Theories of Emotion, Misc

In discussions of the metaphysics and normativity of the emotions, it is commonplace to wheel out examples of (for instance) people who know that rollercoasters aren’t dangerous but who fear them anyway. Such cases are well known to have been troubling for Cognitivists who hold the emotions are (at least in part) judgements or beliefs. But more recently, the very theories that emerged from the failure of Cognitivism (Perceptual theories and other Neo-Cognitivist approaches) have been argued to face trouble as (...) well. Whereas Cognitivism predicts an untenable irrationality (contradictory beliefs), Neo-Cognitivism predicts that there is nothing wrong with cases of recalcitrance (nothing worse than believing the Müller-Lyer lines are the same in length despite appearing different). But there is something wrong - one should not be afraid of the rollercoaster deemed safe. So many theories appear to be threatened by recalcitrant emotions and there has been a call to find a way of making sense of “conflict without contradiction”. One gets the sense that the theory that can accomplish this will win a crucial point over its competitors. In the present paper I offer a new approach to making sense of the normative tension to which recalcitrant emotions give rise. Interestingly, the approach is one that can be adopted by anyone willing to grant that emotions are themselves governed by norms. As a result, there is not only a new story to be told about the normative tension, but recalcitrant emotions are shown to not be the theory-choosing data point they are portrayed as being. (shrink)

Emoția poate fi diferită de alte constructe similare, precum sentimentele (nu toate sentimentele includ emoția); stările sufletești (durează mult mai mult decât emoțiile, sunt mai puțin intense și adesea lipsite de stimul contextual), sau afectul (experiența sentimentului sau a emoției). Platon, în Republica, propune trei componente de bază ale minții umane: raționamentul, dorința și părțile emotive. Pentru Aristotel emoțiile au fost importante în viața morală, o componentă esențială a virtuții.Stoicii au evidențiat importanța emoțiilor în judecată (în teoriile stoice, emoțiile sunt (...) considerate o piedică pentru rațiune, și deci pentru virtute). DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24223.30884. (shrink)

Inteligența emoțională este un set de abilități pentru răspunsurile la evenimente care constituie emoții. Prin integrarea inteligenței cu emoția se pot determina „cel puțin unele răspunsuri „corecte” în ceea ce privește sentimentele” pentru a distinge indivizii în funcţie de inteligența emoțională într-un context cultural dat. În prezent, organizațiile trebuie să facă față, pe lângă o concurență sporită, și unei dezvoltări și inovații tehnologice exponențiale, și unor procese de schimbare care afectează toate stările emoționale ale angajaților. Toate aceste provocări, împreună cu (...) schimbările impuse și complexitatea sarcinilor organizaționale și manageriale, implică noi exigențe emoționale și acțiuni mai eficiente la nivel corporativ, inclusiv prin gestionarea emoțiilor în cele mai multe circumstanțe. Astfel, emoțiile reprezintă „resurse” valoroase pentru inovație și valoare adăugată într-un proces economic. Inteligența emoțională a fost un subiect important și controversat în ultimele decenii. Inteligența emoțională este cheia pentru simțire, gândire, învățare, rezolvarea problemelor și luarea deciziilor. ”Oricine se poate supăra - asta este ușor. Dar să fii supărat pe persoana potrivită, într-un grad potrivit, la momentul potrivit, în scopul potrivit și în modul corect - acest lucru nu este ușor.” (Aristotel) CUPRINS: 1. Emoții - Introducere - Etimologie și istorie - Definiții - Componente - Diferenţiere - Scopul și valoarea - Clasificare - - Emoții de bază - - Analiza multidimensională - Teorii - - Istoria pre-modernă - - Teorii evolutive - - - Secolul al 19-lea - - - Contemporan - - Teorii somatice - - - Teoria Cannon-Bard - - - Teoria cu doi factori - - Teorii cognitive - - - Teoria perceptuală - - - Teoria evenimentelor afective - - Perspectiva situată asupra emoției - - Genetica - Cum se formează emoțiile - - Explicație neurobiologică - - - Cortexul prefrontal - - - Emoție homeostatică / primordială - - Explicații emergente - Abordări disciplinare - - Istorie - - Sociologie - - - Psihoterapie și reglare - - Cercetări interculturale - - Informatică - 1.1. Modele ale emoțiilor - 1.2. Procesarea emoțiilor - 1.3. Sentimente - - Sentimentele despre sentimente - - Autoagresiunea - - Sentimentele intestinale - - A ști sau a nu ști - - Munca emoțională - 1.4. Fericirea - - Definiție - - Legătura cu sănătatea fizică - - Filozofie - - Religie - - - Religiile orientale - - - - Budism - - - - Hinduism - - - - Confucianismul - - - Religiile abrahamice - - - - Iudaismul - - - - Catolicismul roman - - - - Islam - - Psihologie - - - Ierarhia nevoilor a lui Maslow - - - Teoria autodeterminării - - - Psihologie pozitivă - - - Măsurarea fericirii - - Viziunea economică și politică 2. Filosofia emoțiilor - 2.1. Filosofia fericirii - - Grecia antică - - - Platon - - - Aristotel - - - Cinism - - - Cirenaicism - - - Pironism - - - Epicureism - - - Stoicism - - Roma antică - - - Școala lui Sextius - - - Augustin de Hippo - - - Boețiu - - Evul Mediu - - - Avicenna - - - Al-Ghazali - - - Maimonide - - - Thomas de Aquino - - Perioada modernă timpurie - - - Michel de Montaigne - - - Jeremy Bentham - - - Arthur Schopenhauer - - Perioada contemporană - - - Władysław Tatarkiewicz - - - Herbert Marcuse - - - Viktor Frankl - - - Robert Nozick - - Scientismul - - Studiul fericirii - 2.2. Filosofia dragostei - - Teorii actuale - - Tradițiile occidentale - - - Rădăcini clasice - - - Petrarhism - - - Scepticismul galician - - Tradițiile orientale - 2.3. Apateia - 2.4. Ataraxia - - Epicureismul - - Pironism - - Stoicism - 2.5. Ānanda - - Diferite sensuri de fericire în filosofia hindusă - - - Swami Vivekananda - - - Sri Aurobindo - - - Advaita vedanta - - - Dvaita vedanta - - - Vishishtadvaita vedanta - - - Sri Ramana Maharshi - - Modalități de realizare a ānandei - 2.6. Emotivism - - Istorie - - Susținători - - - A. J. Ayer - - - C. L. Stevenson - - - - Primul model de analiză - - - - Al doilea model de analiză - - - - Metode de argumentare - 2.7. Etica emoțiilor - 2.8. Behaviorism - - Varietăți - - - Behaviorism radical - - Inovații experimentale și conceptuale - - Relația cu limbajul - - Educaţie - - Condiționarea operantă - - Condiționarea respondentului - - În filozofie - - - Legea efectului și condiționarea urmei - - - Behaviorism molecular versus behaviorism molar - - - Behaviorismul teoretic - - Informatică comportamentală și calcul comportament - - Critici și limitări - 2.9. Funcționalism - - Realizabilitate multiplă - - Tipuri - - - Funcționismul mașină-stare - - - Psiho-funcționalism - - - Funcționalismul analitic - - - Funcționalismul homuncular - - - Funcționalism mecanic - - Fizicalismul - - Critica funcționalismului - - - Creierul Chinei - - - Camera chinezească - - - Spectru inversat - - - Pământul geamăn - - - Holism de semnificație - - - Argumente de trivialitate 3. Inteligența socială - Ipoteză - Măsurare - Diferențe de inteligență - Alte opinii - 3.1. Construcționism social - - Definiție - - Origini - - Aplicații - - - Psihologia constructului personal - - - Psihologie educațională - - - Terapie sistemică - - Istorie și dezvoltare - - - Berger și Luckmann - - - Turnura narativă - - - Postmodernismul - - Critici - 3.2. Constructivism social - - Filozofie - - Psihologie și religie - 3.3. Consecințialism - - Filosofii - - - Consecințialismul de stat - - - Utilitarism - - - Egoismul etic - - - Altruismul etic - - - Consecințialismul regulilor - - - Consecințialismul motivațional - - - Consecințialism negativ - - - Etica teleologică - - - Actele și omisiunile, și "doctrina actelor și omisiunilor" - 3.4. Pragmatism - - Obiectivele de bază - - - Anti-reificarea conceptelor și teoriilor - - - Naturalism și anti-cartezianism - - - Reconcilierea anti-scepticismului și a falibilismului - - - Teoria pragmatistă a adevărului și a epistemologiei - - În alte domenii ale filozofiei - - - Filosofia științei - - - Logică - - - Metafizică - - - Filosofia minții - - - Etică - - - Estetică - - - Filosofia religiei - - Neopragmatism - - Moștenirea și relevanța contemporană - - - Efecte asupra științelor sociale - - - Efecte asupra administrației publice - - - Efecte asupra feminismului - - Critici - 3.5. Utilitarism - - Etimologie - - Fundal istoric - - - Filozofia chineză - - - Filosofia occidentală - - Utilitarismul clasic - - - Jeremy Bentham - - - John Stuart Mill - - - - Plăcerile superioare și inferioare - - - - „Dovada” lui Mill a principiului utilității - - Evoluții din secolul XX - - - Utilitarismul ideal - - - Utilitarismul de acte și de reguli - - - Utilitarismul pe două niveluri - - - Utilitarismul de preferință - - Mai multe tipuri de utilitarism - - - Utilitarismul negativ - - - Utilitarismul de motiv - - Critica utilitarismului - - - Utilitatea cuantificării - - - Utilitatea ignoră justiția - - - Prezicerea consecințelor - - - Obiecție de cerință - - - Agregarea utilității - - - Calcularea utilității eșuează - - - Criticile obligațiilor speciale - - - Critici ale teoriei valorilor utilitariste - - - Critici bazate pe datorie - - Considerații suplimentare - - - Fericirea medie vs. fericirea totală - - - Motive, intenții și acțiuni - - Judecățile morale utilitariste - - - Utilitarismul, deontologia și dilemele morale - - - Judecățile morale utilitariste - 3.6. Teoria (etica) virtuții - - Concepte cheie - - Istoria virtuții - - „Turnura aretaică” contemporană 4. Inteligența emoțională - Istorie - Definiții - Modelul de abilitate - - Măsurare - - Alte măsurători - Model mixt - - Măsurarea - Modelul de trăsătură - - Măsurare - Efecte generale - Critici de fundamentare teoretică - - Nu poate fi recunoscută ca formă de inteligență - - Confuzia abilităților cu calitățile morale - - Are o mică valoare predictivă - Critici de măsurare - - Măsoară conformitatea, nu abilitatea - - Măsoară cunoștințele, nu abilitatea - - Măsoară personalitatea și inteligența generală - - Măsuri de auto-raportare sensibile la fals - - Puterea predicativă nu s-a dovedit - - NICHD caută consensul - Interacțiuni cu alte fenomene - - Bullying - - Leadership - - Sănătate - - Stima de sine și dependența de droguri - 4.1. Definiții și competențe ale inteligenței emoționale - 4.2. Modele ale inteligenței emoționale - - Modelul de abilități al lui Mayer și Salovey - - Modelul mixt al lui Goleman - - Modelul mixt al lui Bar-On - - Modelul de trăsături al lui Petrides - 4.3. Modelul de abilitate al inteligenței emoționale - - Schisma din domeniu - - - Idei inițiale - - - Factori externi - - - Apariția modelelor mixte - - Modelul cu patru ramuri al inteligenței emoționale - - - Introducere generală în domeniul inteligenței emoționale - - - - Emoțiile - - - - Emoțiile ca semnale - - - Inteligența emoțională și modelul cu patru ramuri - - - Măsurarea inteligenței emoționale - - - - Măsurări ale abilităților inteligenței emoționale - - - - Teoria măsurării inteligenței emoționale - - - - Elemente cheie referitoare la inteligența emoțională și alte trăsături psihologice - - Semnificația inteligenței emoționale - - - Considerații generale privind valabilitatea unei măsurări de IE - - - IE și sentimentele de înțelegere - - - IE și simptomele subiective - - - IE și înțelegerea relațiilor sociale - - - Înțelegerea relațiilor de muncă - - - Considerații de valabilitate incrementală - 4.4. Modelul stratificat al inteligenței emoționale - - Constatări ale cercetării - - - Teoriile inteligenței - - - Emoţiile - - - Inteligența emoțională - - Piramida inteligenței emoționale: modelul cu nouă straturi - - - Stimulii emoționali - - - Recunoașterea emoției - - - Conștiința de sine - - - Managementul propriu - - - Conștientizarea socială - Empatie - Discriminarea emoțiilor - - - Abilități sociale - expertiză - - - Actualizarea proprie - Universalitatea emoțiilor - - - Transcendența - - - Unitate emoțională - - Procese cognitive și metacognitive în piramida inteligenței emoționale - - Discuții și concluzii - 4.5. Filosofia inteligenței emoționale - 4.6. Înțelepciunea - - Definiții - - Perspective mitologice și filozofice - - Perspective educaționale - - Perspective psihologice - - - Măsurarea înțelepciunii - - Sapiența - 4.7. Inteligența emoțională în filosofia orientală - 4.8. Karma yoga 5. Inteligența emoțională în afaceri - 5.1. Lucrul cu emoțiile - - Hochschild - - Exemple - - Critici - 5.2. Munca emoțională - - Determinanți - - Acțiuni de suprafață si profunde - - Implicaţii - - - Adaptarea - - Munca emoțională și inteligența emoțională - 5.3. Neuromarketing - - Istorie - - Concept - - Segmentare și poziționare - - Critica - - - Pseudoştiinţă - - - Invazia confidențialității - - - Manipulare - - Limitări - 5.4. Marketing relațional - - Dezvoltare - - Domeniu - - Abordări - - - Satisfacţia - - - Retenţia - - Aplicare - - - Marketing intern - - - Modelul celor șase piețe - - - Marketing live-in - - - - Istorie - - - - Premisă - 5.5. Comportamentul consumatorilor - - Origini ale comportamentului consumatorului - - Definiție și explicație - - Decizia de cumpărare și contextul acesteia - - Procesul deciziei de cumpărare a consumatorului: o imagine de ansamblu - - - Recunoasterea problemei - - - Evaluarea alternativelor - - - - Comportamentul consumatorilor de marketing - - - Decizia de cumpărare - - - Evaluare post-cumpărare - - Influențe asupra deciziei de cumpărare - - - Conștientizarea consumatorilor - - - Influențe interne asupra deciziei de cumpărare - - - - Motivații și emoții - - - - Percepţie - - - - Experientța anterioară - - - - Cultura - - - - Subculturi - - - - Clasă socială - - - - Grupuri de referință - - Stiluri de decizie a consumatorilor - - Afectare: Emoții, sentimente și dispoziții - - - Căutarea informațiilor - - - Alegerea - - - Experiența clienților - - - Satisfacția clienților - - - Publicitate - 5.6. Inteligența emoțională în cercetare și educație - 5.7. Filosofia inteligenței emoționale în organizații - 5.8. Critica inteligenței emoționale în organizații - 5.9. Etica inteligenței emoționale în organizații - 5.10. Tendințe Referințe Despre autor - Nicolae Sfetcu - - De același autor - - Contact Editura - MultiMedia Publishing . (shrink)

Une argumentation pour l'importance dualiste des émotions dans la société, individuellement et au niveau communautaire. La tendance actuelle à la prise de conscience et au contrôle des émotions grâce à l'intelligence émotionnelle a un effet bénéfique dans les affaires et pour le succès des activités sociales mais, si nous n'y prenons pas garde, elle peut conduire à une aliénation irréversible au niveau individuel et social. L'essai est composé de trois parties principales: Émotions (Modèles d'émotions, Le processus des émotions, La bonheur, (...) La philosophie des émotions, L'éthique des émotions), Intelligence émotionnelle (Modèles d'intelligence émotionnelle, L'intelligence émotionnelle dans la recherche et l'éducation, La philosophie d'intelligence émotionnelle, L'intelligence émotionnelle dans la philosophie orientale) et Intelligence émotionnelle dans les organisations (Travail émotionnel, La philosophie de l'intelligence émotionnelle dans les organisations, La critique de l'intelligence émotionnelle dans les organisations, L'éthique de l'intelligence émotionnelle dans les organisations). Dans les Conclusions, je présente un résumé des déclarations contenues dans le document. SOMMAIRE: Abstract 1. Émotions 1.1 Modèles d'émotion 1.2 Traitement des émotions 1.3 Bonheur 1.4 La philosophie des émotions 1.5 L'éthique des émotions 2. Intelligence émotionnelle 2.1 Modèles d'intelligence émotionnelle 2.1.1 Modèle d'habilités de Mayer et Salovey 2.1.2 Le modèle mixte de Goleman 2.1.3 Le modèle mixte de Bar-On 2.1.4 Modèle de traits de Petrides 2.2 Intelligence émotionnelle dans la recherche et l'éducation 2.3 La philosophie de l'intelligence émotionnelle 2.3.1 L'intelligence émotionnelle dans la philosophie orientale 3. Intelligence émotionnelle dans les organisations 3.1 Travail émotionnel 3.2 La philosophie de l'intelligence émotionnelle dans les organisations 3.3 Critique de l'intelligence émotionnelle dans les organisations 3.4 Éthique de l'intelligence émotionnelle dans les organisations Conclusions Bibliographie DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28567.93600 . (shrink)

Mengzi maintained that both benevolence (ren 仁) and rightness (yi 義) are naturally-given in human nature. This view has occupied a dominant place in Confucian intellectual history. In Mencius 6A, Mengzi's interlocutor, Gaozi, contests this view, arguing that rightness is determined by (doing what is fitting, in line with) external circumstances. I discuss here some passages from the excavated Guodian texts, which lend weight to Gaozi's view. The texts reveal nuanced considerations of relational proximity and its limits, setting up requirements (...) for moral action in scenarios where relational ties do not play a motivational role. I set out yi's complexity in these discussions, highlighting its implications for (i) the nei-wai debate; (ii) the notion of yi as "rightness," or doing the right thing; and (iii) how we can understand the connection between virtue and right action in these early Confucian debates. This material from the excavated texts not only provides new perspectives on a longstanding investigation of human nature and morality, it also challenges prevailing views on Warring States Confucian intellectual history. In the well-known debate between Mengzi and Gaozi in Mencius 6A, Mengzi maintained that both ren and yi are naturally-given 1 in human nature. The figure 1 To say that ren and yi are naturally-given is not to say that they are fully-developed from the start. I use the phrase "naturally-given" throughout the paper to indicate where a particular capacity or resource (ren or yi) may be found, rather than its final polished state. (shrink)

An argumentation for the dualistic importance of emotions in society, individually and at community level. The current tendency of awareness and control of emotions through emotional intelligence has a beneficial effect in business and for the success of social activities but, if we are not careful, it can lead to irreversible alienation at individual and social level. The paper consists of three main parts: Emotions (Emotional models, Emotional processing, Happiness, Philosophy of emotions, Ethics of emotions), Emotional intelligence (Models of emotional (...) intelligence, Emotional intelligence in research and education, Philosophy of emotional intelligence, Emotional intelligence in Eastern philosophy), Emotional intelligence in organizations (Emotional work, Philosophy of emotional intelligence in organizations, Criticism of emotional intelligence in organizations, Ethics of emotional intelligence in organizations). In the Conclusions I present a summary of the statements in the paper. CONTENTS: Abstract 1. Emotions 1.1 Models of emotion 1.2 Processing emotions 1.3 Happiness 1.4 The philosophy of emotions 1.5 The ethics of emotions 2. Emotional intelligence 2.1 Models of emotional intelligence 2.1.1 Model of abilities of Mayer and Salovey 2.1.2 Goleman's mixed model 2.1.3 The mixed model of Bar-On 2.1.4 Petrides' model of traits 2.2 Emotional intelligence in research and education 2.3 The philosophy of emotional intelligence 2.3.1 Emotional intelligence in Eastern philosophy 3. Emotional intelligence in organizations 3.1 Emotional labor 3.2 The philosophy of emotional intelligence in organizations 3.3 Critique of emotional intelligence in organizations 3.4 Ethics of emotional intelligence in organizations Conclusions Bibliography DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32802.79041 . (shrink)

LeDoux’s (1996) pioneering work on the neurobiology of fear has played a crucial role in informing debates in the philosophy of emotion. For example, it plays a key part in Griffiths’s (1997) argument for why emotions don’t form a natural kind. Likewise, it is employed by Faucher and Tappolet (2002) to defend pro-emotion views, which claim that emotions aid reasoning (de Sousa 1987, Damasio 1994). LeDoux, however, now argues that his work has been misread (2012, 2016, 2017, 2019). He argues (...) that using emotion terms, like ‘fear’, to describe neuro-cognitive data adds a “surplus meaning”: it attributes phenomenal properties to survival circuits which they don’t possess. This paper aims to explore LeDoux’s new proposal, and examine the potentially devastating consequences that ensue for the aforementioned views. I end by addressing the worry that these lessons are conditional on LeDoux’s own higher-order theory of emotional consciousness being true. (shrink)

O argumentare a importanței dualiste a emoțiilor în societate, individual și la nivel de comunitate. Tendința actuală de conștientizare și control al emoțiilor prin inteligența emoțională are un efect benefic în afaceri și pentru succesul activităților sociale dar, dacă nu suntem atenți, poate duce la o alienare ireversibilă la nivel individual și social. Lucrarea se compune din trei părți principale: Emoții (Modele ale emoțiilor, Procesarea emoțiilor, Fericirea, Filosofia emoțiilor, Etica emotiilor), Inteligența emoțională (Modele ale inteligenței emoționale, Inteligența emoțională în cercetare (...) și educație, Filosofia inteligenței emoționale, Inteligența emoțională în filosofia orientală) și Inteligența emoțională în organizații (Munca emoțională, Filosofia inteligenței emoționale în organizații, Critica inteligenței emoționale în organizații, Etica inteligenței emoționale în organizații). În Concluzii prezint un rezumat al afirmațiilor din lucrare. -/- CUPRINS: -/- Abstract 1. Emoții 1.1 Modele ale emoțiilor 1.2 Procesarea emoțiilor 1.3 Fericirea 1.4 Filosofia emoțiilor 1.5 Etica emoțiilor 2. Inteligența emoțională 2.1 Modele ale inteligenței emoționale 2.1.1 Modelul de abilități al lui Mayer și Salovey 2.1.2 Modelul mixt al lui Goleman 2.1.3 Modelul mixt al lui Bar-On 2.1.4 Modelul de trăsături al lui Petrides 2.2 Inteligența emoțională în cercetare și educație 2.3 Filosofia inteligenței emoționale 2.3.1 Inteligența emoțională în filosofia orientală 3. Inteligența emoțională în organizații 3.1 Munca emoțională 3.2 Filosofia inteligenței emoționale în organizații 3.3 Critica inteligenței emoționale în organizații 3.4 Etica inteligenței emoționale în organizații Concluzii Bibliografie -/- DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32991.20640. (shrink)

According to some philosophers, when introspectively attending to experience, we seem to see right through it to the (apparent) objects outside, including their properties. This is called the transparency of experience. This paper examines whether, and in what sense, emotions are transparent. It argues that emotional experiences are opaque in a distinctive way: introspective attention to them does not principally reveal non-intentional somatic qualia but rather felt valenced intentional attitudes. As such, emotional experience is attitudinally opaque.

The main claim of this article is that the plasticity of the human formation process does not consist in receiving passively an already-given shape, like hot wax stamped by a seal. Rather, it creates ever new shapes and makes a person overcome her own self-referential horizon. Furthermore, I argue that this formation process is directed by desire, meant as “hunger for being born completely” (Zambrano). The human being comes into the world without being born completely, and it is precisely such (...) hunger that directs human positioning into the world. (shrink)

It is now a commonplace that emotions are not mere sensations but, rather, conceptually contentful states. In trying to expand on this insight, however, most theoretical approaches to emotions neglectcentral intuitions about what emotions are like. We therefore need a methodological shift in our thinking about emotions away from the standard accounts’ attempts to reduce them to other mental states andtoward an exploration of the distinctive work emotions do. I show that emotions’ distinctive function is to engage us with both (...) objective and personal values. Attention to emotions’ work reveals that it is precisely their “unruliness” that allows them to play meaningful roles in our lives. (shrink)

The idea that some day robots may have emotions has captured the imagination of many and has been dramatized by robots and androids in such famous movies as 2001 Space Odyssey's HAL or Star Trek's Data. By contrast, the editors of this book have assembled a panel of experts in neuroscience and artificial intelligence who have dared to tackle the issue of whether robots can have emotions from a purely scientific point of view. The study of the brain now usefully (...) informs study of the social, communicative, adaptive, regulatory, and experimental aspects of emotion and offers support for the idea that we exploit our own psychological responses in order to feel others' emotions. The contributors show the many ways in which the brain can be analyzed to shed light on emotions. Fear, reward, and punishment provide structuring concepts for a number of investigations. Neurochemistry reveals the ways in which different "neuromodulators" such as serotonin, dopamine, and opioids can affect the emotional valence of the brain. And studies of different regions such as the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex provide a view of the brain as a network of interacting subsystems. Related studies in artificial intelligence and robotics are discussed and new multi-level architectures are proposed that make it possible for emotions to be implemented. It is now an accepted task in robotics to build robots that perceive human expressions of emotion and can "express" simulated emotions to ease interactions with humans. Looking towards future innovations, some scientists posit roles for emotion with our fellow humans. All of these issues are covered in this timely and stimulating book which is written for researchers and graduated students in neuroscience, cognitive science, psychology, robotics, and artificial intelligence. (shrink)

This pithy book is for any psychologist or philosopher who wants to do psychology in a biologically informed way. Emotions are an object lesson, and the lesson is mostly negative: emotions are no one thing, and most of them are something we know not what.

Many contributions have been made in recent psychological literature to the study of the nature of emotion, yet profound differences of opinion remain both as to the aetiology and function of emotional states. I propose in this paper to inquire whether a consistent theory can be put forward which would do justice to all the facts that recent investigations have brought to light. It would appear that the defects of most of the theories of emotion are due to the fact (...) that they exaggerate some aspect or phrase of emotion and claim for it exclusive or predominant value. (shrink)

Many wrongly believe that emotion plays little or no role in legal reasoning. Unfortunately, Langdell and his “scientific” case method encourage this error. A careful review of analysis in the real world, however, belies this common belief. Emotion can be cognitive, and cognition can be emotional. Additionally, modern neuroscience underscores the “co-dependence” of reason and emotion. Thus, even if law were a certain science of appellate cases (which it is not), emotion could not be torn from such “science.” -/- As (...) we reform legal education, we must recognize the role of cognitive emotion in law and legal analysis. If we fail to do this, we shortchange law schools, students, and the bar in grievous ways. We shortchange the very basics of true and best legal analysis. We shortchange at least half the universe of expression (the affective half). We shortchange the importance of watching and guarding the true interests of our clients, which interests are inextricably intertwined with affective experience. We shortchange the importance of motivation in law, life, and legal education. How can lawyers understand the motives of clients and other relevant parties without understanding the emotions that motivate them? How can lawyers hope to persuade judges, other advocates, or parties across the table in a transaction without grasping affective experience that motivates them? How can law professors fully engage students while ignoring affective experience that motivates students? Finally, we shortchange matters of life and death: emotions affect health and thus the very vigor of the bar. -/- Using insights from practice, modern neuroscience, and philosophy, I therefore explore emotion and other affective experience through a lawyer’s lens. In doing this, I reject claims that emotion and other affective experience are mere feeling (though I do not discount the importance of feeling). I also reject claims that emotion and other affective experience are necessarily irrational or beyond our control. Instead, such experience is often intentional and quite rational and controllable. After exploring law and affective experience at more “macro” levels, I consider three more specific examples of the interaction of law and emotion: (i) emotion, expression, and the first amendment, (ii) emotion in legal elements and exceptions, and (iii) emotion and lawyer mental health. To provide lawyers and legal scholars with a “one-source” overview of emotion and the law, I have also included an Appendix addressing a number of particular emotions. -/- Keywords: Emotion, Cognitive Emotion, Reason, Logos, Pathos, Legal Analysis, Legal Reasoning, Neuroscience, Philosophy, Persuasion, Rhetoric, Expression, First Amendment, Free Speech, Common Law Murder, Mental Health, NAACP v. McCrory, Anger, Contempt, Disgust, Hate, Malice. (shrink)

Cognitivists about the emotions minimally hold that it is a necessary condition for being in an emotional state that one make a certain judgement or have a certain belief. For example, if I am angry with Sam, then I must believe that Sam has wronged me. Perhaps I must also elicit a certainly bodily response or undergo some relevant experience, but crucial to the view is the belief or judgement. In the face of ‘recalcitrant emotions’, this once very popular view (...) has come under heavy criticism that has led many theorists to either abandon the view or to offer more nuanced representational views of the emotions. Against what seems to now be received wisdom, I argue that cognitivists have tools at their disposal that allow them to alleviate the apparent conflicts presented by cases of recalcitrance. But I also believe that cognitivists are still in trouble. Although cognitivists have a range of underexplored resources, their use comes at a high cost. In particular, cognitivists must adopt a widespread and thoroughgoing inaccessibility to our own thoughts and judgements that should strike one as implausible. It is mental opacity rather than mental conflict that is the real problem posed by recalcitrance. (shrink)

The paper aims to better identify the relationship between moods and emotions showing their link to the overall environment. Adopting a Situated Approach to Emotions, 209–227, 2012; Stephan Emotion Review, 4, 157–162, 2012; Stephen et al. Philosophical Psychology, 27, 65–81 2014) enables showing that the link to emotions to the environment is best understood using the term situation, while moods’ link to the environment is best captured by the notion of context. Exploring the difference points out that what is selected (...) as the situation versus the context in a given environment may explain the relationship between emotions and moods, and clarify why, for instance, certain emotions can alter a mood while others do not. The paper begins putting forward the general take on emotions from a Situated Approach to Emotions in line with contemporary discussions of the Situated Approach to Mind. Then, following John Dewey’s conception of situation, the paper distinguishes situation from context, and reviews the hypothesis of equating them with emotions and moods respectively. The analysis is then connected to previous research done on the difference between emotions and moods and, given the insightful outcomes of connecting moods and emotions to other theoretical aspects of the mind, it shows how the link to the environment is a crucial trait to understand emotions and moods dynamics. (shrink)

There is a growing consensus that emotions contribute positively to human practical rationality. While arguments that defend this position often appeal to the modularity of emotion-generation mechanisms, these arguments are also susceptible to the criticism, e.g. by Jones (2006), that emotional modularity supports pessimism about the prospects of emotions contributing positively to practical rationality here and now. This paper aims to respond to this criticism by demonstrating how models of emotion processing can accommodate the sorts of cognitive influence required to (...) make the pro-emotion position plausible whilst exhibiting key elements of modularity. (shrink)

We must rethink the status of Hume’s science of emotions. Contemporary philosophers typically dismiss Hume’s account on the grounds that he mistakenly identifies emotions with feelings. But the traditional objections to Hume’s feeling theory are not as strong as commonly thought. Hume makes several important contributions, moreover, to our understanding of the operations of the emotions. His claims about the causal antecedents of the indirect passions receive support from studies in appraisal theory, for example, and his suggestions concerning the social (...) dimensions of self-conscious emotions can help guide future research in this field. His dual-component hypothesis concerning the processing of emotions, furthermore, suggests a compromise solution to a recalcitrant debate in cognitive science. Finally, Hume’s proposals concerning the motivational influences of pride, and the conventional nature of emotional display rules, are vindicated by recent work in social psychology. (shrink)

The proposed monograph introduces a meta-framework for conducting interdisciplinary research in the science of emotion, as well as a framework for a particular theory of emotion. This monograph can be understood as a “cross-over” book that introduces neophytes to the current discourse and major challenges in the science of emotion, from an interdisciplinary, philosophical perspective. It also engages experts in this area on contemporary debates in the philosophy of emotions, broadly construed, which takes the interdisciplinary study of emotions as a (...) scientific enterprise in which philosophers, as well as other disciplines from across the humanities, are involved. -/- One distinctive feature of this monograph is that it introduces three distinct theories: The first is a meta-theory of emotion, which I refer to as meta-semantic realism about emotion. The second is a meta-physical theory about the mind and the body, which I refer to as semantic dualism about the mind. The third is a metaphysical theory about emotion, which I refer to as semantic dualism about emotion. -/- A second distinctive feature is that meta-semantic realism provides a novel way to understand the current discourse in the interdisciplinary study of emotions, as well as novel solutions to some of the significant challenges that philosophers of emotion face when providing an interdisciplinary theory of emotion. It does so by introducing novices to (meta-semantic realism), which includes a taxonomy of theories of emotion that allows them to understand the contemporary interdisciplinary discourse in the science of emotion as a debate between four fundamental types of theories of emotion that can be found or potentially found across the disciplines (realism, instrumentalism, eliminative-realism, and eliminativism). (shrink)

In this chapter, I argue that an understanding of what shame is through an understanding of its rationality and intentionality can provide a single framework that may be able to unify the research on shame, perhaps even across disciplines. To do so, I begin by explaining what a criterion for the ontological rationality of shame is, and I explain its relation to an understanding of what makes shame the kind of emotion that it is. In doing so, I demonstrate how (...) the rationality of shame, including the criterion for the ontological rationality of shame, is intimately intertwined with shame’s intentionality. Next, I consider some of the research on shame from the disciplines of philosophy and psychology in order to isolate the genus from the differentia of shame, and, with the inclusion of research from the discipline of sociology, I derive the criterion for the ontological rationality of shame. I follow this discussion by introducing an understanding of shame as a superordinate inference rule, which amounts to a non-standard account of shame, in order to fulfill the criterion for the ontological rationality of shame. I conclude by explaining how what I suggest as the core of shame—the superordinate inference rule of shame—fulfills the criterion for the ontological rationality of shame, by constituting the ontological rationality of shame, and I highlight the benefit of my account over alternative accounts of shame in regard to the rationality of our experiences of shame. I thereby argue in virtue of an inference to the best explanation for my proposal to fulfill the criterion for the ontological rationality of shame and to provide a single unifying framework for an understanding of what shame is. (shrink)

Recent work by emotion researchers indicates that emotions have a multi-level structure. Sophisticated sentimentalists should take note of this work—for it better enables them to defend a substantive role for emotion in moral cognition. Contra the rationalist criticisms of May 2018, emotions are not only able to carry morally relevant information but can also substantially influence moral judgment and reasoning.

This paper explores the nature of emotions by considering what appear to be two differing, perhaps even conflicting, approaches to affectivity—an evolutionary functional account, on the one hand, and a phenomenological view, on the other. The paper argues for the centrality of the notion of function in both approaches, articulates key differences between them, and attempts to understand how such differences can be overcome.

In recent philosophical debates about the nature of human emotions the intentionality of emotions plays a key part. The article explores how medieval philosophers of the late 13th and early 14th centuries accounted for the fact that our emotions, such as love, hate, anger and the like, are intentional mental states, states that are ‘of’ or ‘about something’. Since medieval philosophers agree that emotions are essentially movements of the appetitive powers, the intentionality of emotions is part of the broader problem (...) of the intentionality of our appetitive acts. Do emotions and other appetitive acts derive their intentionality from the relevant cognitive acts on which their occurrence depends? And if so, how? Are appetitive acts intrinsically intentional states? The contribution discusses these and similar questions, while special attention is given to authors such as Thomas Aquinas, Henry of Ghent, Thomas of Bailly, Adam Wodeham and Gregory of Rimini. (shrink)

According to psychological constructivism, emotions result from projecting folk emotion concepts onto felt affective episodes (e.g., Barrett 2017, LeDoux 2015, Russell 2004). Moreover, while constructivists acknowledge there’s a biological dimension to emotion, they deny that emotions are (or involve) affect programs. So they also deny that emotions are natural kinds. However, the essential role constructivism gives to felt experience and folk concepts leads to an account that’s extensionally inadequate and functionally inaccurate. Moreover, biologically-oriented proposals that reject these commitments are not (...) similarly encumbered. Recognizing this has two implications: biological mechanisms are more central to emotion than constructivism allows, and the conclusion that emotions aren’t natural kinds is premature. (shrink)

Recently, Lisa Feldman Barrett and colleagues have introduced the Theory of Constructed Emotions (TCE), in which emotions are constituted by a process of categorizing the self as being in an emotional state. The view, however, has several counterintuitive implications: for instance, a person can have multiple distinct emotions at once. Further, the TCE concludes that emotions are constitutively social phenomena. In this article, I explicate the TCE*, which, while substantially similar to the TCE, makes several distinct claims aimed at avoiding (...) the counterintuitive implications plaguing the TCE. Further, because of the changes that comprise the TCE*, emotions are not constitutively social phenomena. (shrink)

Norms are standards against which actions, dispositions of mind and character, states of affairs and so forth can be measured. They also govern our behaviour, make claims on us, bind us and provide reasons for action and thought that motivate us. J. L. Mackie argued that the intrinsic prescriptivity, or to-be-pursuedness, of moral norms would make them utterly unlike anything else that we know of. Therefore, we should favour an error theory of morality. Mackie thought that the to-be-pursuedness would have (...) to be built into mind-independent moral reality. One alternative, however, is that the to-be-pursuedness is built into our faculty of moral sensibility. There is a large body of empirical evidence demonstrating that the emotions play a central role in making moral judgments. I shall argue that this helps to explain how normative judgments are reliably and non-accidentally related to motivation. I shall also argue that emotional experience has the right structure and properties to provide us with a defeasible warrant for normative knowledge. The role of the emotions in our moral psychology does not obviously support anti-realism. Rather, emotional experience can be intentional, evaluative, evaluable, and quasi-perceptual. This makes emotional experience a plausible candidate for constituting a non-queer faculty of moral sensibility. (shrink)

While there is ongoing debate about the existence of basic emotions and about their status as natural kinds, these debates usually carry on under the assumption that BEs are encapsulated from cognition and that this is one of the criteria that separates the products of evolution from the products of culture and experience. I aim to show that this assumption is entirely unwarranted, that there is empirical evidence against it, and that evolutionary theory itself should not lead us to expect (...) that cognitive encapsulation marks the distinction between basic and higher cognitive emotions. Finally, I draw out the implications of these claims for debates about the existence of basic emotions in humans. (shrink)

Discusses Ovid's reception of contemporary theories of emotions and emotion therapy in the Remedia Amoris, his didactic elegy on Cures of Love.

In this article I want to create a presumption in favor of a nonreductive analysis of emotional phenomenology. The presumption relies on the claim that none of the nonemotional elements which are usually regarded as constitutive of emotional phenomenology may reasonably be considered responsible for the evaluative character of the latter. In section 1 I suggest this is true of cognitive elements, arguing that so-called ‘evaluative’ judgments usually result from emotional, evaluative attitudes, and should not be conflated with them. In (...) section 2 I argue the same holds true for conative attitudes. And in section 3 I briefly mention some salient aspects of the version of nonreductive analysis I lean toward. (shrink)

Many cultural variations in emotions have been documented in previous research, but a general theoretical framework involving cultural sources of these variations is still missing. The main goal of the present study was to determine what components of cultural complexity interact with the emotional experience and behavior of individuals. The proposed framework conceptually distinguishes five main components of cultural complexity relating to emotions: 1) emotion language, 2) conceptual knowledge about emotions, 3) emotion-related values, 4) feelings rules, i.e. norms for subjective (...) experience, and 5) display rules, i.e. norms for emotional expression. (shrink)

This paper argues that Deonna and Teroni's attitudinal theory of emotions faces two serious problems. The first is that their master argument fails to establish the central tenet of the theory, namely, that the formal objects of emotions do not feature in the content of emotions. The second is that the attitudinal theory itself is vulnerable to a dilemma. By pointing out these problems, our paper provides indirect support to the main competitor of the attitudinal theory, namely, the perceptual theory (...) of emotions. (shrink)

It is sometimes alleged that the study of emotion and the study of value are currently pursued as relatively autonomous disciplines. As Kevin Mulligan notes, “the philosophy and psychology of emotions pays little attention to the philosophy of value and the latter pays only a little more attention to the former.” (2010b, 475). Arguably, the last decade has seen more of a rapprochement between these two domains than used to be the norm (cf. e.g. Roeser & Todd 2014). But there (...) still seems to be considerable potential for exchange and dialogue if the situation is compared with their intimate relationship in central strands of early realist phenomenology. The philosopher perhaps most representative of this ecumenical approach is Husserl’s early student Dietrich von Hildebrand (1889-1977). From the very early stages of his philosophical career, Hildebrand has developed one of the most original, comprehensive and nuanced accounts of emotions at whose core is a detailed examination of their connection to value. While his central concern with the ethical significance of our affective life is in many ways continuous with Scheler’s work and draws crucially on Reinach’s philosophy of mind, Hildebrand’s own reflections considerably expand on and substantially modify the picture of the ontology and normative role of emotions defended by these authors. In this article, I reconstruct Hildebrand’s view of emotions with a particular focus on those aspects which represent his most distinctive contribution to this subject. (shrink)

This book is about the various forms of anxiety—some familiar, some not—that color and shape our lives. The objective is two-fold. The first aim is to deepen our understanding of what anxiety is. The second aim is to re-orient thinking about the role of emotions in moral psychology and ethical theory. Here I argue that the current focus on backward looking moral emotions like guilt and shame leaves us with a picture that is badly incomplete. To get a better understanding (...) of emotions’ place in the moral and evaluative domains, we must take note of the important role that forward looking emotions—anxiety in particular—play in moral thought and action. (shrink)

Narrative thinking -- Narrative thinking about one's past -- Grief : a case study -- Narrative thinking about one's future -- Self-forgiveness : a case study -- The narrative sense of self -- Narrative, truth, life, and fiction.

I join the growing ranks of theorists who reject the terms of traditional debates about the nature of emotion, debates that have long focused on the question of whether emotions should be understood as either cognitive or somatic kinds of states. Here, I propose and defend a way of incorporating both into a single theory, which I label the “Integrated Representational Theory” of emotion. In Section 2 I begin to construct the theory, defining and explaining emotions in terms of three (...) pieces of content: representations of the emoter’s body, something in the world, and a relevance relation between the objects of these first two pieces of content. I describe four general advantages I think the IRT offers. Finally, in Section 3, I elucidate and defend my account by contrasting it with another, similar proposal: Barlassina and Newen’s Impure Somatic Theory. In so doing, I explain two additional advantages of my view: first, it supports a unified explanation of all types of emotional response; and second, it offers the best framework for explaining how the representational contents of an emotion are integrated. (shrink)

It is popular to hold that emotions are evaluative. On the standard account, the evaluative character of emotion is understood in epistemic terms: emotions apprehend or make us aware of value properties. As this account is commonly elaborated, emotions are experiences with evaluative intentional content. In this paper, I am concerned with a recent alternative proposal on how emotions afford awareness of value. This proposal does not ascribe evaluative content to emotions, but instead conceives of them as evaluative at the (...) level of intentional mode or attitude. I first argue that this proposal fails to make emotions intelligible as value apprehensions. There are reasons to suppose that emotions do not apprehend value to begin with, but are related to values in a different, non-epistemic sense. I then go on to show that the notion of an evaluative intentional mode can still help elucidate the evaluative character of emotion. I argue that there is a plausible non-epistemic understanding of the view that emotions are evaluative modes. On this account, emotions are not ways of apprehending values, but ways of acknowledging values. (shrink)

It is a popular thought that emotions play an important epistemic role. Thus, a considerable number of philosophers find it compelling to suppose that emotions apprehend the value of objects and events in our surroundings. I refer to this view as the Epistemic View of emotion. In this paper, my concern is with a rivaling picture of emotion, which has so far received much less attention. On this account, emotions do not constitute a form of epistemic access to specific axiological (...) aspects of their objects. Instead it proposes that they are ways of taking a stand or position on the world. I refer to this as the Position-Taking View of emotion. Whilst some authors seem sympathetic to this view, this it has so far not been systematically motivated and elaborated. In this paper, I fill this gap and propose a more adequate account of our emotional engagement with the world than the predominant epistemic paradigm. I start by highlighting the specific way in which emotions are directed at something, which I contrast with the intentionality of perception and other forms of apprehension. I then go on to offer a specific account of the valence of emotion and show how this account and the directedness of emotions makes them intelligible as a way of taking a position on something. (shrink)

Prior used our emotions to argue that tensed language cannot be translated by tenseless language. However, it is widely accepted that Mellor and MacBeath have shown that our emotions do not imply the existence of tensed facts. I criticise this orthodoxy. There is a natural and plausible view of the appropriateness of emotions which in combination with Prior’s argument implies the existence of tensed facts. The Mellor/MacBeath position does nothing to upset this natural view and therefore is not sufficient to (...) block one drawing conclusions for the metaphysics of time from the nature of our emotions. (shrink)

This is the first study dedicated to Montaigne's philosophy of the passions. It presents the wisdom of the Essays in a new light. Theoretically original, Montaigne’s anthropology of the passions has a great impact on modern philosophers as Descartes and Hobbes.

Can we feel emotions about abstract objects, assuming that abstract objects exist? I argue that at least some emotions can have abstract objects as their intentional objects and discuss why this conclusion is not just trivially true. Through critical engagement with the work of Dacher Keltner and Jonathan Haidt, I devote special attention to awe, an emotion that is particularly well suited to show that some emotions can be about either concrete or abstract objects. In responding to a possible objection, (...) according to which we can only feel emotions about things that we take to matter to our flourishing, and thus cannot feel emotions about causally inefficacious abstract objects, I explore how abstract objects can be relevant to human flourishing and discuss someemotions other than awe that can be about abstract objects. I finish by explaining somereasons why my conclusion matters, including the fact that it presents a challenge to perceptual theories of emotion and causal theories of intentionality. (shrink)