This book is the thirty-third volume in the "Philosophy of Russia of the first half of the 20th century" series. It traces the life and intellectual trajectories of three European thinkers with Russian roots: A. Koyré, A. Kojève, and I. Berlin. It explores their methodological strategies, explains the cultural and existential premises of their thinking styles that enabled them to succeed and gain recognition as European philosophers, traces their intellectual links with Russia, and reflects on the importance of Russian intellectual (...) culture for these thinkers and for twentieth-century European philosophy as a whole. The book is addressed to a wide range of readers interested in philosophy, social and political thought, and the intellectual history of the Russian exiles of the first half of the 20th century. (shrink)

Cet article cherche à situer le concept ontologique de travail que l’on trouve dans l’œuvre tardive de Lukács par rapport à d’autres interprétations de ce concept dans la tradition marxiste. En s’appuyant principalement sur l’ Ontologie de l’être social, l’article pose d’abord la question des difficultés épistémologiques de ce concept, avant d’en venir aux liens qu’il entretient avec l’idée de la centralité sociopolitique du travail. Peut-on tirer des conséquences directement politiques de l’ontologie du travail? Les différentes versions de celle-ci dans (...) le marxisme sont-elles orientées par le besoin de fonder ontologiquement un projet politique ancré dans le travail? (shrink)

L’enfant exposé aux violences conjugales est encore trop peu considéré comme victime directe de ces violences, malgré les études réalisées en France et en Amérique du Nord. Les auteures ont mené une recherche qualitative clinique auprès de huit enfants témoins de violences conjugales durant leur petite enfance, accueillis avec leur mère dans deux structures dédiées, afin d’étudier leur fonctionnement psychique en leur proposant le test projectif du Patte-Noire. L’intérêt de cette étude réside dans le fait de recueillir la parole de (...) l’enfant, alors que les recherches internationales sont souvent basées sur des questionnaires adressés à la mère. Les résultats révèlent l’intériorisation précoce de modalités relationnelles violentes et pointent l’importance d’un accompagnement sur le versant psychologique de l’enfant et du (des) parent(s). (shrink)

The article is devoted to identifying the specifics of Russian philosophy through the analysis of F. M. Dostoevsky and L.N. Shestov’s texts. The stylistic features of the two philosophers have been considered, their ways of philosophizing and denying of the cult of reason have been examined. The analysis is carried out using additional literature of French existentialism. To date, there are many researches in which study features of Russian philosophy. It is noted, that one of them are imagery, inseparable connection (...) between philosophy and faith and criticism of rationalism. The excessive cult of reason leads to such problems in the history as the creation of the hydrogen bomb, the environmental crisis and so on. The revolt against reason and the state of groundlessness are a response to the processes of modern rationalization and technocratization, an attempt to go beyond the limits of the usual paradigm, to get out of the closed subjectivity. Thus, it’s necessary to define the limits of the reason and develop a new way of philosophizing, for this reason it is proposed to consider the concept of groundlessness in the philosophy of L.N. Shestov, which makes the attempt to construct a philosophy, avoiding strict logic and excessive rationality. (shrink)

Les violences conjugales affectent durablement la santé psychique et physique des enfants qui y sont exposés. Dans le contexte de la covid-19, les auteures explorent, selon une étude longitudinale d’un an, le monde psychique interne de mères et de leurs enfants en repérant les enjeux qui relèvent de la crise sanitaire. La méthodologie est constituée d’entretiens semi-directifs, d’épreuves projectives (test-retest Thematic Apperception Test, Children’s Apperception Test ; dessins de famille) afin d’apprécier l’évolution des enfants et de leur mère dans le (...) cadre d’une mesure d’action éducative en milieu ouvert. Parmi les premiers résultats, les protocoles de Jérémy et de sa mère résonnent en écho, révélant en particulier l’éviction du père. L’exploration croisée montre une symbiose anxiogène entre mère et fils renforcée par le confinement, les privant de tiers familial et de tiers social. Ces résultats indiquent la nécessité d’une prise en charge éducative et thérapeutique. (shrink)

No texto começa-se por recordar a controvérsia em torno da existência da filosofia portuguesa que se sustenta consubstanciar-se na questão: "há ou não filosofias especificamente nacionais, a cada nação corresponde uma filosofia própria?". Para solucionar o problema, seria indispensável fixar de modo indiscutível as noções de filosofia e nação. Não se aceitando a intuição das essências, que daria de modo directo e imediato as referidas noções, e entendendo-se que conceitos verdadeiros só podem surgir fundados num sistema, tentou-se, apenas, formular (...) definições convencionais de filosofia e nação, para estabelecer relações inegáveis entre elas, o que poderia dar um contributo para a problemática das filosofias nacionais, na hipótese de tais definições serem exactas ou, pelo menos, terem encontrado defensores. Considerou-se filosofia uma concepção do mundo racional, e nação uma certa comunidade de homens ligados pela istória e, porventura, por uma linguagem própria. Se a cada nação correspondesse uma filosofia cair-se-ia no relativismo, que é insustentável. Se se perfilhasse o ponto de vista que a filosofia depende da linguagem, logo da nação, a resposta seria que a linguagem expressa o pensamento, não é o pensamento. Assevera-se que uma concepção racional do mundo é sempre universal e que uma certa comunidade é, a fortiori, particular. A relação entre filosofia e nação será pois a do universal com o particular. Não é lícito absorver a filosofia na nação, como se esta fosse o universal concreto, nem dissolver aquela num universal que, nessa altura, seria abstracto. O universal supera o particular, sem o destruir, estando numa relação dialéctica com ele. O universal é, assim, universalização do particular. Por consequência, a filosofia será nacional mas de um "nacional" que se saiba auto-ultrapassar. O momento nacional é somente um momento da filosofia, não a própria filosofia na sua universalidade. /// Le texte commence par rappeler la controverse autor de l'existence de la philosophie portugaise, dont on affirme qu'elle s'identifie avec la question "y a-t-il, ou non, des philosophies spécifiquement nationales? A chaque nation correspond une philosophie propre?". Pour apporter une solution à ce problème, il serait indispensable de fixer de façon indiscutable les notions de philosophies et de nation. Comme on n'accepte pas l'intuition des essences, qui fournirait de façon directe et immédiate les notions mentionnées et comme on pense que de vrais concepts ne peuveunt surgir que fondés en un système, on a seulement essayé de formuler des définitions conventionnelles de philosophie et de nation en vue d'établir des relations irrécusables entre elles, ce qui pourrait constituer un apport pour la problématique des philosophies nationales, dans l'hypothèse que de telles définitions sont exactes ou ont, pour le moins, rencontré des adeptes. On considère la philosophie comme une conception rationnelle du monde et la nation, une certainne communauté d'hommes liés par l'histoire et, en particulier, pour une langue propre. Si à chaque nation correspondait une philosophie, on tomberait dans le relativisme, ce qui est insoutenable. Si l'on partageait le point de vue d'après lequel la philosophie dépend du langage, par suite, de la nation, la réponse serait que le langage exprime la pensée, n'est pas la pensée. On assure qu'une conception rationnelle du monde est toujours universelle et qu'une communauté donnée est particulière. La relation entre philosophie et nation sera donc celle qui existe entre l'universel et le particulier. Il n'est pas licite d'absorber la philosophie dans la nation, comme si celle-ci était l'universel concret, ni dissoudre celle-là dans un universel qui alors serait abstrait. /// Is there or is there not a specifically national philosophy? To each nation is there a corresponding philosophy? To answer these questions, which are certainly pertinent to the controversy concerning the existence of a Portuguese philosophy, one should state clearly what can be meant by philosophy and nation. By eliminating the approach by which one imagines it possible to have immediate and direct intuitions of these notions and by considering that true concepts are those that can be founded within a system, an attempt has been made here to formulate conventional definitions of philosophy and of nation in the hope that these definitions could be conjugated and made more precise. The idea that there be at the same time a rational world and a particular rationality, belonging to a particular community of men bound together by a common history and language, has been judged illusory. If to every nation there were a corresponding philosophy, an unbearable relativism would prevail. If one were to maintain that philosophy depended on language, and thus a nation, then the response would be that while language expresses thought, language is not thought. It is not legitimate to assimilate philosophy to a nation, as if the latter were a concrete universal; in this sense, it would be simply abstract. The universal overcomes the particular without destroying it, for the relationship is dialectical in nature: the universal is thus the universalization of the particular. Therefore, philosophy in national if one considers national as that which is capable of overcoming itself; the national moment is only a moment of philosophy, and not philosophy as such in its universality. (shrink)

When making decisions, humans can observe many kinds of information about others' activities, but their effects on performance are not well understood. We investigated social learning strategies using a simple problem-solving task in which participants search a complex space, and each can view and imitate others' solutions. Results showed that participants combined multiple sources of information to guide learning, including payoffs of peers' solutions, popularity of solution elements among peers, similarity of peers' solutions to their own, and relative payoffs from (...) individual exploration. Furthermore, performance was positively associated with imitation rates at both the individual and group levels. When peers' payoffs were hidden, popularity and similarity biases reversed, participants searched more broadly and randomly, and both quality and equity of exploration suffered. We conclude that when peers' solutions can be effectively compared, imitation does not simply permit scrounging, but it can also facilitate propagation of good solutions for further cumulative exploration. (shrink)

Lars Løvlie, Paul Standish; Introduction: Bildung and the idea of a liberal education, Journal of Philosophy of Education, Volume 36, Issue 3, 16 December 2002.

Recent policy developments in the area of livestock husbandry have suggested that, from the perspective of optimizing animal welfare, new animal husbandry systems should be developed that provide opportunities for livestock animals to be raised in environments where they are permitted to engage in “natural behavior.” It is not known whether consumers regard animal husbandry issues as important, and whether they differentiate between animal husbandry and other animal welfare issues. The responsibility for the development of such systems is allocated jointly (...) between farmers, regulators, different actors in the food chain, and consumers. This research focuses on understanding consumer attitudes and preferences regarding the development and introduction of such systems, to ensure that they are acceptable to consumers as well as producers, regulators, and scientists. Consumer perceptions of animal welfare and animal husbandry practices were evaluated using quantitative consumer survey, which focused on two animal husbandry issues – farmed pigs and farmed fish. Following pilot work, 1000 representative Dutch consumers were sampled about their attitudes to either pig or fish husbandry. The results indicated that consumers think about animal welfare in terms of two broad categories related to their health and living environment, but do not think about welfare issues at a more detailed level. Greater concern was expressed about the welfare of pigs compared to fish. Consumer trust in labeling also emerged as an important issue, since consumers need to trust different food chain actors with responsibility for promoting animal welfare, and are reluctant to consider the details of animal husbandry systems. As a consequence, a transparent, enforceable, and traceable monitoring system for animal welfare friendly products is likely to be important for consumers. (shrink)

The study examines the relationship between the strength of an organizationÕs ethical climate and ethical problems involving human resource management. Data were collected through a survey of 1078 human resource managers. The results indicate a statistically significant negative relationship between the strength of an organization'ss ethical climate and the seriousness of ethical violations and a statistically significant positive relationship between an organization'ss ethical climate and success in responding to ethical issues. Thus, interventions that strengthen an organization'ss ethical climate may help (...) manage ethical behavior within organizations. (shrink)

Recent policy developments in the area of livestock husbandry have suggested that, from the perspective of optimizing animal welfare, new animal husbandry systems should be developed that provide opportunities for livestock animals to be raised in environments where they are permitted to engage in “natural behavior.” It is not known whether consumers regard animal husbandry issues as important, and whether they differentiate between animal husbandry and other animal welfare issues. The responsibility for the development of such systems is allocated jointly (...) between farmers, regulators, different actors in the food chain, and consumers. This research focuses on understanding consumer attitudes and preferences regarding the development and introduction of such systems, to ensure that they are acceptable to consumers as well as producers, regulators, and scientists. Consumer perceptions of animal welfare and animal husbandry practices were evaluated using quantitative consumer survey, which focused on two animal husbandry issues – farmed pigs and farmed fish. Following pilot work, 1000 representative Dutch consumers were sampled about their attitudes to either pig or fish husbandry. The results indicated that consumers think about animal welfare in terms of two broad categories related to their health and living environment, but do not think about welfare issues at a more detailed level. Greater concern was expressed about the welfare of pigs compared to fish. Consumer trust in labeling also emerged as an important issue, since consumers need to trust different food chain actors with responsibility for promoting animal welfare, and are reluctant to consider the details of animal husbandry systems. As a consequence, a transparent, enforceable, and traceable monitoring system for animal welfare friendly products is likely to be important for consumers. (shrink)

We have arrived at an inflection point, a moment in history when the sentience, conscious- ness, intelligence, agency, and even the moral agency of many nonhuman animals can no longer be questioned without ignoring centuries of accumulated scientific knowledge. Nowhere is this more true than in our understanding of nonhuman primates (NHPs). A neu- roethics committed to probing the ethical implications of brain research must be able to respond to and anticipate the challenges ahead as brain projects globally prepare to (...) increase the use of NHPs in research. This requires adopting a less anthropocentric focus that includes nonhuman animals within its scope. But the Neuroethics Roadmap represents a missed opportunity to critically examine the future direction of research with NHPs in an ethically-responsive neuroscience. (shrink)

Sven Erik Nordenbo; Bildung and the Thinking of Bildung, Journal of Philosophy of Education, Volume 36, Issue 3, 16 December 2002, Pages 341–352, https://doi.or.

Transcript of speeches by a Hindu philosopher, chiefly on Hindu philosophy and Hinduism.

This provocative study revives a classical idea about rationality by developing analogies between the structure of personality and the structure of society in the context of contemporary work in the philosophy of mind, ehtics, decision theory, and social choice theory.

This book presents three of the works of Abdu'l-Bahá, son of the founder of the Bahá'i Faith, dealing with social and political issues.00In 'The Secret of Divine Civilization' (1875) Abdu'l-Bahá supports the administrative and broader social reforms of Mirzá Hosayn Khán, but looks mainly for organic reform through the efforts of Iranian intellectuals to waken and educate the masses. In this work, Abdu'l-Bahá gives virtuous and progressive Islamic clerics a leading role among these intellectuals, indeed most of his appeals are (...) directed specifically to them. 'A Traveller's Narrative' (1889/90) is an authoritative statement of the broad lines of Bahá'i social and political thinking. 'The Art of Governance' (1892/93) was written as Iran entered a pre-revolutionary phase, and ideas that we recognise today as the precursors of political Islam were spreading. It sets out the principles underlying the ideal relationship between religion and politics and between the government and the people.00In addition to presenting the first parallel text translations of these works, the Persian texts incorporate notes on variants in the early published sources. An introduction outlines the intellectual and political landscape from which Abdu'l-Bahá wrote, and in which his expected readers lived. (shrink)

Sur la toile de fond de la theologie negative, tissee par la discussion des apories que soulevent les notions de l'ineffable et de l'un, Damascius, le dernier diadoque de l'Ecole d'Athenes, elaboreson systeme metaphysique, sans se departir de la rigueur de sa methode aporetique, qui est une critique radicale du langage a l'interieur des coordonnees fixees par le Parmenide de Platon et par les Oracles Chaldaiques. Damascius, dans une enquete unique par son ampleur et son originalite questionne tour a tour (...) Porphyre, Jamblique, Syrianus et Proclus sur les principes; il examine les problemes que pose, en derivation de l'un, la formation de la trinite; de l'un-tout (la limite), du tout-un (l'infini) et de l'unifie (le mixte ou l'etre). Lien a priori entre l'un-tout et le tout-un, l'unifie est le principe de constitution de tout ordre et de toute realite. Damascius etudie sa nature de mixte originaire et autoconstituant, d'etre exemplaire et de premier intelligible. Cette notion lui permet de pas au crible, pour la mieux fonder, la problematique neoplatonicienne de la manence, de la procession et de la conversion. Les divers niveaux d'unification de la pluralite intelligible l'amenent a construire une theorie generale des elements, des parties et des formes Au passage, de nombreux textes, capitaux du point de vue de l'ontologie et de la doctrine de la connaissance, font regretter qu'ils aient ete inconnus du Moyen Age et qu'ils le demeurent pour beaucoup de nos contemporains. (shrink)

The phenomenon whereby severely disabled persons self-report a higher than expected level of subjective well-being is called the “disability paradox.” One explanation for the paradox among brain injury survivors is “response shift,” an adjustment of one’s values, expectations, and perspective in the aftermath of a life-altering, disabling injury. The high level of subjective well-being appears paradoxical when viewed from the perspective of the non-disabled, who presume that those with severe disabilities experience a quality of life so poor that it might (...) make their lives not worth living. This presumption has profound consequences, for it may inform end-of-life choices made in advance directives, or influence decisions made by surrogates on behalf of persons who are unable to direct their own medical treatment. -/- Peterson et al propose a cautious, well-considered plan to use fMRI-based brain-computer interfaces to assess the decision making capacity of covertly aware, behaviorally non-responsive individuals who retain high levels of preserved cognition. Their plan, if it succeeds, could eventually restore autonomy and empower some severely disabled persons, allowing them to participate in clinical decision making. Peterson et al discuss possible in-principle objections to their proposal, among them the “argument from psychological health,” and the “changing sets of values” objection. These objections both presume that deviations from a pre-injury norm could indicate diminished decision making capacity. This presumption threatens the autonomy of the patient who is capable of making decisions, but whose post-injury decisions appear to diverge from pre-injury preferences or values. In light of the potential for response shift, and the disability paradox, it should not be inferred that changes in values or preferences are unreflective of the true current preferences of a brain-injured person, nor are they conclusive evidence of diminished capacity. Presuming diminished capacity on the basis of unexpected or unconventional preferences has, in the past, been used to disempower patients whose autonomy and capacity would not have been doubted had they made choices that accorded with the expectations or values of others. We must be cautious, and vigilant, to prevent similarly diminishing the autonomy of covertly aware, behaviorally non-responsive individuals on the basis of empirically and ethically questionable inferences about their decision making capacity. (shrink)

John Pollock aims to construct a theory of rational decision making for real agents--not ideal agents. Pollock argues that theories of ideal rationality are largely irrelevant to the decision making of real agents. Thinking about Acting aims to provide a theory of "real rationality.".

This article explores Gerardus van der Leeuw’s view of phenomenology of religion. The phenomenological method he defended is basically a hermeneutical approach in which an observer relates personally and even existentially to the “phenomena” (s)he studies in order to determine their essence (Wesensschau). In his anthropology (that reflects on the basic structure of human beings) a similar way of relating to the world is discussed: the “primitive mentality” that is characterized by the “need to participate” (besoin de participation). Both phenomenology (...) and mentalité primitive imply a critique of modern scholarship. This fundamental criticism of the prevailing (historical) approach in the humanities including religious studies explains the growing distance between van der Leeuw and the majority of scholars of religion in the decades after his death in 1950. (shrink)

This article explores Gerardus van der Leeuw’s view of phenomenology of religion. The phenomenological method he defended is basically a hermeneutical approach in which an observer relates personally and even existentially to the “phenomena” (s)he studies in order to determine their essence (Wesensschau). In his anthropology (that reflects on the basic structure of human beings) a similar way of relating to the world is discussed: the “primitive mentality” that is characterized by the “need to participate” (besoin de participation). Both phenomenology (...) and mentalité primitive imply a critique of modern scholarship. This fundamental criticism of the prevailing (historical) approach in the humanities including religious studies explains the growing distance between van der Leeuw and the majority of scholars of religion in the decades after his death in 1950. (shrink)

(2002). Phantasy and Wish: A Proper Function Account for Human A-Rational Primary Process Mediated Mentation. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 1-16.

Pucelle tries to show how the idea of personal liberty is central to Green's ethics. Green's criticisms of other philosophers and the historical context of his philosophy are especially well handled. --W. L. M.

The publication of the article “Recent Models of the African Iron Age and the Cattle-Related Evidence” by Hromnik in a journal sponsored by Unesco raises a number of serious issues which we, as members of the International Scientific Committee charged with the responsibility of preparing an up-to-date and scientific history of Africa purged of its mists of racist propaganda, unfounded assertions and misleading and dangerous misinterpretations, cannot ignore. These issues include the scientific accuracy or authenticity of the article.