If the world itself is metaphysically indeterminate in a specified respect, what follows? In this paper, we develop a theory of metaphysical indeterminacy answering this question.

Focuses on the encounters of feminist and queer theories, on the ways in which basic terms such as - sex, gender, and sexuality change meaning as they move from one body of theory to another. This book includes essays by Judith Butler, Evelynn Hammonds, Biddy Martin, Kim Michasiw, Carole-Anne Tyler, and Elizabeth Weed.

Introduction: human rights in healthcare -- A right to treatment? the allocation of resouces in the National Health Service -- Ensuring quality healthcare: an issue of rights or duties? -- Autonomy and consent in medical treatment -- Treating incompetent patients: beneficence, welfare and rights -- Medical confidentiality and the right to privacy -- Property right in the body -- Medically assisted conception and a right to reproduce? -- Termination of pregnancy: a conflict of rights -- Pregnancy and freedom of choice (...) -- The right to life at the end of life -- The law and ethics of assisted dying: is there a right to die? (shrink)

Trust constitutes a fundamental strategy to deal with risks and uncertainty in complex societies. In line with the vast literature stressing the importance of trust in doctor–patient relationships, trust is therefore regularly suggested as a way of dealing with the risks of medical artificial intelligence (AI). Yet, this approach has come under charge from different angles. At least two lines of thought can be distinguished: (1) that trusting AI is conceptually confused, that is, that we cannot trust AI; and (2) (...) that it is also dangerous, that is, that we should not trust AI—particularly if the stakes are as high as they routinely are in medicine. In this paper, we aim to defend a notion of trust in the context of medical AI against both charges. To do so, we highlight the technically mediated intentions manifest in AI systems, rendering trust a conceptually plausible stance for dealing with them. Based on literature from human–robot interactions, psychology and sociology, we then propose a novel model to analyse notions of trust, distinguishing between three aspects: reliability, competence, and intentions. We discuss each aspect and make suggestions regarding how medical AI may become worthy of our trust. (shrink)

Bioethics, Volume 36, Issue 2, Page 154-161, February 2022.

Disability is primarily a social phenomenon -- a way of being a minority, a way of facing social oppression, but not a way of being inherently or intrinsically worse off. This is how disability is understood in the Disability Rights and Disability Pride movements; but there is a massive disconnect with the way disability is typically viewed within analytic philosophy. The idea that disability is not inherently bad or sub-optimal is one that many philosophers treat with open skepticism, and sometimes (...) even with scorn. The goal of this book is to articulate and defend a version of the view of disability that is common in the Disability Rights movement. To be physically disabled is not to have a defective body, but simply to have a minority body. (shrink)

Philosophical theories of gender are typically understood as theories of what it is to be a woman, a man, a nonbinary person, and so on. In this paper, I argue that this is a mistake. There’s good reason to suppose that our best philosophical theory of gender might not directly match up to or give the extensions of ordinary gender categories like ‘woman’.

Metaphysical orthodoxy maintains that the relation of ontological dependence is irreflexive, asymmetric, and transitive. The goal of this paper is to challenge that orthodoxy by arguing that ontological dependence should be understood as non- symmetric, rather than asymmetric. If we give up the asymmetry of dependence, interesting things follow for what we can say about metaphysical explanation— particularly for the prospects of explanatory holism.

More than forty years have passed since Congress, in response to the Civil Rights Movement, enacted sweeping antidiscrimination laws in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. As a signal achievement of that legacy, in 2008, Americans elected their first African American president. Some would argue that we have finally arrived at a postracial America, butThe Imperative of Integration indicates otherwise. Elizabeth Anderson demonstrates that, despite progress toward (...) racial equality, African Americans remain disadvantaged on virtually all measures of well-being. Segregation remains a key cause of these problems, and Anderson skillfully shows why racial integration is needed to address these issues. Weaving together extensive social science findings--in economics, sociology, and psychology--with political theory, this book provides a compelling argument for reviving the ideal of racial integration to overcome injustice and inequality, and to build a better democracy. -/- Considering the effects of segregation and integration across multiple social arenas, Anderson exposes the deficiencies of racial views on both the right and the left. She reveals the limitations of conservative explanations for black disadvantage in terms of cultural pathology within the black community and explains why color blindness is morally misguided. Multicultural celebrations of group differences are also not enough to solve our racial problems. Anderson provides a distinctive rationale for affirmative action as a tool for promoting integration, and explores how integration can be practiced beyond affirmative action. -/- Offering an expansive model for practicing political philosophy in close collaboration with the social sciences, this book is a trenchant examination of how racial integration can lead to a more robust and responsive democracy. (shrink)

To study how expertise impacts the understanding of a complex system like the vineyard, three measures were used with 259 participants (190 non-experts, 34 winemakers and/or winegrowers, and 35 biologists): a questionnaire to check for expertise (the Plant Biology Questionnaire), a task about the Structure, Behaviour and Function model, and a measure of the content of the participants? discourse with the ALCESTE software. Results showed that biologists mentioned functions significantly more often than behaviours, whereas it was the opposite for winegrowers. (...) Non-experts mentioned functions and behaviours significantly less frequently than experts did. The content analysis confirmed the differential expression of each kind of expertise: scientific wording for biologists, technical wording for winegrowers, and words focused on perceptible structures for the non-experts. Results from all tasks were highly correlated and allowed for an interpretation of expertise in terms of mental models of the vineyard. (shrink)

"Aux centaines de livres intitulés "Socrate", quel est l'intérêt d'en ajouter un? Simplement parce que celui-ci le regarde autrement, tentant de le saisir en même temps que sa cité. En ajoutant "l'Athénien" à son nom, son titre fait allusion à ce regard nouveau ; d'un mot, il s'agit d'aller de lui à son monde et retour. Mais pourquoi lui? Parce qu'il a vécu dans la seconde partie du Ve siècle à Athènes, parce que la cité offre sur sa propre histoire (...) la plus riche quantité de sources et parce que, plus qu'un autre, il fut décrit par ses contemporains et leurs successeurs : étudier le Socrate d'Athènes, c'est jouir d'un trésor inégalé d'informations. Mais on ne fait pas d'histoire sans question et, dans ce face à face, c'est Athènes qui l'emporte. Cet ouvrage n'est ni un livre de philosophie ni une biographie, ses fins ne sont pas son procès, sa mort. Toute révérence gardée, je me sers de Socrate comme d'un révélateur, un réactif. Ne jamais le regarder sans son contexte - qui me l'explique -, m'aidant à faire de sa cité un portrait, certes fort partiel, mais plus juste. Ce livre jette sur ce transfert d'intérêt trois éclairages analytiques majeurs : lui et ses relations (la société ) ; lui vivant, s'y mouvant (son corps - le sens qu'il lui donne et son image) ; lui et sa conception, son usage du surnaturel : quelles croyances, quelle piété chez lui et les Athéniens?" Pierre Brulé. (shrink)

Femmes voilées : les Grecs aussi. À propos d’un livre de Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones. 2003 marque une date importante dans l’historiographie de l’Antiquité grecque : le livre de Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones « ose » comparer de façon systématique le port du voile par les Grecques à d’autres usages, à d’autres référents culturels comme ceux du monde araboislamique. Ce court hommage a pour objet d’insister sur l’originalité et l’importance de cette contribution majeure à l’histoire des femmes grecques ; il s’agit aussi de dénoncer (...) le silence et l’aveuglement des érudits. (shrink)

As current events around the world have illustrated, epistemological issues are at the center of our political lives. It has become increasingly difficult to discern legitimate sources of evidence, misinformation spreads faster than ever, and the role of truth in politics has allegedly decayed in recent years. It is therefore no coincidence that political discourse is currently saturated with epistemic notions like ‘post-truth,’ ‘fake news,’ ‘truth decay,’ ‘echo chambers,’ and ‘alternative facts.’ This book brings together leading philosophers to explore ways (...) in which the analytic and conceptual tools of epistemology bear on political philosophy, and vice versa. It is organized around three broad themes: truth and knowledge in politics; epistemic problems for democracy; and disagreement and polarization. The authors provide new and rich insights on topics such as: propaganda, fake news, weaponized skepticism, belief polarization, political disagreement, the epistemic value of democracy, voter ignorance, irrationality in politics, political bullshit, and identity politics. (shrink)

What gender are you? And in virtue of what? These are questions of gender categorization. Such questions are increasingly at the core of many contemporary debat.

Climate Change and the Moral Agent examines the moral foundations of climate change and makes a case for collective action on climate change by appealing to moralized collective self-interest, collective ability to aid, and an expanded understanding of collective responsibility for harm.

I. Causal Thesis: Dispositions have a causal basis. II. Distinctness Thesis: Dispositions are distinct from their causal basis. III. Impotence Thesis: Dispositions are not causally active.

Grosz gives a critical overview of Lacan's work from a feminist perspective. Discussing previous attempts to give a feminist reading of his work, she argues for women's autonomy based on an indifference to the Lacanian phallus.

Heil's vision of the relationship between the manifest and scientific images is compelling. Central to his vision are the convictions that ordinary truths do not impose substantive constraints on the natures of their underlying truthmakers and, relatedly, that one and the same subject can be represented truly and aptly in different ways. But what exactly are the grounds or arguments for these convictions?

Nombre d’exégètes ont déjà montré comment le nom a fonctionné comme un tremplin pour donner à la pensée mythique grecque une impulsion particulière. Ces noms sont souvent « parlants », mais il en est de géographiques, ainsi celui d’Eurôpè dans ses rapports avec l’Europe. Eurôpè apparaît plusieurs fois dans des récits généalogiques, et spécialement dans la Bibliothèque d’Apollodore. Elle est incluse dans des lignées, et sa présence leur donne tout leur sens. C’est l’occasion de revenir sur les qualités de ce (...) cadre narratif minimum que constituent ces généalogies. Productrices d’un passé spécifique, elles ne donnent point l’Histoire : insuffisamment structurées et porteuses de valeurs extrinsèques. Elles sont aussi productrices d’espace. Les noms des acteurs de ces récits, par leur simple présence, et aussi par l’ordre dans lequel ils apparaissent dessinent une géographie qui est celle d’un cosmos fort remodelé par le caractère très narcissique de cette pensée, refermée sur son hellénité.Geography and History of genealogical accounts. Many scholars have already shown how names have functioned as a springboard giving mythic Greek thought a particular direction. These names are often “speaking” names, but some are geographic like that of Eurôpè in their relations with Europe. Eurôpè appears many times in genealogic accounts, and especially in Apollodore’s Library. She is included in some lines and her presence gives them their entire signification. This provides the opportunity to return to this minimum narrative scope: the genealogic accounts. They give only a specific past, no history, because they are insufficiently structured and have outer values. They also give space. The names of the actors, simply by their presence, and also by the order in which they appear, draw a map, that of a cosmos, – but one remodelled by the highly narcissistic character of this thought, closed by its Hellenic conception. (shrink)

La fille grecque passe directement de ses jouets au lit de celui auquel son père l'a donnée. Certes, pour énoncer cette vérité, il convient de traquer les maigres sources à notre disposition. Il est alors recommandé de s'adresser aux poètes qui disent de la façon la plus complète et la plus évocatrice ce que signifie ce passage direct de l'enfance à l'érotique adulte et à la maternité. Le tableau de ce « pivotement du sacré », qui est la lecture religieuse (...) du passage, montre l'importance des divinités conductrices dans cette transition, les déesses qui aident la fille à faire ce bond dans l'inconnu : Artémis, du côté de l'enfance, Peithô (“Persuasion”) et Aphrodite, du côté d'Eros. Les hommes, la cité, s'intéressent évidemment à cet échange des filles entre les « maisons » que constitue le mariage et l'on trouve dans les textes normatifs ­ juridiques ­ des preuves de l'existence de mariages d'impubères en Grèce et ­ plus généralement ­ du très grand écart d'âge entre les époux. (shrink)

La fille grecque passe directement de ses jouets au lit de celui auquel son père l'a donnée. Certes, pour énoncer cette vérité, il convient de traquer les maigres sources à notre disposition. Il est alors recommandé de s'adresser aux poètes qui disent de la façon la plus complète et la plus évocatrice ce que signifie ce passage direct de l'enfance à l'érotique adulte et à la maternité. Le tableau de ce « pivotement du sacré », qui est la lecture religieuse (...) du passage, montre l'importance des divinités conductrices dans cette transition, les déesses qui aident la fille à faire ce bond dans l'inconnu : Artémis, du côté de l'enfance, Peithô (“Persuasion”) et Aphrodite, du côté d'Eros. Les hommes, la cité, s'intéressent évidemment à cet échange des filles entre les « maisons » que constitue le mariage et l'on trouve dans les textes normatifs ­ juridiques ­ des preuves de l'existence de mariages d'impubères en Grèce et ­ plus généralement ­ du très grand écart d'âge entre les époux. (shrink)

Face perception, perhaps the most highly developed visual skill in humans, is mediated by a distributed neural system in humans that is comprised of multiple, bilateral regions. We propose a model for the organization of this system that emphasizes a distinction between the representation of invariant and changeable aspects of faces. The representation of invariant aspects of faces underlies the recognition of individuals, whereas the representation of changeable aspects of faces, such as eye gaze, expression, and lip movement, underlies the (...) perception of information that facilitates social communication. The model is also hierarchical insofar as it is divided into a core system and an extended system. The core system is comprised of occipitotemporal regions in extrastriate visual cortex that mediate the visual analysis of faces. In the core system, the representation of invariant aspects is mediated more by the face-responsive region in the fusiform gyrus, whereas the representation of changeable aspects is mediated more by the face-responsive region in the superior temporal sulcus. The extended system is comprised of regions from neural systems for other cognitive functions that can be recruited to act in concert with the regions in the core system to extract meaning from faces. (shrink)

This book is devoted to applied ethics. We focus on six popular and controversial topics: abortion, the environment, animals, poverty, punishment, and disability. We cover three chapters per topic, and each chapter is devoted to a famous or influential argument on the topic. After we present an influential argument, we then consider objections to the argument, and replies to the objections. The book is impartial, and set up in order to equip the reader to make up her own mind about (...) the controversial topics covered. (shrink)

Many problems of inequality in developing countries resist treatment by formal egalitarian policies. To deal with these problems, we must shift from a distributive to a relational conception of equality, founded on opposition to social hierarchy. Yet the production of many goods requires the coordination of wills by means of commands. In these cases, egalitarians must seek to tame rather than abolish hierarchy. I argue that bureaucracy offers important constraints on command hierarchies that help promote the equality of workers in (...) bureaucratic organizations. Bureaucracy thus constitutes a vital if limited egalitarian tool applicable to developing and developed countries alike. (shrink)

Conferralism is the view that social properties are neither intrinsic to the things that have them nor possessed simply by virtue of their causal or spatiotemporal relations to other things, but are somehow bestowed (intentionally or not, explicitly or not) upon them by persons who have both the capacity and the standing to bestow them. We argue that conferralism faces a dilemma: either it is viciously circular, or it is limited in scope in a way that undercuts its motivation.

The practice of relational leadership is essential for dealing with the increasingly urgent and complex social, economic and environmental issues that characterize sustainability. Despite growing attention to both relational leadership and leadership for sustainability, an ethical understanding of both is limited. This is problematic as both sustainability and relational leadership are rife with moral implications. This paper conceptually explores how the moral theory of ‘ethics of care’ can help to illuminate the ethical dimensions of relational leadership for sustainability. In doing (...) so, the implications of ethics of care more broadly for the practice of relational leadership development are elaborated. From a caring perspective, a ‘relational stance’ or logic of effectiveness can be fostered through engaging in a reflective process of moral education through conversation. In starting this dialogue, we can begin to build capacity for relational leadership for sustainability and, thus, support the development of individual well-being and organizational and societal flourishing. (shrink)

This editorial to the special issue addresses the often overlooked question of the ethical nature of social enterprises. The emerging social entrepreneurship literature has previously been dominated by enthusiasts who fail to critique the social enterprise, focusing instead on its distinction from economic entrepreneurship and potential in solving social problems. In this respect, we have found through the work presented herein that the relation between social entrepreneurship and ethics needs to be problematized. Further, we find that a range of conceptual (...) lenses and methodological approaches is valuable as the social entrepreneurship field matures. (shrink)

A large body of literature considers the ethico-legal and regulatory issues surrounding assisted conception. Surrogacy, however, within this body of literature is an odd-fit. It involves a unique demand of another person—a form of reproductive labour—that many other aspects of assisted conception, such as gamete donation do not involve. Surrogacy is a form of assisted gestation. The potential alternatives for individuals who want a genetically related child but who do not have the capacity to gestate are ever increasing: with the (...) advent of uterus transplantation, and the anticipated development of artificial placentas.In this paper, I highlight the pertinent conceptual differences between technologies assisting conception and those assisting gestation to demonstrate that distinct issues arise when assisted gestative technologies are used. I argue that there is utility in considering AGTs as a genus of technologies. These technologies perform the same function from the perspective of putative parents and might exist on a spectrum of alternatives when they become more available. Moreover, since many of the same or very similar ethical, social and legal issues are raised by surrogacy, UTx and ectogestation, analysis of these issues will be better contextualised by considering these technologies together. Many of the matters currently being highlighted for reform in the context of surrogacy will inevitably impact on how other forms of assisted gestation are governed. The conversation should be broadened; we should consider how far other emerging technologies might be accommodated in revised regulatory schemes. (shrink)