Dans cet article, j’examine comment des philosophes tels que Frege, Whitehead, Quine et Wittgenstein recourent, chacun à leur manière, à l’expérience de traduction pour aborder les épineuses questions du sens et de la relation pensée/langage. Alors qu’à partir des xviie et xviiie siècles la philosophie commence à s’écrire dans les langues nationales, rompant avec le « monolinguisme » hérité du logos grec de ses origines, la question du relativisme linguistique ne pouvait que conduire à celle plus cruciale encore du relativisme (...) conceptuel. Je m’attarde tout particulièrement sur la manière dont Quine et Wittgenstein ont tenté de sortir du paradoxe de l’unicité/universalité de la pensée et de la diversité de l’expression de celle-ci. J’indique également ce qui constitue pour moi la spécificité et les exigences de la traduction du texte philosophique. (shrink)

Le Social Science Translation Project a vu le jour à l'initiative de l'American Council of Learned Societies. Il constitue une expérience unique dans son genre et a réuni des traducteurs, des chercheurs en sciences sociales, des éditeurs et des journalistes venus de Chine, de France, de Russie et des États-Unis. Ce projet a donné naissance à une série de « recommandations » qui attirent l'attention des éditeurs et des chercheurs sur la complexité du processus de traduction et sur les précautions (...) à prendre lorsqu'il s'agit de traduire des textes de sciences humaines. Il constitue également une sorte d'antidote à l'hégémonie de l'anglais, et dans cette optique, encourage la traduction à partir d'autres langues que l'anglais, tout en recommandant vivement aux chercheurs d'écrire dans leur propre langue.The Social Science Translation Project was created at the initiative of the American Council of Learned Societies. It is a unique experience of its kind, bringing together translators, social scientists, publishers and journalists from China, France, Russia and the United States. This project has spawned a series of "recommendations" that attract the attention of editors and researchers on the complexity of the translation process and the precautions to take when it comes to translating texts in the humanities. It is also a kind of antidote to the hegemony of English, and in this regard encourages the translation from other languages ​​than English, while urging researchers write in their own language. (shrink)

When reading contemporary theories of distributive justice, one could easily get the impression that questions of fiscal design are normatively speaking merely instrumental for realizing the distributive ideal. Once the overall conception of justice is settled upon, questions of how the state should arrange its institutions and policies are settled if they effectively and efficiently promote the preferred distribution. I argue that such pure instrumentalism is mistaken in the context of fiscal policy. As a result, there is nothing problematic or (...) morally arbitrary about accepting domain-specific principles of fiscal justice. (shrink)

Face à l'ampleur des crises écologique et énergétique, de la montée des inégalités sociales, la sobriété est désormais inévitable. L'idée, pourtant, n'est pas neuve: de l'éthique personnelle promue par les philosophes antiques à la tempérance comme vertu théologale chrétienne, l'histoire de la sobriété plonge loin ses racines dans les sociétés de subsistance. Mais qu'en est-il dans nos sociétés d'abondance récente désormais sous contrainte écologique? Pour Bruno Villalba, il manque encore à la sobriété de devenir politique. Loin de consister simplement (...) en l'élargissement d'une éthique personnelle, les politiques de sobriété impliquent de réviser en profondeur les conditions de bien-être de notre société matérialiste et hédoniste. Faire le choix de la sobriété, c'est aussi assumer ses conséquences. Mais sommes-nous réellement prêts à renoncer à un imaginaire de l'abondance, de la consommation généralisée, de l'extension du pouvoir d'achat, et à adapter notre liberté aux limites planétaires?"--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Infectious logics are systems that have a truth-value that is assigned to a compound formula whenever it is assigned to one of its components. This paper studies four-valued infectious logics as the basis of transparent theories of truth. This take is motivated as a way to treat different pathological sentences differently, namely, by allowing some of them to be truth-value gluts and some others to be truth-value gaps and as a way to treat the semantic pathology suffered by at least (...) some of these sentences as infectious. This leads us to consider four distinct four-valued logics: one where truth-value gaps are infectious, but gluts are not; one where truth-value gluts are infectious, but gaps are not; and two logics where both gluts and gaps are infectious, in some sense. Additionally, we focus on the proof theory of these systems, by offering a discussion of two related topics. On the one hand, we prove some limitations regarding the possibility of providing standard Gentzen sequent calculi for these systems, by dualizing and extending some recent results for infectious logics. On the other hand, we provide sound and complete four-sided sequent calculi, arguing that the most important technical and philosophical features taken into account to usually prefer standard calculi are, indeed, enjoyed by the four-sided systems. (shrink)

Dans Risking together, Bryan et Rafferty pensent à la manière de la finance comportementale, mais ils pensent contre elle et inventent la Marxian behavioural finance. Ils montrent en quoi les ménages, amenés à penser à la manière de la finance dans leur vie quotidienne, sont devenus malgré eux un acteur clé du processus de production des produits dérivés. Les ménages sont désormais intégrés à la finance du côté offre, par la titrisation de leur dette mais aussi de leurs paiements, et (...) du côté demande par leur épargne. Il convient alors de préciser les enjeux systémiques de la boucle financière dans laquelle s’insèrent désormais les ménages, devenus collectivement absorbeurs nets de risque. Face à la toute-puissance d’une finance qui transfère les risques aux ménages, s’impose désormais l’institutionnalisation sociale du risque de défaut. (shrink)

O texto a seguir está dividido em quatro momentos articulados em torno de um diálogo com a teoria do reconhecimento social. No primeiro momento, procuro revisar os textos políticos de Kant com o objetivo de rediscutir alguns conceitos balizadores do que virá a ser a teoria do reconhecimento social. Conceitos como Natureza, sociabilidade insociável, a noção de liberdade em Kant, serão centrais para repensar o berço da teoria do reconhecimento e as justificações teóricas que amarram a utopia da paz perpétua. (...) No segundo movimento, restauro a crítica da primeira geração da Escola de Frankfurt ao idealismo iluminista, centrando as análises na _Dialética do Esclarecimento _de Adorno e Horkheimer. É central, a compreensão do iluminismo como totalitarismo sistêmico, e, nossa investigação circulará esse ponto teórico recobrindo a obra e o retrospecto da discussão entre teoria crítica e projeto iluminista. No terceiro momento do texto, pontuo os principais elementos da escrita honnethiana, mais especificamente sua releitura dos escritos hegelianos de Jena, demonstrando como a _luta por reconhecimento_ é herdeira das imagens kantianas da razão pura-prática. Finalmente, elaboramos uma interpretação de _The End of Progress _de Amy Allen, que estabelece sólido terreno crítico à teoria do reconhecimento social, imaginando mecanismos teóricos para o desenlace dos problemas contidos nessa análise já tão celebradas pelas humanidades. (shrink)

Alors que l’économie politique du développement a été proclamée morte et enterrée il y a trente ans, notamment par Paul Krugman, la parution récente de l’ouvrage de Cramer, Sender et Oqubay montre qu’il n’en est rien. Après avoir retracé les termes du reflux relatif de l’économie politique du développement, initiée par Hirschman, au profit du mainstream porté par le consensus de Washington durant les années 1980, ce texte souligne la richesse, tant en termes de contenu que de méthode, d’une approche (...) qui privilégie le pluralisme méthodologique, l’historicité et une vision systémique des questions de développement. Il analyse de manière critique la façon dont l’État est vu comme l’agent clé de la stratégie de développement, et présente le cadre analytique qui permet à une politique industrielle de prétendre à la transformation structurelle. La question de l’insertion dans la division internationale du travail est au cœur des débats car la voie est étroite entre, d’une part, une adaptation passive en fonction des dotations factorielles et, d’autre part, une volonté de déconnexion qui ne permet pas d’acquérir une véritable autonomie productive. (shrink)

A consciência dos animais é um tema marginal na história da filosofia ocidental. Algunsautores, no entanto, aventuraram-se em desbravar a temática. O mais paradigmático representantedessa tradição, René Descartes, erigia nos anos de 1630 um debate acerca da insensibilidade animalque perduraria por toda a modernidade. Quatro séculos mais tarde, o filósofo alemão Hans Jonasdesignaria a ciência materialista como a herdeira mais bem-sucedida do dualismo cartesiano. QueDescartes tenha exercido tamanha influência sobre a ciência moderna, contudo, não é um pontopacífico. Teria Jonas recorrido (...) em uma leitura equivocada de Descartes ao atribuir ao filósofo francês apaternidade do materialismo? A fim de responder essa indagação, realiza-se uma pesquisa bibliográficade caráter analítico, cujas fontes principais giram em torno dos textos cartesianos, bem como da análisejonasiana do dualismo. Desse modo, o presente artigo analisa a visão jonasiana da tese da bestamáquina através de um escrutínio de sua argumentação e das referências diretas dos escritos deDescartes. (shrink)

It is commonly assumed that blameworthiness is epistemically constrained. If one lacks sufficient epistemic access to the fact that some action harms another, then one cannot be blamed for harming. Acceptance of an epistemic condition for blameworthiness can give rise to a worry, however: could agents ever successfully evade blameworthiness by deliberately stunting their epistemic position? I discuss a particularly worrisome version of such epistemic shirking, in which agents pre-emptively seek to avoid access to potentially morally relevant facts. As Roy (...) Sorensen and Jan Willem Wieland have argued, we seem to be faced with a potentially troubling regress when trying to explain what goes wrong in such situations. I argue that the solution to this so-called Shirker Problem is not to be found in complicated and demanding anti-shirking-principles with universal scope and potentially self-reflexive content. Instead, careful consideration of the necessary motivational make-up of genuine shirkers reveals their ignorance to lack the necessary depth to be exculpatory. Since shirkers by definition react to the possibility of the revelation of morally relevant facts with acts of epistemic self-limitation, they necessarily prove guilty of a form of culpable moral recklessness. Epistemic shirking thus does not pose a worrisome problem for ethical theory. (shrink)

O pensamento de Leibniz foi, sem dúvida, essencial para o desenvolvimento das linhas fundamentais da filosofia crítico-transcendental de Kant. A interlocução entre Kant e Leibniz é evidente no decorrer do pensamento kantiano, seja diretamente, nos diversos momentos em que Kant busca um enfrentamento explícito com seu predecessor, seja indiretamente, quando Kant discute com os autores da escolástica alemã que são considerados discípulos de Leibniz Pretendo observar, em particular, que uma das discussões pouco noticiadas, mas de grande relevância para o desenvolvimento (...) do pensamento kantiano, é aquela em relação ao problema da teodiceia. Com isso em foco, meu objetivo nesse capítulo é o de tentar mostrar alguns aspectos do diálogo de Kant com a teodiceia de Leibniz. Primeiro, apresentarei alguns aspectos da teodiceia de Leibniz. Depois, mostrarei o tratamento que Kant dispensa ao problema da teodiceia em alguns de seus escritos iniciais. Por fim, apresentarei o seu tratamento no período crítico, da maneira como se expõe em um artigo de 1791 intitulado Sobre o Fracasso de todas as Tentativas Filosóficas na Teodiceia. De modo complementar, ao abordar o problema no período crítico, farei algumas remissões às três Críticas, às Lições sobre a Doutrina Filosófica da Religião de 1783/84, às Lições de Ética e à Religião nos Limites da Simples Razão de 1793. (shrink)

Working on the assumption that ideas are embedded in socio-technical arrangements which actualize them, this essay sheds light on the way the Open Method of Co-ordination (OMC) achieves the Lisbon strategic goal: to become the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world . Rather than framing the issue in utilitarian terms, it focuses attention on quantified indicators, comparable statistics and common targets resulting from the increasing practice of intergovernmental benchmarking, in order to tackle the following questions: how does (...) the OMC go about co-ordinating Member States through the benchmarking of national policies? And to what extent does this managerial device impact the path of European construction? Beyond the ideological and discursive construction of the competitive imperative, this technology of government transforms it into an indefinite discipline (Foucault) which constantly urges decision-makers to hit the top of the charts. This contribution thus argues that the practice of intergovernmental benchmarking is far from being neutral in purpose and effect. On the contrary, it lays the foundation for building a competitive Europe which unites Member States through competition. (shrink)

Using a metacontrast masking paradigm, prior studies have shown that a target’s color information and form information, can be processed without awareness and that unconscious color processing occurs at early, wavelength-dependent levels in the cortical information processing hierarchy. Here we used a combination of paracontrast and metacontrast masking techniques to explore unconscious color and form priming effects produced by blue, green, and neutral stimuli. We found that color priming in normal observers is significantly reduced when an additional paracontrast mask precedes (...) the target at optimal masking SOAs. However, no reduction of form-priming effects was obtained at similar optimal paracontrast SOAs. We conclude that unconscious color priming depends on an early, wavelength- or stimulus-dependent response of color neurons located at early cortical levels whereas unconscious form priming occurs at later levels. (shrink)

The goal of this study is to characterize observers’ abilities to discriminate between endogenous and exogenous changes. To do so, we developed a new experimental paradigm. On each trial, participants were shown a dot pattern on the screen. Next, the pattern disappeared and participants were to reproduce it. Changes were surreptuously introduced in the stimulus, either by presenting participants anew with the dot pattern they had themselves produced on the previous trial or by presenting participants with a slightly different dot (...) pattern . We analyzed awareness of the changes and behavioral adaptation to them in a dynamical manner. We observe signal attenuation in the presence of endogenous change, dissociation between self-attribution reports and behavioral effect of agency. We discuss the source of this sensitive attenuation as well as the relation between a minimal or core self and an extended, narrative or autobiographical self. (shrink)

We study two notions of definability for classes of relational structures based on modal extensions of Łukasiewicz finitely-valued logics. The main results of the paper are the equivalent of the Goldblatt-Thomason theorem for these notions of definability.

Susan Pockett presents sound arguments supporting her reinterpretations of data that Libet and co-workers used to support a number of intriguing and influential conclusions regarding the microgenesis and timing of conscious sensory experience and volitionally controlled motor responses. The following analysis, extending and elaborating some of her main arguments, proposes that Libet's experimental methodologies and rationales, and thus also his interpretation of data, are flawed and that neglect or ignorance of methodological and empirical constraints well known to sensory psychologists risks (...) drawing premature or faulty conclusions about the timing of conscious experience. (shrink)

In this paper, we develop a duality for the varieties of a Łukasiewicz n + 1-valued modal System. This duality is an extension of Stone duality for modal algebras. Some logical consequences (such as completeness results, correspondence theory...) are then derived and we propose some ideas for future research.

Ανέκδοτα ψηφίσματα από τη Λάρισσα (3) Συνεχίζοντας τις δΰο προηγούμενες δημοσιεύσεις που αφορούσαν σε ψηφίσματα της Λάρισσας (BCH 128-129 (2005), p. 377-417 ; BCH 130 (2006) [20081, Ρ· 435-483), παρουσιάζουμε εδώ μια τρίτη στήλη, η οποία φέρει τρία κείμενα: δύο ψηφίσματα της Λάρισσας, που ψηφίστηκαν κατά τη διάρκεια της στρατηγείας του Παυσανία, υιού του Θρασυμήδη από τις Φέρες (περίπου 130/129 π. Χ.), το ένα για έναν Αθηναίο φιλόσοφο και το άλλο για τρεις πολίτες της Κω· ένα τρίτο ψήφισμα προέρχεται από (...) τη Συνομοσπονδία των Μολοσσών και ανταμοίβει δικαστές από τη Λάρισσα, οι οποίοι εστάλησαν στην Ήπειρο για να διαιτητεύσουν σε μια διαμάχη μεταξύ Μολοσσών και Ακαρνάνων. Τα κείμενα αυτά, γραμμένα σε θεσσαλική διάλεκτο, η οποία την εποχή εκείνη χρησίμευε στη μεταγραφή εγγράφων της καγκελλαρίας των ελληνιστικών πόλεων σε μια γλώσσα που χάνει προοδευτικά τη συνοχή και την ιδιομορφία της και καταλήγει να διατηρεί μόνο μια «θεσσαλίζουσα» απόχρωση, έχουν αξία για την ιστορία της Λάρισσας, αφού αναφέρονται στην πνευματική ζωή και σε ορισμένες εκφάνσεις των πολιτικών ή οικονομικών δραστηριοτήτων των Λαρισσαίων στο δεύτερο μισό του 2ου αι. π. Χ. (shrink)

The first comprehensive study of the roots of the concept of genius in Kant's understanding of nature and his notion of the artist.

Recent events and popularized stereotypes call into question the ethics of salesperson behaviors. Although prior research demonstrates that salespeople’s emotional exhaustion can have negative consequences for several job outcomes, little is known about the factors that can mitigate such relationships—particularly the relationship between emotional exhaustion and ethical behavior. To remedy this knowledge gap, we draw from self-control theory to propose a novel theoretical framework and develop hypotheses. These hypotheses are tested on a unique dataset consisting of survey data collected from (...) 123 matched business-to-business salesperson–manager dyads. The findings reveal that emotional exhaustion is negatively associated with sales performance, emotional exhaustion is negatively associated with ethical behaviors, ethical behaviors are positively associated with sales performance, ethical behaviors mediate emotional exhaustion’s negative effect on sales performance, perceived supervisor support attenuates the negative association between emotional exhaustion and ethical behaviors, and contrary to expectations, grit strengthens the negative association between emotional exhaustion and ethical behaviors. As we show here, perceived supervisor support may attenuate the undesirable effects of emotional exhaustion on ethical behaviors and sales performance. The article’s broader contribution thus lies in its suggestion that managers pay special attention to these factors. Moreover, factors such as grit can have unexpected and undesirable influences; therefore, we draw attention to the importance of scrutinizing these interactions, even when the factors involved are almost universally touted as beneficial. Theoretical and practical implications of the research are discussed. (shrink)

En plus de caractériser le sujet de la science logique en termes d’intention seconde, d’argument et de syllogisme, Albert le Grand s’exprime souvent comme si la discipline portait en fait sur le langage verbal et l’appelle même une science du langage (scientia sermocinalis). Une rapide analyse des trois sens principaux que l’expression « sujet de la science » peut prendre pour Albert suggère que les autres caractérisations du sujet de la logique sont plus strictes et essentielles, et que la logique (...) n’étudie le langage que dans la mesure où il imite les choses conçues qu’il signifie, et qu’on peut lui attribuer, comme à un signe, leurs propriétés logiques. La considération logique du langage demeure toutefois absolument nécessaire, car le langage, selon Albert, non seulement rend possible l’étude des intentions secondes en les manifestant au sens, mais est aussi une condition de l’existence ou, à tout le moins, du développement du discours de la raison lui-même. C’est pour de telles raisons qu’Albert, même comme disciple d’Avicenne, semble tout à fait à l’aise pour suivre l’usage plus traditionnel en Occident de compter la logique parmi les scientiae sermocinales, lesquelles sont ici comparées et distinguées, avec une insistance plus particulière sur la relation entre la logique et la grammaire. (shrink)