This landmark work provides a systematic introduction to systems of modal logic and stands as the first presentation of what have become central ideas in philosophy of language and metaphysics, from the "new theory of reference" and non-linguistic necessity and essentialism to "Kripke semantics.".

The increasing centrality of business firms in contemporary societies calls for a renewed attention to the democratization of these actors. This paper sheds new light on the possibility of democratizing business firms by bridging recent scholarship in two fields—deliberative democracy and business ethics. To date, deliberative democracy has largely neglected the role of business firms in democratic societies. While business ethics scholarship has given more attention to these issues, it has overlooked the possibility of deliberation within firms. As argued in (...) the paper, a combination of reforms based on the ideas of workplace deliberation and business deliberation is necessary in order to promote the prospect of deliberation in different business contexts. The paper also discusses the importance of more democratic firms for deliberative democracy at large and, in particular, for the recent debate on deliberative systems. Finally, the paper suggests new areas of investigation to better understand the prospect of democratic deliberation in business firms. (shrink)

Il y a, tout au long du chemin de pensée de Heidegger, une référence à l’idée d’« habiter » (wohnen). La pensée qu’il en propose est d’une telle exigence qu’elle mérite la plus grande attention. Cette pensée s’enquiert du mode le plus propre sur lequel l’homme peut exister. Cet enjeu apparaît au cours de l’investigation phénoménologique par laquelle Heidegger cherche à mettre au jour le sens de “être” qui sous-tend la philosophie comme métaphysique, à savoir : l’“être” comme présence constante. (...) Or cette signification temporelle de “être” conduit Heidegger à un questionnement portant sur le temps comme sens de “être” (où le terme “sens” signifie ce par quoi l’être de ce qui est s’ouvre et devient compréhensible pour nous) et, ensuite, à un questionnement incessant portant sur les phénomènes dans lesquels peut consister ce sens, soit l’ouverture de l’être lui-même. -/- Notre propos est de montrer que l’ouverture de l’être implique la prise en charge de cette ouverture par l’homme, soit précisément son habiter dans celle-ci. L’ouverture de l’être implique en effet l’ouverture de l’homme à l’égard de cet être, c.-à-d. son entente (toujours affectivement disposée) de l’être de ce qui est en son ensemble, soit aussi bien de l’être de l’étant qu’il est lui-même, que de l’être de l’étant qu’il n’est pas lui-même. Or, cette ouverture ententive (et affective) à l’être, est ce qui vaut à l’homme d’être nommé Da-sein (l’étant qui est – transitivement et “activement” – le « là » (Da), c.-à-d. l’espace ouvert pour l’être). Cette ouverture n’est pas un simple état acquis une fois pour toutes. Elle n’a lieu que dans la mesure où l’homme, se laissant requérir par l’ouverture de l’être lui-même, la tient ek-statiquement ouverte. Le mode d’être du Da-sein, que Heidegger appelle son ek-sistence, réside en cette tenue ek-statique du Da-sein dans l’ouverture de l’être de ce qui est en son ensemble. Or s’il est vrai que l’homme est redevable, quant à son ouverture propre, à l’ouverture de l’être lui-même, la réciproque est vraie aussi : c’est en vertu de l’ouverture ek-statique de l’homme en tant que Da-sein à l’égard de l’être, que cet être se maintient et demeure en son ouverture, voire vient à trouver une demeure pour celle-ci. L’habiter est donc doublement transitif : il est, à la fois, l’habiter ek-statique (transitif et actif) de l’homme en tant que Da-sein dans l’ouverture de l’être, et l’habiter (lui aussi transitif) de l’être lui-même, c.-à-d. la venue (requérante) de l’être à sa demeure dans notre habiter en son espace ouvert. Cette double transitivité est l’enjeu de la pensée que Heidegger consacre à l’habiter de l’homme. Dans Être et Temps, Heidegger aborde cette double transitivité à partir de l’ek-sistence de l’homme en tant que Da-sein. Dès les Apports à la philosophie, il l’aborde à partir de l’être lui-même en quête de sa demeure, qui réside dans l’habiter de l’homme. Notons que l’homme, dans la mesure où, en tant que Da-sein, il habite – le tenant par là ouvert – l’espace ouvert de l’être, en vient à être proprement libre : il a alors en effet son séjour « dans le libre » (im Freien), c.-à-d. dans l’espace libre de l’être – comme l’indique le mot wohnen, qui en son sens originel (*wunjan apparenté à Wonne), signifie “demeurer libre et sauf”. (shrink)

Resilient socioeconomic unsustainability poses a threat to democracy whose importance has yet to be fully acknowledged. As the prospect of sustainability transition wanes, so does perceived legitimacy of institutions. This further limits representative institutions' ability to take action, making democratic deepening all the more urgent. I investigate this argument through an illustrative case study, the 2017 People's Climate March. In a context of resilient unsustainability, protesters have little expectation that institutions might address the ecological crisis and this view is likely (...) to spread. New ways of thinking about this problem and a new research agenda are needed. (shrink)

Business majors were tested for their attitudes toward the teaching of business ethics in university business education. Respondents indicated that they considered ethics an important part of a business curriculum and that they preferred integrating ethics into a number of different courses rather than taking a separate compulsory or elective ethics course. Ethical business practices were seen by respondents as increasing profit and return on investment and creating a positive work environment and public perception of the organization.

Appearing in English for the first time, Schelling’s 1842 lectures develop the idea that many philosophical concepts are born of religious-mythological notions.

With precision and profundity born of 30 years of devoted study, John Boyle offers an essential introduction to St. Thomas Aquinas on Scripture, shedding helpful light on the goals, methods, and commitments that animate the Angelic Doctor's engagement with the sacred page. Because the genius of St. Thomas's approach to the Bible lies not so much in its novelty but rather in the fidelity and clarity with which he recapitulates the riches of the preceding interpretive Tradition, this initiation into St. (...) Thomas's vision of Scripture is itself an orientation to the Church's vision of Scripture, from the Fathers through and beyond the Middle Ages. St. Thomas's embeddedness within the Church's Tradition and his own historical context is integral to his approach to Scripture, yet it sets him at some distance from modern readers, for whom his interpretive vision may seem perplexing or even impenetrable. In this Primer, Boyle first provides an acclimation to this medieval context through a survey and explanation of pertinent technical terminology used by St. Thomas and characteristic of the scholastic theology of the time. With an eye to the medieval practice of considering Scripture according to the fourfold division of causes, Boyle builds on this initial foundation by exploring in turn St. Thomas's accounts of the end or use of Scripture (final cause), its divine and human authorship (efficient cause), its order and division (material cause), and its literary styles or genres (formal cause). Drawing on writings from across St. Thomas's corpus, but especially his work On the Commendation and Division of Sacred Scripture and the prologues to his biblical commentaries, Boyle masterfully elucidates both the hermeneutical principles and deep wisdom of the Angelic Doctor's approach to Scripture, imparting invaluable guidance not only for reading and understanding St. Thomas and other great masters of the Tradition, but also-and ultimately-for understanding Scripture in light of this Tradition and reading it with greater benefit and joy. (shrink)

I present a possible worlds semantics for a hyperintensional belief revision operator, which reduces the logical idealization of cognitive agents affecting similar operators in doxastic and epistemic logics, as well as in standard AGM belief revision theory. (Revised) belief states are not closed under classical logical consequence; revising by inconsistent information does not perforce lead to trivialization; and revision can be subject to ‘framing effects’: logically or necessarily equivalent contents can lead to different revisions. Such results are obtained without resorting (...) to non-classical logics, or to non-normal or impossible worlds semantics. The framework combines, instead, a standard semantics for propositional S5 with a simple mereology of contents. (shrink)

Huck Finn’s emotional responses constitute perfectly good moral reasons not to betray his friend, even though Huck is unable to recognise them as such.

The essays in this collection address different aspects of Dewey's philosophy of logic, from his work at the beginning of the twentieth century to the culmination of his logical thought in the 1938 volume, Logic: The Theory of Inquiry.

Laughter as superiority -- The elements of laughter -- The one necessary thing -- Objections to the normative thesis -- Comic virtues and vices -- The social virtues -- The charismatic virtues -- Machine law -- Machine scholarship -- Machine art and machine cities -- The battle of the norms -- Resistance to laughter -- The sociability thesis -- Conclusion.

We will show that there is a strong form of emergence in cell biology. Beginning with C.D. Broad's classic discussion of emergence, we distinguish two conditions sufficient for emergence. Emergence in biology must be compatible with the thought that all explanations of systemic properties are mechanistic explanations and with their sufficiency. Explanations of systemic properties are always in terms of the properties of the parts within the system. Nonetheless, systemic properties can still be emergent. If the properties of the components (...) within the system cannot be predicted, even in principle, from the behavior of the system's parts within simpler wholes then there also will be systemic properties which cannot be predicted, even in principle, on basis of the behavior of these parts. We show in an explicit case study drawn from molecular cell physiology that biochemical networks display this kind of emergence, even though they deploy only mechanistic explanations. This illustrates emergence and its place in nature. (shrink)

razdel I. Istoriko-filosofskie issledovanii︠a︡ -- razdel II. Filosofskie i sot︠s︡ialʹno-politicheskie problemy -- razdel III. Istorii︠a︡ v lit︠s︡akh.

The article examines and determines the specifics of terminological vocabulary used in a popular science text. It differentiates the notions of cohesion and coherence. The article reveals the main terminological means realizing cohesion in the text of a popular science article.

Using a two-part instrument consisting of eight vignettes and twenty character traits, the study sampled 141 employees of a mid-west financial firm regarding their predispositions to prefer utilitarian or formalist forms of ethical reasoning. In contrast with earlier studies, we found that these respondents did not prefer utilitarian reasoning. Several other hypotheses were tested involving the relationship between people's preferences for certain types of solutions to issues and the forms of reasoning they use to arrive at those solutions; the nature (...) of the relationship between utilitarian and formalist categories ; and the possibility of measuring ethical predispositions using different methods. (shrink)

A compilation of all previously published writings on philosophy and the foundations of mathematics from the greatest of the generation of Cambridge scholars that included G.E. Moore, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Maynard Keynes.

"The chief business of twentieth-century philosophy” is “to reckon with twentieth-century history," claimed R. G. Collingwood. In this remarkable collection of essays, Frank Ankersmit demonstrates the prescience of that remark and goes a long way toward meeting its challenge. Responding to the work of Hayden White, Arthur Danto, and Hans-Georg Gadamer, he examines such issues as the difference between historical representation and artistic expression, the status of metaphor in historical description, and the relation of postmodernism to historicism. Ankersmit's fluent grasp (...) of European thought and his ability to incorporate concepts from literary theory, art history, the philosophy of science, and political thought into his analyses assure that this collection will interest readers throughout the humanities. (shrink)