Being a lesbian during wartime strengthens interiorized homophobic fears, and the process of coming out becomes more difficult and many fears appear on the surface. The author wrote this article in order to express the dilemmas and questions she had during the war in the former Yugoslavia, which started in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1991 and went on until 1996. The article poses a number of questions asked by a feminist lesbian living in Belgrade, Serbia, during the war. How was (...) the war in the former Yugoslavia connected to the fears experienced by a lesbian? How did the war create lesbian solidarity and what did it mean for lesbians in the isolated regions? (shrink)

This paper is concerned with the attitude of communication society towards the layer of ethical values. Contrary to what constitutes information society, the conception of communication society is based on the credibility of information, which is a significant component of human communication, and social bonds, which are the basis for any communication. Therefore, it is hypothesized that logosphere, which is the environment of the word, can effectively influence the ethical foundations of communication society and contribute to the development of such (...) society. The chief asset of logosphere is based on its properties: the primacy of the word, dialogicity, and its environmental character. Owing to these features logosphere can positively affect the ethical layer of communication society, provided it constitutes an arranged environment of the word. (shrink)

Galenosphere is an environment of silence. The paper addresses the issue of the essence and significance of galenosphere. To this end, it presents the structure and functioning of galenosphere, i.e. its two crucial components. Moreover, the structure of galenosphere includes static and dynamic elements. The latter determine the functioning of this type of environment. Eight most important sectors that affect the operation of galenosphere were identified. Some of them (the culture of language, noise elimination, creating an environment promoting silence and (...) a prayer for silence) contribute to the emergence of a structured environment of silence, whereas others (positive attitude towards calming down, concentration of the mind and emotions, inner concentration and the ability to be silent) constitute components which directly participate in the formation of an environment of silence. A structured environment of silence is the most effective in operation. The paper points out various advantages offered to the human being by a structured galenosphere. The most significant ones include: successful self-improvement, improvement of spoken and written language skills, effective pedagogic activities, establishing good relationships with other people and getting a deeper insight into the sense of life. The discussion leads to the conclusion that the human being should be provided with optimal working conditions and conditions for development in various areas by the formation of a structured galenosphere (in the family, at school, in the office, etc.). (shrink)

This paper is concerned with the issue of public opinion considered from two points of view: ethical and educational. It has been inspired by the insufficient knowledge of society about public opinion as well as the gullibility of the general public as regards the acceptance of the results of public opinion polls. Therefore, the ethical and educational dimension of this phenomenon are not recognized, which results in a severe lack of research and publications on the topic. The paper consists of (...) three parts. The first part introduces basic facts about public opinion and its major mechanisms. The second one deals with the phenomenon of public opinion as an ethical problem, while the third one is devoted to the problem of education aimed at the development of mature perception of public opinion and active participation in the process. The problem of public opinion is treated as an important and urgent task for ethicists and teachers. This seems relevant as an increasing influence of public opinion on both individuals and a whole society is observed in various areas, including politics, economy, culture and trade. Public opinion also affects an information order, which is of significance to the state and its citizens in the light of the emergence of a communication society. (shrink)

The paper presents the structure and functioning of mediosphere and then discusses it in the context of ethics. It is a phenomenon which belongs to the domain of environment, and therefore exhibits a high level of effectiveness. Mediosphere is an environment generated by the media which are used by people. The human being is the most important element of this environment and influences it in a peculiar way. Hence, each mediosphere is different. The structure and functioning of mediosphere is affected (...) by its layers, namely logosphere, iconosphere, sonosphere, and galenosphere. A consequence of the ‘environmental’ nature of mediosphere is that negative effects of particular phenomena pertaining to the activity of the media are cumulated. Therefore, the ethical aspects of mediosphere are very important and topical. Reflections on this facet of mediosphere may prove useful for both people involved in the media and teachers, whose task, among others, is to prepare students for an adequate reception of what is offered by the press, radio, television, and the Internet. The discussion includes reference to examples of studies by those Western authors who propose practical guidelines and precautionary measures to prevent violation of ethical principles in the functioning of mediosphere. (shrink)

Les Prolegomenes a la Philosophie de Platon sont un manuel d'ecole neoplatonicien. Il s'inspire d'un modele dont Proclus a du etre l'auteur, mais l'origine de ce texte est presque surement alexandrine et doit dater de la premiere moitie du Vle siecle. Cette oeuvre est essentielle pour comprendre comment etait diffuse l'enseignement platonicien, et pour mieux saisir le mouvement des idees de l'Antiquite finissante. Dans une importante introduction, L. O. Westerink a retrace l'histoire de l'ecole d'Alexandrie et celle du genre litteraire (...) de ces introductions a Platon et a Aristote. (shrink)

Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially fatal infectious disease that, in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ), inequitably affects Asian, Pacific, Middle Eastern, Latin American, and African (MELAA), and Māori people. Medical research involving genome sequencing of TB samples enables more nuanced understanding of disease strains and their transmission. This could inform highly specific health interventions. However, the collection and management of TB isolate samples for research are currently informed by monocultural biomedical models often lacking key ethical considerations. Drawing on a qualitative kaupapa (...) Māori–consistent study, this paper reports on preliminary discussions with groups of Māori, Pacific, and Afghan people in NZ, whose communities have been harmed by TB and TB stigma. Participants’ discussions highlight key concerns and meanings that ought to inform the development of guidelines and a more robust consultative process for the governance of how TB isolate samples are collected and used both retrospectively and in future research. We argue for ethical processes to be culturally nuanced and community-generated, flexible and meaningful, and situated in relation to the physical and symbolic effects of TB. We discuss the significance of Indigenous data sovereignty, rights, and kāwanatanga (governorship) in shaping a multicultural data sovereignty model. (shrink)

are synthetic a priori judgements possible?" In both cases, i~thas usually been t'aken for granted in fife one case by Kant that synthetic a priori judgements were possible, and in the other case in contemporary,'d-". philosophical literature that contingent statements of identity are ppss. ible. I do not intend to deal with the Kantian question except to mention:ssj~".

Purpose. To examine the existential anthropology of G. Marcel and E. Minkowski, in order to demonstrate the necessity of distinguishing the universal-spiritual, as human in human being, apart from the individual-existential in him, and to reveal the hierarchical correlation of biosocial, existential and spiritual spheres in personality. Theoretical basis. Within existential philosophy the author differentiates two separate traditions and proceeds from the insufficiency of the distinction of existential sphere, proposed by phenomenological tradition, showing the necessity of its correlation with the (...) spiritual sphere as a sphere of humanity, proposed by non-phenomenological tradition of G. Marcel and E. Minkowski. Originality. The author presents the anthropological conception of G. Marcel and E. Minkowski, in which human personality is understood as unity of individual-existential and universal-spiritual, which requires a special trans-empirical field of culture, which contains senses, images and symbols of humanity. Also, the author presents the recent developments of existential thinkers in distinguishing existential and spiritual dimensions, both not reducible to the physical and social dimensions. Conclusions. In both existential traditions, the specifically human was founded as a trans-biological and trans-social phenomenon, which appears as indefinable and non-predetermined. But in first tradition, humanity is understood as an existence, as a unique individuality, "project", variant of humanity, equivalent to other variants, and universal is understood as a community of human condition in the world. While in the second tradition, the universal is understood as spiritual. Thus, horizontal level of our private existence, as the process of movement from birth to death, is supplemented by vertical of human, universal ideals and images. Humanity appears as a task, on the way to which human being transcends beyond the limits of his individual "self" to the "super-individual", through inclusion into spiritual community, into universal culture. (shrink)

Trope theory is a leading metaphysical theory in analytic ontology. One of its classic statements is found in the work of Donald C. Williams who argued that tropes qua abstract particulars are the very alphabet of being. The concept of an abstract particular has been repeatedly attacked in the literature. Opponents and proponents of trope theory alike have levelled their criticisms at the abstractness of tropes and the associated act of abstraction. In this paper I defend the concept of a (...) trope qua abstract particular by rejecting arguments that purport to show that tropes should not be understood as abstract and by arguing that the abstractness of tropes plays an indispensable role in one of our more promising trope-theoretic analyses of universals and of concrete objects. (shrink)

Modern scholars have been concerned with the hostility shown to Alexander by the Hellenistic schools of philosophy. Two literary portraits have been distinguished, the Peripatetic and the Stoic, the former deriving from Theophrastus' book on Callisthenes, or starting with this work the Peripatetics worked out a theory of and applied it to Alexander, in order to belittle his achievements. It was a case of giving sophisticated expression to the kind of crude resentment expressed by Demades.

The locus classicus for Plutarch's own views on his methods is in the Alexander He has begun by asking for the indulgence of his readers if they do not find all the exploits of Alexander and Caesar recounted by the biographer or if they discover him not reporting some famous incident in detail (); and he goes on to compare his own search for evidence which will indicate the kind of soul, with the activity of the painter, who, in order (...) to create a likeness, concentrates on the eyes and pays little attention to the other parts. Commentators and critics have been right to take this as a key text for the purpose of understanding Plutarch's attitude towards his biographical work; nevertheless there are other passages in the Lives where we can at least glimpse his attitude to his subject, and we can only see the Alexander-remarks in correct perspective if we take these other passages into account. I propose therefore, starting with the Alexander, to see how far these critical remarks apply to Plutarch's theory and practice elsewhere in the Lives. (shrink)

According to the Ars Amatoria the notorious rape took place on the occasion of a primitive dramatic entertainment staged in a theatre, in which the seats and furnishings were also primitive. There is no time for a description of the arts of the performers—a tibicen and a ludius—before the Romans, impatient for action, receive their signal from Romulus. Nor is there any mention of a god in whose honour the entertainment had been provided.

Catalog of the collection of the Madamkhand Museum of Art, named after the wife of Batzhargalyn Batbai︠a︡r, businessman and member of the Mongolian Khural.

The concept of instantiation is realized differently across a variety of metaphysical theories. A certain realization of the concept in a given theory depends on what roles are specified and associated with the concept and its corresponding term as well as what entities are suited to fill those roles. In this paper, the classic realization of the concept of instantiation in a one-category ontology of abstract particulars or tropes is articulated in a novel way and defended against unaddressed objections.

Se dice que el utilitarismo es incompatible con la defensa de los derechos humanos, pues la búsqueda del mayor bien para el mayor número que prescribe el utilitarismo, puede exigir, en ocasiones, pasar por encima de los derechos. Sin embargo, quizá sea posible ofrecer una solución al conflicto presentando una doctrina utilitarista, reconocible como tal, que sea lo suficientemente amplia como para dar cabida a los derechos. La presente obra tiene como objeto exponer la doctrina de John Stuart Mill como (...) buen ejemplo de cómo es posible llevar a cabo esta tarea. (shrink)

The purpose of this book is to trace the main developments in Greek philosophy during the period which runs from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.c. to the end of the Roman Republic. These three centuries, known to us as the Hellenistic Age, witnessed a vast expansion of Greek civilization eastwards, following Alexander's conquests; and later, Greek civilization penetrated deeply into the western Mediterranean world assisted by the political conquerors of Greece, the Romans. But philosophy throughout this (...) time remained a predominantly Greek activity. The most influential thinkers in the Hellenistic world were Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics. This book gives a concise critical analysis of their ideas and their methods of thought. The last book in English to cover this ground was written sixty years ago. In the interval the subject has moved on, quite rapidly since the last war, but most of the best work is highly specialized. There is a clear need for a general appraisal of Hellenistic philosophy which can provide those who are not specialists with an up-to-date account of the subject. Hellenistic philosophy is often regarded as a dull product of second-rate thinkers who are unable to stand comparison with Plato and Aristotle. This book will help to remove such misconceptions and arouse wider interest in a field which is fascinating both historically and conceptually. (shrink)

In this article, we present, assess and give reasons to reject the popular claim that shame is essentially social. We start by presenting several theses which the social claim has motivated in the philosophical literature. All of them, in their own way, regard shame as displaying a structure in which "others" play an essential role. We argue that while all these theses are true of some important families of shame episodes, none of them generalize so as to motivate the conclusion (...) that shame is an essentially social emotion. We consider each thesis in turn, explaining in the process their connections with one another as well as the constraints on a theory of shame they help uncover. Finally, we show how a non-social picture of shame is not only capable of meeting these constraints, but has the further virtue of shedding light on those situations in which others seem to play no role in why we feel shame. (shrink)

De Interpretatione is among Aristotle's most influential and widely read writings; C. W. A. Whitaker presents the first systematic study of this work, and offers a radical new view of its aims, its structure, and its place in Aristotle's system. He shows that De Interpretatione is not a disjointed essay on ill-connected subjects, as traditionally thought, but a highly organized and systematic treatise on logic, argument, and dialectic.

In den letzten Jahrzehntel! hat sich das Interesse an der Grund­ legung der Mathematik immer gesteigert. Fanden frtiher die wenigen Forscher, die sich emsthaft mit dieser 'Frage beschaftigten, wenig Be­ achtung, heute ist die Teilnahme sowohl von mathematischer wie von philosophischer Seite fast allgemein. Zu diesem Umschwung hat sieher die CANToRSche Mengenlehre, die gleich nach ihrem Entstehen lebhafte Erorterungen tiber ihre Berechtigung hervorrief, den AnstoB gegeben, und besonders die bei riicksichtsloser Durchfiihrung ihrer Grundgedanken auftretenden Widerspriiche zogen die allgemeine Aufmerksamkeit auf (...) sich. Doch ist die bisweUen noch geauBerte Behauptung, der Zweck -der Grundlagenforschung liege in der Beseitigung der Widersprtiche, verfehlt. In philosophischer und in mathematischer Richtung geht diese weit tiber eine solche Zielsetzung hinaus. Philosophisch untersucht man -das Wesen der mathematischen Erkenntnis, ihre Voraussetzungen und Endziele, ihr Verhaltnis zu anderen Wissensgebieten, insbesondere der Physik, und ihre Abgrenzung gegen diese dem lnhalt und der Methode nacho An diese philosophischen Erorterungen schlieBen sich umfangreiche mathematische Untersuchungen tiber den Aufbau der Mathematik aus den philosophisch gegebenen Voraussetzungen und tiber die Struktur der mathematischen Beweisftihrungen. Einzelne Teilgebiete dieser Unter­ suchungen entwickeln sich schon zu selbstandigen Disziplinen, die sich in ihren Methoden und Problemstellungen von der eigentlichen Grund­ lagenforschung unabhangig machen; ein Beispiel eines solchen neuen Zweiges der Mathematik, der sein Entstehen der Grundlagenforschung verdankt, ist die mathematischp. Logik. Allmahlich haben sich drei J. auptrichtungen gebildet, die je einer eigenen Auffassung tiber das Wesen der Mathematik entsprechen undo je zu verschieden gearteten mathematischen Untersuchungen geftihrt haben. (shrink)