crítica recorrente afirma que, em Ser e tempo, Heidegger teria inviabilizado a reflexão ética ao comprometer-se com o "solipsismo existencial", isto é, com o isolamento do "si-mesmo decidido" em relação aos outros, desconsiderando, ainda, a exigência de uma fundamentação última (...) da ação ética. O argumento deste texto considera que Ser e tempo não configura um tratado ético no sentido metafísico tradicional, mas traz consigo os elementos teóricos para a sua reavaliação pós-metafísica ao dar ensejo a uma ética da precariedade. Uma ética da precariedade é desprovida de fundamentos últimos ou procedimentos intersubjetivos capazes de assegurar critérios transcendentais infalíveis de validação da qualidade ética da conduta humana, pois se assenta no reconhecimento da finitude constitutiva do Dasein. A consideração do "ser-para-a-morte" como o "modo de ser mais próprio" do Dasein não implica a irresponsabilidade ética para com os outros, mas tem como seu aspecto positivo a liberação da amizade como o modo próprio da relação ética, inspirando um agir cauteloso e resistente a quaisquer sistemas teóricos que definam padrões últimos quanto à moralidade do agir.Heidegger did not dedicate his philosophical thinking to ethical questions and explicitly denied considering his major opus, Being and Time, as an ethical inquiry, a fact that has been interpreted by many critics as a symptom of a deep ethical failure at the heart of his ontological thinking. The recurrent criticism is that Heidegger's Being and Time avoids any ethical questioning by committing itself to the "existential solipsism" which isolates the authentically resolute self from the others, and by disregarding the requirement of a last foundation able to assure the ethical character of human actions in the world. This text argues that although Heidegger's Being and Time should not be viewed as an ethical treatise in the sense of metaphysics, it brings forth important ethical implications that may procure a post-metaphysical ethics, an ethics of precariousness. An ethics of precariousness does not depend on having access to first principles, foundations or inter-subjective proceedings aiming at transcendental criteria to evaluate and warrant the ethical character of one's actions in the world, since it is based on the acknowledgment of Dasein's essentially constitutive finitude. The consideration of "being-toward-death" as the most proper way of Dasein's being does not imply ethical irresponsibility toward others, but has as its positive consequence the liberation of friendship, understood as the proper mode of Dasein's ethical relation to otherness. Such a post-metaphysical ethics should inspire a cautious acting in the world as well as resistance against theoretical systems aiming at the foundation of absolute standards of morality. (shrink)

O presente artigo examina os temas do desejo, da alteridade e da consciência na filosofia de O ser e nada para circunscrever as questões relativas ao problema do solipsismo e da consciência encarnada no existencialismo sartreano. Neste sentido, o texto situa o estatuto da relação erótica no existencialismo sartriano no contexto geral de sua discussão sobre a alteridade e o lugar destinado às carícias sexuais em suas descrições fenomenológicas. Portanto, o objetivo principal deste artigo é o de apontar um aspecto (...) alternativo para considerar o estado tipicamente conflituoso da relação entre as consciências no existencialismo sartriano. De acordo com nossa hipótese, é possível que as carícias sexuais possam representar um momento, ainda que instável, de reciprocidade carnal na relação entre as consciências na filosofia sartriana de O ser e o nada. (shrink)

Partindo da disjuntiva neoliberal entre a vida e o lucro, o propósito deste artigo é o de discutir, no contexto da crise provocada pelo coronavírus, o conceito central de biopolítica em termos de uma gestão da morte ou, mais exatamente, de uma necropolítica.

O Ideal do Reino dos Fins – apresentado por Kant com vistas à introdução de uma fórmula do Imperativo Categórico ‒ é muitas vezes interpretado como o elemento social do qual a teoria moral do autor careceria. Seres humanos seriam agentes morais concebidos como membros legisladores de uma ordem social possível. Contra essa interpretação argumentarei que a dimensão social introduzida pela concepção técnica desse Ideal é propriamente racional, apresentando uma exigência normativa genuinamente cosmopolita, que, não obstante, confere à teoria os (...) recursos para o tratamento moral adequado da sociabilidade de facto da agência moral, pois, afinal, as condições de nossa agência efetiva são sociais. (shrink)

O ceticismo semântico é uma posição filosófica que nega que regras, por si mesmas, podem determinar o que deve ser feito. A solução para o problema de explicar como afinal é possível a existência do significado linguístico é dada através de comunidades de falantes. Kripke defende esta visão das coisas, especialmente com relação às reflexões de Wittgenstein sobre o assunto. Eu argumento, em primeiro lugar, que o ceticismo semântico é uma posição equivocada por não entender bem um ponto central do (...) problema, que foi esclarecido por Wittgenstein: regras e aplicações corretas das mesmas estão relacionadas internamente. Entender bem isso requer, no entanto, clareza sobre o que é uma regra. Contra Malcolm procuro mostrar, num segundo momento, a importância que tem em Wittgenstein a concepção dinâmica das regras: só será uma regra e uma formulação· da mesma o que funcionar como guia, como padrão, como critério, num conjunto de práticas e técnicas. Conceber regras desta maneira permite que se compreenda o que é ver a linguagem de uma maneira normativista. Ao final, procuro esclarecer melhor como as regras têm força normativa dentro de práticas e técnicas que supõem, sem embargo, condições de normalidade. Argumento, contudo, que estas condições não são o que dá força às regras tout court. (shrink)

Historically, phenomenology started to face the phenomenon of intersubjectivity as an objection to its own transcendental aspiration to constitute apodicticity. In fact, since Husserl’s very influential Fifth Cartesian Meditation, the risk of solipsism threatened the possibilities of a genuine phenomenology of the other. This problem ‘s discussion was continued by all of the most significant phenomenologists, such as Max Scheler, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, Marc Richir, Ricœur, Lévinas, and others, all having made explicit reference to that starting reflection by Husserl in The (...) Cartesian Meditations. In this paper, I will approach the problem of intersubjectivity, not by attending to the already mentioned traditional phenomenological motive, but, instead, by trying to bring to light the variety of ways of how relationships to others are faced phenornenologically, and its implications for a debate about the psychotherapeutic relationship. Under the assumption that there is no psychotherapy without a psychotherapist/client relationship, it is particularly relevant the contribution of phenornenologies of intersubjectivity to the effort of answering the question «What do our relational experiences with others mean?». (shrink)

No poco se habrá meditado acerca del poema “Todtnauberg” de Paul Celan (1967), publicado en Lichtzwang (1970). Poco o casi nada, en cambio, acerca de su “respuesta poética” (si cabe la expresión) por parte de Martin Heidegger: “Vorwort” (1971). En lo que sigue nos limitamos a puntear algunas de las circunstancias tal vez más marcantes de esta suerte de “correspondencia” heideggeriana y eventual “familiar” (y tal vez inmortal) micro-bolero. Palabras clave: Todtnauberg - Paul Celan - Vorwort - Martin Heidegger - (...) grotesco. (shrink)

Este texto investiga as implicações éticas pós-metafísicas da concepção heideggeriana da linguagem, partindo de Ser e Tempo para, então, discutir as obras da maturidade de Heidegger, elaboradas nos anos 50. Organiza-se em torno de duas hipóteses complementares: em primeiro lugar, a de que os traços fundamentais da concepção heideggeriana madura da linguagem já se encontravam delineados em Ser e Tempo, a despeito de ainda não estarem plenamente desenvolvidos àquela época. A segunda hipótese é a de que o acolhimento do ser, (...) que constitui o gesto e o impulso fundamental subjacentes à meditação heideggeriana sobre a linguagem, traz consigo implicações de caráter ético, pois permite pensar a possibilidade de um genuíno acolhimento do outro como outro. No período da ontologia fundamental, o acolhimento do ser próprio possibilita uma apropriação do dizer e da escuta que, por sua vez, torna possível o acolhimento do outro com quem coexisto no mundo. Nas obras posteriores, o acolhimento do ser depende da desconstrução da concepção metafísica do homem como animal racional e da linguagem como sistema proposicional lógico, em vista de uma meditação sobre a relação entre o ser dos mortais e o ser da linguagem. Argumento que essa meditação, por sua vez, permite a possibilidade de um ek-sistir "outro" e de uma "outra" relação com o próximo, inspiradas pela aceitação e afirmação da capacidade humana de experimentar a morte enquanto morte.This text investigates the ethical implications of Heidegger's conception of language, starting with Being and Time and then analyzing his mature texts of the fifties. It develops itself around two interrelated hypothesis: the first one is that Heidegger's mature understanding of the essence of language was already defined in its major lines in Being and Time, although at that moment it had not yet received its full development. The second hypothesis is that the welcoming of Being that underlies and constitutes the core of Heidegger's meditation on the essence of language brings with itself intrinsic ethical implications, since it provides the possibility of a post-metaphysical welcoming of the other. In the period of the project of fundamental ontology, the appropriation of one's own being through authentic resolution provided the possibility of appropriating one's own speaking and hearing, which is a fundamental precondition to acknowledging and welcoming the other as other. In his later works, the welcoming of Being depends on a thorough deconstruction of the metaphysical conception of the human being as the rational animal, as well as of the traditional understanding of language as an enclosed system of logic propositions. That process of deconstruction aims towards a meditation concerning the essential relationship between the essence of language and the mortal essence of human beings. I shall argue that it is this essential relationship that provides the path towards the condition for a post-metaphysical ethical encountering and welcoming of the other as other, inspired by the acceptance and affirmation of one's own capacity to experience one's own death as death. (shrink)

A presente investigação pretende discutir alguns aspectos da reflexão heideggeriana sobre a ciência, abordando tanto as suas análises pertencentes ao período do projeto da ontologia fundamental, apresentadas em Ser e tempo, quanto alguns aspectos das suas reflexões tardias, em que o filósofo pensou a possibilidade de uma antropologia filosoficamente fundada, nos Seminários de Zollikon. A hipótese que orienta esta investigação é a de que, a despeito das importantes transformações pelas quais passou o pensamento de Heidegger após a Kehre, o traço (...) que confere continuidade à sua reflexão sobre a ciência é a persistência de uma análise desconstrutiva dos seus pressupostos ontológicos, por meio da qual o primado moderno concedido às ciências é subvertido pela contínua submissão da ciência à reflexão filosófica, isto é, ontológica. Dessa postura coerente e persistente, resultam tanto a crítica aos perigos de uma atitude objetivadora e coisificadora do humano por parte das ciências, quanto o vislumbre da possibilidade de uma ciência ôntica do humano existencialmente fundada.The present investigation intends to discuss Heidegger's reflections on science by focusing both on his analysis in Being and Time and on his reflections concerning the possibility of an existentially grounded anthropology, presented in the Zollikoner Seminare. In spite of the important transformations that affected Heidegger's thinking concerning science after the Kehre, I will argue that what unifies his understanding throughout his work is the deconstructive subordination of science to ontological investigation. As such, Heidegger was able to criticize the dangerous objectifying and reifying tendencies implied by traditional scientific approaches to the human being, specially those ontic approaches that do not consider the possibility and necessity of the existential analytic. The corollary of these criticisms is Heidegger's consideration of the possibility of constituting an existentially grounded science of man, which could be defined in terms of an existential anthropology. (shrink)

The history of production of The Birth of Tragedy can be followed, in its diverse stages, by means of its preparatory texts. My goal is to carry out a general description of this process. By doing so, I hope to honor Lima’s The Masks of Dionysus. In this book, he analyzed the echoes of Nietzsche’s first work in the totality of his Oeuvre (the published and the posthumous one).

Western philosophy’s relationship with prisons stretches from Plato’s own incarceration to the modern era of mass incarceration. Philosophy Imprisoned: The Love of Wisdom in the Age of Mass Incarceration draws together a broad range of philosophical thinkers, from both inside and outside prison walls, in the United States and beyond, who draw on a variety of critical perspectives (including phenomenology, deconstruction, and feminist theory) and historical and contemporary figures in philosophy (including Kant, Hegel, Foucault, and Angela Davis) to think about (...) prisons in this new historical era. All of these contributors have experiences within prison walls: some are or have been incarcerated, some have taught or are teaching in prisons, and all have been students of both philosophy and the carceral system. The powerful testimonials and theoretical arguments are appropriate reading not only for philosophers and prison theorists generally, but also for prison reformers and abolitionists. (shrink)

A questão dos letramentos e da inovação demonstram-se fundamentais em períodos históricos como o atual, onde as práticas de ensino-aprendizagem tornam-se cada vez mais complexas, que requerem novas abordagens teóricas para compreendermos possibilidades alternativas de ensino. Tendo estas questões em mente, este artigo visa indicar relações possíveis entre o antifundacionismo, o pensamento de Paul Feyerabend e os letramentos científicos. Em um primeiro momento indicaremos questões relativas ao antifundacionismo, e em seguida verificaremos como tal questão se efetiva no pensamento de Feyerabend. (...) Finalizaremos avaliando como esta abordagem pode fundamentar novas práticas educacionais. (shrink)

Resumo: Este artigo mostra a abordagem hermenêutica realizada por Martin Heidegger dos conceitos de natureza e vida a partir da ontologia fundamental. Em Ser e Tempo, Heidegger elabora as condições hermenêuticas para que se possa apreender ontologicamente a vida através do que ele chama de interpretação privativa da vida. O desenvolvimento sistemático do sentido de ser da vida é apresentado por Heidegger na preleção Os conceitos fundamentais da metafísica : mundo, finitude, solidão, de 1929/1930. Nela, para apresentar o fenômeno da (...) vida, Heidegger parte da tese central de que todo vivente é organismo, de modo a desenvolver uma investigação ontológica em conjunto com pesquisas biológicas e zoológicas. Por conseguinte, após a explicitação dos modos de encontro com a natureza, será evidenciado como a natureza em sentido originário mostra-se a partir de um retraimento na abertura de mundo do ser-aí em sua relação com os organismos vivos. Palavras-chave: Heidegger; ontologia; hermenêutica da natureza; vida; mundo.: This article shows the hermeneutical approach performed by Martin Heidegger to the concepts of nature and life from the fundamental ontology. In Being and Time, Heidegger elaborates the hermeneutical conditions so that we can apprehend ontologically life through what he calls the private interpretation of life. The systematic development of the sense of being of life is presented by Heidegger in the lecture course The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics: World, Finitude, Solitude, of 1929/1930. In this lecture, to present the phenomenon of life Heidegger uses the central thesis that every living being is organism in order to develop an ontological investigation in conjunction with biological and zoological research. Therefore, after the explanation of the ways of meeting with nature, will be shown as nature in the original sense shows itself from a withdrawal in the world opening of the being-there in its relationship with living organisms. Keywords: Heidegger; ontology; hermeneutic of nature; life; world. (shrink)

De 1581 a 1585, Montaigne foi prefeito de Bordeaux. Foi acusado por detratores de não se ter aplicado o bastante e de não ter feito nada de marcante durante seus dois mandatos. Ao responder às acusações no ensaio "De poupar a própria vontade" (III, 10), o autor encontra a ocasião para uma crítica das paixões em geral e, em particular, das que pertencem ao contexto político. Isto porque ele visava, com sua aparente falta de aplicação aos deveres de prefeito, evitar (...) a paixão que tantas vezes se oculta por trás do engajamento - a ambição, desejo de honras, glória, renome. Sobretudo, esperava evitar um duplo perigo, ao mesmo tempo ético e político: comprometer a própria liberdade numa busca servil da glória e subordinar o bem coletivo ao interesse pessoal. No presente estudo, procuraremos reconstituir a trama argumentativa do ensaio em questão, acompanhando de perto os argumentos que sustentam a crítica montaigniana das paixões, bem como a terapia muito particular a que o ensaísta as submete, a qual lhe permite fazer do episódio da Mairie de Bordeaux um modelo de conciliação entre o cuidado de si e o cumprimento dos deveres políticos. From 1581 to 1585 Montaigne was the mayor of Bordeaux. He was accused by detractors of not having been sufficiently dedicated to his functions and of having done nothing remarkable during his two terms. In answering to such charges in the essay "Of Managing the Will" (III, 10), the author finds the occasion for criticising passions in general and, in particular, those concerning the political context. The reason for it is that he sought, with his apparent lack of commitment to the mayor's duties, to avoid the passions which usually hide behind such an engagement: ambition, desire for honours, glory, renown. Above all he hoped to avoid a double danger, both ethical and political: to compromise his freedom in a servile pursuit of glory and to subordinate the common good to his personal advantage. In the present study we will seek to rebuild the argumentative plot of the essay, following closely the reasoning which supports the Montaignean critique of passions and also the very particular therapy to which the essayist submits them, which allows him to turn the Mairie de Bordeaux episode into a conciliation model between the care of the self and the fulfillment of political duties. (shrink)

Trata-se de capítulo de um livro sobre a noção de "substância" na história da filosofia e contém uma discussão sobre a noção ordinária de "corpo" do ponto de vista da filosofia analítica.

The present study aims at understanding how Ethica Nicomachea V.6 relates to its preceding chapters, V.1-5. On the one hand, the interpreter wonders for what purpose Aristotle introduces a topic named ‘the civic just’ (to politikon dikaion) in V.6, since V.1-5 treats extensively of matters of justice in the city. On the other hand, the same text posits that there is a certain ‘just without qualification’ (to haplōs dikaion), which may or may not be the civic just itself; compared to (...) the just without qualification, other forms of just are so by similitude (kath’homoiteta). In attempting to clear the confusion around those two points, the present study proposes the following: (1) the civic just is the just without qualification insofar as it is the primordial form of the just, in which only humans who are cumulatively free, equals and self-sufficient have a share; (2) the description of the civic just recapitulates several aspects of the discussions of justice in V.1-5 – the laws, the kinds of equality, rule, the legal suit - because the civic just encompasses all the forms of just (dikaion) related to the virtues of universal justice (V.1) and partial justice (V.2-5); (3) the expression to politikon dikaion is introduced in V.6 in order to contrast everything treated in V.1-5 with the domestic just, to oikonomikon dikaion, mentioned for the first time in V.6; (4) the forms of the domestic just are just only by similitude with the civic just because justice loses density outside the civic sphere, a situation which can be explained by the shortcomings Aristotle ascribes to women, children and slaves in EN V.6 (lack either of freedom or equality or yet self-sufficiency) as well as in Politica I (varying degrees of defective deliberation and virtue). (shrink)

Resumo: O artigo investiga as origens biológicas das teorias do impulso de Nietzsche e Freud, extraindo as consequências que delas podemos tirar. Assim, realizaremos inicialmente uma exposição das teorias dos impulsos de Freud e Nietzsche, para depois compará-las a partir das seguintes questões: A gênese dos conceitos e a relação entre psicologia e biologia; Os aspectos dinâmicos e econômicos dos impulsos; 3) O lugar da teoria dos impulsos no contexto de suas obras.: The paper investigates the biological origins of Nietzsche’s (...) and Freud’s theories of drives, drawing their consequences. First, I will expose both theories and later I will compare them, based on the following issues: The genesis of the concepts and the relationship between psychology and biology; The dynamical and economical aspects of drives; The place of the theory of drives in the context of their oevres. (shrink)