El modernismo es una teoría de la relación del arte con su medio, y en ningún lugar se ve esto más claro que en el pensamiento de Clement Greenberg. Greenberg fue probablemente el crítico de arte más influyente del siglo xx, uno de los responsables del reconocimiento del impresionismo abstracto y de la pintura de campos de color, así como del desplazamiento del centro del mundo del arte desde París a Nueva York. Su práctica como crítico de arte estaba, además, (...) fundada en una ambiciosa teoría del modernismo artístico y, en particular, pictórico. “Towards a Newer Laocoön”, aparecido originalmente en 1940 y que se publica aquí por primera vez en español, forma parte del puñado de ensayos imprescindibles para comprender su pensamiento estético. (shrink)

Na filosofia de Aristóteles, o sentimento de amizade apresenta uma ambivalência com as emoções de rivalidade (philotimia) como a cólera (orgê) e a emulação (zêlos). Neste sentido, este artigo tem como objetivo principal refletir sobre os aspectos emocionais que envolvem a noção de amizade, visando aprofundar a relação entre as emoções de rivalidade e as categorias do desejo em Aristóteles. A produtividade dessas reflexões, aponta que o modo como as diversas relações sociais e a construção do conhecimento desenvolvido, também são (...) emocionais, fato que expõem como condição necessária para o desenvolvimento de aspectos vinculados a formação humana. (shrink)

Newcomers and more experienced feminist theorists will welcome this even-handed survey of the care/justice debate within feminist ethics. Grace Clement clarifies the key terms, examines the arguments and assumptions of all sides to the debate, and explores the broader implications for both practical and applied ethics. Readers will appreciate her generous treatment of the feminine, feminist, and justice-based perspectives that have dominated the debate.Clement also goes well beyond description and criticism, advancing the discussion through the incorporation of a broad range (...) of insights into a new integration of the values of care and justice. Care, Autonomy, and Justice marks a major step forward in our understanding of feminist ethics. It is both direct and helpful enough to work as an introduction for students and insightful and original enough to make it necessary reading for scholars. (shrink)

SOUSA, Mateus Oliveira. Ética e religião no horizonte das Diretrizes Gerais da Ação Evangelizadora da CNBB 1975-2015. 2016. Dissertação - Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Religião, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte.

Este artigo tem como objetivo apontar algumas relações entre a teoria do reconhecimento de Hegel e a teoria psicológica de Vygotsky. Aqui serão apresentadas duas hipóteses. A primeira é que Vygotsky foi profundamente influenciado por Hegel. Esse fato da obra vygotskyana não é muito destacado por seus intérpretes, mas pode ser confirmado nos próprios textos do autor. Uma segunda hipótese: a estrutura teórica desenvolvida por Vygotsky está vinculada ao quadro teórico do reconhecimento elaborado por Hegel. Analisaremos algumas passagens das obras (...) dos dois teóricos que evidenciam as hipóteses levantadas. (shrink)

How can probabilities make sense in a deterministic many-worlds theory? We address two facets of this problem: why should rational agents assign subjective probabilities to branching events, and why should branching events happen with relative frequencies matching their objective probabilities. To address the first question, we generalise the Deutsch–Wallace theorem to a wide class of many-world theories, and show that the subjective probabilities are given by a norm that depends on the dynamics of the theory: the 2-norm in the usual (...) Many-Worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, and the 1-norm in a classical many-worlds theory known as Kent’s universe. To address the second question, we show that if one takes the objective probability of an event to be the proportion of worlds in which this event is realised, then in most worlds the relative frequencies will approximate well the objective probabilities. This suggests that the task of determining the objective probabilities in a many-worlds theory reduces to the task of determining how to assign a measure to the worlds. (shrink)

The concept of corporal image includes how own body, taking into account their constituent parts, as well as the feelings related the those characteristics. The entrance in academica life provokes alterations in the feeding behavior, and the exposition to the new social environment they can bring as consequence an increase in dissatisfaction. Objective: To investigate the satisfaction with the body image and eating behavior of academics at a university center. Methods: For data collection, the following instruments were used. The evaluation (...) was performed with anthropometric measurements, as size and weight measurements. In order to diagnose the nutritional status, the body mass index was used. In order to evaluate the study variables; we used the Body Checking questionnaires Questionnaire. Male Body Checking Questionnaire, Body Shape Questionnaire and EAT-26. Results: According to the Body Mass Index, the female gender had a higher rate of adequacy (70.4%), in relation to the masculine (58,9%). The EAT-26 questionnaire showed that 85% of male engineering students presented risk for Feeding Disorders, in relation to the female psychology (89.8%). Conclusion: In terms of feeding behavior, the women scored higher than men, which suggests a higher susceptibility to Feeding Disorders development in men. (shrink)

Já em 1921, Freud inaugurou uma abordagem que considera a psicologia das massas como extensão das experiências individuais, célebre pela afirmação de que toda psicologia é, em última análise, social. Tal perspectiva seria reapropriada por Adorno, que desdobrou a posição freudiana ao situar as massas como um agente decisivo a partir do estágio industrial do capitalismo. Diante do valor deste diálogo, o presente trabalho adotou como objetivo uma análise da reapropriação feita por Adorno da psicologia das massas tal como preconizada (...) por Freud. Mediante uma obrigatória referência a Psicologia das Massas e Análise do Eu, de Freud, delineou a trajetória do conceito de massa ao longo da obra de Adorno até a culminância de uma psicologia social analiticamente orientada. Em termos conclusivos, aposta que as condições que levam o indivíduo a “ser” massa são relativas à objetividade social que promove a irracionalidade mediante a mercantilização e reificação das relações sociais. (shrink)

In November 1996, Catherine Clément and Julia Kristeva began a correspondence exploring the subject of the sacred. In this collection of those letters Catherine Clément approaches the topic from an anthropologist's point of view while Julia Kristeva responds from a psychoanalytic perspective. Their correspondence leads them to a controversial and fundamental question: is there anything sacred that can at the same time be considered strictly feminine? The two voices of the book work in tandem, fleshing out ideas and blending together (...) into a melody of experience. The result is a dialogue that delves into the mysteries of belief -- the relationship between faith and sexuality, the body and the senses -- which, Clément and Kristeva argue, women feel with special intensity. Although their discourse is not necessarily about theology, the authors consider the role of women and femininity in the religions of the world, from Christianity and Judaism to Confucianism and African animism. They are the first to admit that what they have undertaken is "as impossible to accomplish as it is fascinating." Nevertheless, their wide-ranging and exhilarating dialogue succeeds in raising questions that are perhaps more important to ask than to answer. (shrink)

ABSTRACT This article aims at comparing the philosophies of language of Bakhtin and Wittgenstein. The main problem to be addressed is how these two authors thought the idea that linguistic meaning necessarily has an intersubjective nature. To this end, the article will address the Wittgensteinian “private language argument,” as discussed in Philosophical Investigations, particularly in §258, and the Bakhtinian thesis of the “dialogical orientation of discourse,” as discussed at the beginning of chapter 2 of Discourse in the Novel. RESUMO Esse (...) artigo propõe fazer uma comparação entre as filosofias da linguagem de Bakhtin e de Wittgenstein. Em particular, nos interessará a pergunta sobre como esses dois filósofos pensaram a ideia de que o significado linguístico tem necessariamente uma natureza intersubjetiva. Para isso, serão abordados o argumento wittgensteiniano contra a linguagem privada, como discutido nasInvestigações filosóficas, em particular em §258, e a tese bakhtiniana da orientação dialógica do discurso, como discutida no início do capítulo 2 d’O discurso no romance. (shrink)

Some authors of Jurisprudence, especially Michel Villey, tried to present what they thought to be the aristotelic theory of justice, grounding in it their own theories. To Villey, pecifically, “the right” would be the correct translation of the Greek to dikaion. To defend, based on Aristotle, a conception of the just that refuses subjective elements of a theory of action is an error. And this error lies in ignoring a redefinition of to dikaion made by Aristotle in Chapter 9 of (...) Book V of Nicomachean Ethics. There, Aristotle adds to the objective conditions of the just and the unjust (EN V, 1-7) some subjective conditions referring to person who suffers the action. Only after correctly understanding these conditions we will be able to correctly understand the aristotelic theory of justice. As Villey and other authors ignore it, they err interpreting Aristotle and using him to found their own theories. (shrink)

RESUMO Esse artigo propõe fazer uma comparação entre as filosofias da linguagem de Bakhtin e de Wittgenstein. Em particular, nos interessará a pergunta sobre como esses dois filósofos pensaram a ideia de que o significado linguístico tem necessariamente uma natureza intersubjetiva. Para isso, serão abordados o argumento wittgensteiniano contra a linguagem privada, como discutido nasInvestigações filosóficas, em particular em §258, e a tese bakhtiniana da orientação dialógica do discurso, como discutida no início do capítulo 2 d’O discurso no romance. ABSTRACT (...) This article aims at comparing the philosophies of language of Bakhtin and Wittgenstein. The main problem to be addressed is how these two authors thought the idea that linguistic meaning necessarily has an intersubjective nature. To this end, the article will address the Wittgensteinian “private language argument,” as discussed in Philosophical Investigations, particularly in §258, and the Bakhtinian thesis of the “dialogical orientation of discourse,” as discussed at the beginning of chapter 2 of Discourse in the Novel. (shrink)

Phenomenology, Sociology, Hermeneutics and Psychoanalysis have accumulated different methods and knowledge on the imaginary. Nevertheless, the crucial connection between the social imagining and communication has not always been truly examined. In this article, we take the imaginary (seen as a symbolic thought of images) and communication (seen as a process of symbolic reproduction) as correlated notions, and work upon a communicational matrix of the imaginary. We emphasize three key elements of the imaginary: by pointing to the verbal-iconic, technical and mediatized (...) dimensions we will be paying special attention to the media imaginary and the effects of its commemorative logic to the propagation of public imaginaries. (shrink)

Through the use of such "folk" concepts as belief, desire, intention, and expectation, Daniel Dennett asserts in this first full scale presentation of...

Neste artigo, apresentamos algumas experiências realizadas na disciplina de Estágio Supervisionado em Educação Infantil I, do curso de Pedagogia da UNIVATES, no qual investigou-se as possibilidades de conciliar a funcionalidade do espaço da sala de aula dos bebês com objetivos pedagógicos. Os dados foram obtidos mediante a realização de filmagens, fotografias e do uso de Diário de Campo. Observa-se que buscar contemplar na sala de aula de Educação Infantil os interesses e necessidades das crianças e dos adultos, exige dos docentes (...) uma escuta sensível do que as crianças manifestam, bem como, a criação de novos materiais e uso de diferentes estratégias a fim de garantir a multissensorialidade do espaço. (shrink)

Thanks to his unsurpassed eye and his fearless willingness to take a stand, Clement Greenberg (1909 1994) became one of the giants of 20th century art criticism a writer who set the terms of critical discourse from the moment he burst onto the scene with his seminal essays Avant Garde and Kitsch (1939) and Towards a Newer Laocoon (1940). In this work, which gathers previously uncollected essays and a series of seminars delivered at Bennington in 1971, Greenberg provides his most (...) expansive statement of his views on taste and quality in art, arguing for an esthetic that flies in the face of current art world fashions. Greenberg insists despite the attempts from Marcel Duchamp onwards to escape the jurisdiction of taste by producing an art so disjunctive that it cannot be judged that taste is inexorable. He argues that standards of quality in art, the artist's responsibility to seek out the hardest demands of a medium, and the critic's responsibility to discriminate, are essential conditions for great art. The obsession with innovation the epidemic of newness leads, in Greenbergs view, to the boringness of so much avant garde art. He discusses the interplay of expectation and surprise in aesthetic experience, and the exalted consciousness produced by great art. Homemade Esthetics allows us particularly in the transcribed seminar sessions, never before published to watch the critics mind at work, defending (and at times reconsidering) his theories. His views, often controversial, are the record of a lifetime of looking at and thinking about art as intensely as anyone ever has. (shrink)

Perhaps more than any philosophy written in the past few centuries, the work of Friedrich Nietzsche has given rise to controversy, misunderstanding, and dissent. Today Nietzsche is remembered as the revolutionary author of such polemical ideas as the death of God, the revaluation of values, the will to untruth, and the Übermensch. Yet is Nietzsche’s philosophy as atheistic, relativistic, nihilistic, and immoral as some commentators have claimed? Or ought we perhaps to give more credence to Nietzsche’s own assertion that one (...) writes books “precisely to conceal what one harbors” (BGE, 9, 289)? If “whatever is profound loves masks” (BGE, 2, 40) then might Nietzsche’s more daring claims be interpreted as clever masks behind which he conceals a deeper philosophy and on which he reveals a hidden truth? Is it not possible that the standard readings of Nietzsche are in fact misreadings—that his work invites misreading, that it is intentionally unclear, deceptive, disguised? The goal of this volume is to reread Nietzsche for all that he shows and all that he hides. It is to dig deeper into his work in order to challenge misreadings of old and invite misreadings anew—as, indeed, his work itself calls for and demands. (shrink)

The first part of this paper proposes a precise definition of what a worldview is, and why there is a necessity to have one. The second part suggests how to construct integrated scientific worldviews. For this attempt, three general scientific approaches are proposed: the general systems theory as the endeavor for a universal language for science, a general problem-solving approach and the idea of evolution, broadly construed. We close with some remarks about limitations of scientific worldviews.

In this paper, we point out that explainability is useful but not sufficient to ensure the legitimacy of algorithmic decision systems. We argue that the key requirements for high-stakes decision systems should be justifiability and contestability. We highlight the conceptual differences between explanations and justifications, provide dual definitions of justifications and contestations, and suggest different ways to operationalize justifiability and contestability.

The intellectual history of Humanity is part of a vast genealogy that stems from disputes between those advocating the excellence of ancient times and those arguing the superiority of the present. Thus, since antiquity we find the persistent recurrence of a Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns, virulence that stresses the human and social experience, either praised, either rebuked in its development process. This paper discusses the process of development of the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns as (...) a matrix from which it is possible to perceive, in sparse and seemingly random historical positions, a way that guide us to the path, full of crossings and intersections, of modern experience. Its aim is to define some cardinal points of the Quarrel’s own development that help us to better understand how the idea of “modernity” has evolved. (shrink)

O ataque de Platão à mimese parece reducionista a ponto de muitas interpretações a conceberem como uma noção essencialmente negativa. Na República (X 595c-608b), o filósofo teria definido as artes representativas através de tal conceito, expulsando os imitadores de sua cidade sob o pretexto de que engendrariam imagens distantes do inteligível (R. X 595c-602b). No entanto, a constituição política elaborada por Platão é apresentada como uma “pintura” (Ti. 19b) “imaginada em palavras” (R. VI 501e), quer dizer, ela possui o mesmo (...) estatuto dos trabalhos miméticos que são criticados na República. O diálogo Timeu-Crítias (29b, 107b) parece dar margem para a dissolução deste aparente paradoxo ao apresentar a mimese como uma propriedade do mundo e da linguagem. Desse modo, o conceito de mimese não poderia ser reduzido a uma concepção unitária, nem tampouco negativa, como as páginas do último livro da República poderiam sugerir. O presente artigo pretende investigar a possibilidade do uso filosófico da mimese examinando sua natureza na filosofia de Platão. Parece haver uma limitação da linguagem que impede um discurso fixo e estável (epistêmico) sobre a cidade justa. Restaria, então, recorrer à mimese. Palavras-chave: Platão; mimese; poesia; política. (shrink)

Resumo: Neste texto, esmiúça-se o conceito de liberdade na obra de Isaiah Berlin, visando inseri-lo no contexto mais amplo de sua filosofia. Essa reconstrução tem dois objetivos principais, que a justificam: (i) evidenciar a natureza predominantemente histórica (e não analítica) do projeto intelectual de Berlin; e (ii) apontar dois erros comuns na interpretação dos conceitos de “liberdade positiva” e “liberdade negativa”.

Cut elimination is shown, in a constructive way, to hold in sequent calculi labelled with truth values for a wide class of normal modal logics, supporting global and local reasoning and allowing a general frame semantics. The complexity of cut elimination is studied in terms of the increase of logical depth of the derivations. A hyperexponential worst case bound is established. The subformula property and a similar property for the label terms are shown to be satisfied by that class of (...) modal sequent calculi. Modal logics presented by these calculi are proven to be globally and locally consistent. (shrink)

Essays discuss reason, self-control, self-definition, time, cause and effect, accidents, and responsibility, and explain why people want free will.

Labelled sequent calculi are provided for a wide class of normal modal systems using truth values as labels. The rules for formula constructors are common to all modal systems. For each modal system, specific rules for truth values are provided that reflect the envisaged properties of the accessibility relation. Both local and global reasoning are supported. Strong completeness is proved for a natural two-sorted algebraic semantics. As a corollary, strong completeness is also obtained over general Kripke semantics. A duality result (...) is established between the category of sober algebras and the category of general Kripke structures. A simple enrichment of the proposed sequent calculi is proved to be complete over standard Kripke structures. The calculi are shown to be analytic in a useful sense. (shrink)

Philosophy lacks criteria to evaluate its philosophical theories. To fill this gap, this essay introduces nine criteria to compare worldviews, classified in three broad categories: objective criteria (objective consistency, scientificity, scope), subjective criteria (subjective consistency, personal utility, emotionality), and intersubjective criteria (intersubjective consistency, collective utility, narrativity). The essay first defines what a worldview is and exposes the heuristic used in the quest for criteria. After describing each criterion individually, it shows what happens when each of them is violated. From the (...) criteria, it derives assessment tests to compare and improve different worldviews. These include the is-ought, ought-act, and is-act first-order tests; the critical and dialectical second-order tests; the mixed-questions and first-second-order third-order tests; and the we-I, we-it, and it-I tests. The essay then applies these criteria and tests to a concrete example, comparing the Flying Spaghetti Monster deity with Intelligent Design. For another application, it draws more general fruitful suggestions for the dialogue between science and religion. (shrink)

Psychologists have emphasized children's acquisition of information through firsthand observation. However, many beliefs are acquired from others' testimony. In two experiments, most 4yearolds displayed sceptical trust in testimony. Having heard informants' accurate or inaccurate testimony, they anticipated that informants would continue to display such differential accuracy and they trusted the hitherto reliable informant. Yet they ignored the testimony of the reliable informant if it conflicted with what they themselves had seen. By contrast, threeyearolds were less selective in trusting a reliable (...) informant. Thus, young children check testimony against their own experience and increasingly recognise that some informants are more trustworthy than others. (shrink)

In this philosophical paper, we explore computational and biological analogies to address the fine-tuning problem in cosmology. We first clarify what it means for physical constants or initial conditions to be fine-tuned. We review important distinctions such as the dimensionless and dimensional physical constants, and the classification of constants proposed by Lévy-Leblond. Then we explore how two great analogies, computational and biological, can give new insights into our problem. This paper includes a preliminary study to examine the two analogies. Importantly, (...) analogies are both useful and fundamental cognitive tools, but can also be misused or misinterpreted. The idea that our universe might be modelled as a computational entity is analysed, and we discuss the distinction between physical laws and initial conditions using algorithmic information theory. Smolin introduced the theory of "cosmological natural selection" with a biological analogy in mind. We examine an extension of. (shrink)

SARS-CoV-2 veio obrigar ao home office em teletrabalho e adaptação das empresas para conseguirem comunicar com os colaboradores e reterem os melhores. No âmbito da Gestão dos Talentos a sua retenção tornou-se prioridade.Analisando casos reais apurámos que com a utilização da comunicação virtual e ferramentas digitais, o teletrabalho é alternativa por muitos preferida. Plataformas e redes ajudam a estabelecer laços, criar relacionamentos e gerar confiança entre lideranças e restantes colaboradores. Também permitem maior flexibilidade.O trabalho remoto mostra-se atrativo para o desempenho (...) dos colaboradores; as práticas relacionadas com engagement e comprometimento promovem Retenção dos Talentos e maior produtividade. (shrink)

Abordando a formação da consciência moderna, este artigo considera a Querela dos Antigos e dos Modernos a partir de duas noções estéticas fundamentais: a imitatio e a aemulatio.O modo como progressivamente se faz o elogio da emulação face à simples imitação corresponde à ultrapassagem do pólo antigo pelo pólo moderno. Enquanto o imitador deseja reproduzir a exactidão do modelo, o emulador esforça-se por dizer melhor. A emulação, proposta pelos Modernos, mostra-se sempre relativizadora e perturbada em relação aos antigos, inquieta por (...) se lhes sobrepor. (shrink)

In this work, Colleen Clements presents her case for the need to subject the field of bioethics to a critical external analysis apart from the current postmodern assumptions. Clements argues that, since the 1970s, bioethics has refuted human values in favour of political consensus building. This failure to recognize basic human values in the ethical critique of modern medicine has lead to a dehumanization of the medical system by the field. Clements proceeds to advocate a naturalistic theory of bioethics that (...) reinstates primary human values. (shrink)