Spatial experience in childhood is a factor in the development of spatial abilities. In this study, we assessed whether American and Faroese participants’ (N = 246, Mage = 19.31 years, 151 females) early spatial experience and adult spatial outcomes differed by gender and culture, and if early experience was related to adult performance and behavior. Participants completed retrospective reports on their childhood spatial experience, both large-scale (permitted childhood range size) and small-scale (Lego play). They also completed assessments of their current (...) large-scale spatial behavior (navigational strategy) and small-scale ability (mental rotation task, MRT). We replicated earlier results showing better MRT performance among males and more reliance by males on orientation navigational strategies, although males and females reported similar ranges as children. However, there were cross-cultural differences, with Faroese having larger childhood ranges, less reliance on route strategies, better MRT scores, and a smaller gender difference in MRT. Larger permitted childhood ranges were associated with reduced use of route strategies for navigation in adulthood, and greater Lego play in childhood predicted better MRT performance as adults. There was also some evidence supporting relationships across spatial scales, with more Lego play predicting an orientation style of navigation and larger childhood ranges predicting better performance on the MRT, although the latter was not independent of country. In sum, we observed an association in both cultures between large-scale childhood experience and large-scale behavior in adulthood, small-scale experience in childhood and adult small-scale performance, and some associations between experience and behavior across spatial scales. (shrink)

Cognitive Science, Volume 46, Issue 2, February 2022.

Host-microbiome interactions (HMIs) are critical for the modulation of biological processes and are associated with several diseases, and extensive HMI studies have generated large amounts of data. We propose that the logical representation of the knowledge derived from these data and the standardized representation of experimental variables and processes can foster integration of data and reproducibility of experiments and thereby further HMI knowledge discovery. A community-based Ontology of Host-Microbiome Interactions (OHMI) was developed following the OBO Foundry principles. OHMI leverages established (...) ontologies to create logically structured representations of microbiomes, microbial taxonomy, host species, host anatomical entities, and HMIs under different conditions and associated study protocols and types of data analysis and experimental results. (shrink)

Cet article présente les résultats de l'analyse d'isotopes stables du carbone et de l'azote pratiquée sur des échantillons d'ossements humains issus des fouilles de l'habitat mésohelladique de l'Aspis. L'objectif de l'analyse est de reconstituer le régime alimentaire des habitants de l'Aspis et d'étudier les variations de régime entre des sous-groupes de population définis par des critères d'âge et de sexe et/ou de statut social. Sept échantillons ont été prélevés, dont quatre seulement ont fourni suffisamment de collagène pour être analysés. Les (...) données isotopiques indiquent que les habitants de l'Aspis avaient un régime alimentaire de type terrestre C3 relativement homogène ; toutefois, le seul individu de sexe masculin inhumé dans le cimetière semble avoir consommé plus de protéines animales (viande et/ou produits laitiers). Les ressources marines semblent avoir occupé une place négligeable dans l'alimentation des habitants de l'Aspis. D'une façon générale, le signal isotopique de leur régime alimentaire ne diffère pas fondamentalement de celui qui a été observé pour leurs contemporains de Lerne ou pour le groupe inhumé dans le Cercle Β de Mycènes. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Women and Health Research:A Report from the Institute of MedicineAnna C. Mastroianni (bio), Ruth Faden (bio), and Daniel Federman (bio)In recent years, claims have been made by segments of the research community and by women's health advocacy groups that clinical research practices and policies have not benefitted women's health to the same extent as men's health. Central to these claims has been an assertion that women have been inadequately (...) represented as subjects of clinical studies and that as a result neither health conditions unique to women—e.g., menopause—nor women's manifestations of health problems affecting both sexes—e.g., heart disease—have been investigated sufficiently.The scientific community, including federal agencies that sponsor and regulate clinical studies, is increasingly responsive to these claims and is taking steps to raise the level of women's participation in clinical studies. Controversy and concern have surrounded these actions, however. Two of the claims that have been made are: (1) that women are more difficult to study than men because of their cyclical hormonal changes; and (2) that conducting gender-specific subgroup analyses would increase the size of study populations, raise the cost of studies, and thereby reduce the number of studies that could be performed with the limited resources available. In addition, controversy over the inclusion of women of childbearing potential and pregnant women has been particularly salient. Concerns have been expressed about avoiding potential harm to existing or potential fetuses and about the possible legal and financial ramifications of such harm. A further concern involves the perceived difficulties in enrolling women in studies and retaining them for the duration of the studies.Against this backdrop, the Office of Research on Women's Health at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) asked the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in October 1992 to establish the Committee on the Ethical and Legal Issues Relating to the Inclusion of Women in Clinical Studies. The Committee's charge was to: (1) consider the ethical and legal implications of including women, particularly pregnant women and women of childbearing potential, in clinical studies; (2) examine known instances of litigation regarding injuries to research subjects [End Page 55] and describe existing legal liabilities and protections; and (3) provide practical advice on these issues for consideration by NIH, institutional review boards (IRBs), and clinical investigators.The 16 Committee members came from diverse backgrounds: bioethics, law, epidemiology and biostatistics, public health policy, obstetrics and gynecology, clinical research, pharmaceutical development, social and behavioral sciences, and clinical evaluative sciences.1 Chaired by two of the authors of this article, Ruth Faden and Daniel Federman, and coordinated by the third, IOM Study Director Anna Mastroianni, the Committee met five times over a fourteen-month period, convened a one-and-one-half day invitational workshop, and commissioned several background papers. The Committee's deliberations were complicated by the announcement of new federal policies late in its term. Specifically, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued guidelines (FDA 1993) to replace its 1977 guidelines, which prohibited the inclusion of women of childbearing potential in early phases of most clinical drug trials. In addition, Congress passed the NIH Revitalization Act of 1993 (P.L. 103-43), which contains provisions mandating the inclusion of women and racial and ethnic minorities in NIH-sponsored clinical research. In February 1994, the IOM Committee publicly issued its final report and recommendations, Women and Health Research: Ethical and Legal Issues of Including Women in Clinical Studies, publishing the workshop presentations and commissioned papers in a separate volume.Deliberations of the CommitteeA number of issues arose at the outset as the Committee considered its charge. A few members initially believed that verification of the underrepresentation of women relative to men in clinical studies as a whole was a prerequisite to providing policy recommendations. Others believed that such an examination would be an important contribution to the knowledge base, but that it was not necessary for addressing the Committee's charge. As summarized in the Committee's report, the Committee's research indicated that firm conclusions about the relative underrepresentation of women could not be drawn from the available data because of the lack of systematic information... (shrink)

Anna Panayotou et Pavlos Chrysostomou, Inscriptions de la Botiièe et de VAlmopie en Macédoine p. 359-400 Publication ou republication de vingt-cinq inscriptions (vingt-quatre grecques et une latine) provenant de la Bottiée et de l'Almopie en Macédoine. Ce lot comprend des textes de contenu assez varié, dont les dates s'échelonnent entre le ive s. av. J.-C. et le vie s. ap. J.-C.

Artiklen præsenterer i første del det pædagogiske stof fra Platons Staten og Lovene, som Rousseau har læst og fundet inspiration i. Der plæderes for, at Rousseau optager og transponerer såvel principper som konkrete overvejelser uanset den forskelige historiske kontekst og de dermed sammenhængende forskellige udformninger og mål for opdragelsen. I anden del diskuteres Rousseaus ’platonisme’ i mere overordnet filosofisk sammenhæng, og der argumenteres for, at Rousseaus utraditionelle, pædagogisk-filosofiske Platon-læsning dels kan ses at fremdrage underbelyste centrale tematikker i Platons filosofi, dels (...) understreger deres stadige aktualitet. (shrink)

CONTENTS: -/- SEZIONE I IL TUTTO E' UNO? IL RISVEGLIO DI UN PROBLEMA TRA SCOLASTICA E RINASCIMENTO Il principio omne causatum est compositum fra Tommaso e Cajetano Igor Agostini, p. 25 Parti e tutto in Montaigne. La natura e l'individuo tra frammentazione e integrazione Raffaele Carbone 45 Le minuzzarie e il tutto. Giordano bruno e la conoscenza universale Maurizio Cambi 75 -/- SEZIONE II A PARTIRE DA CARTESIO. COME PUO' ESSERE UN TUTTO L'UOMO? -/- Mente/Corpo in Cartesio. Spunti per un'interpretazione (...) mereologica Stefano Di Bella 93 Nos sumus ex Deo et pertinemus ad Deum. Appartenenza, dipendenza e relazione nel pensiero e nel lessico di Arnold Guelincx Cristina Santinelli 115 L'integrità di corpo e mente nell'"invenire" terapeutico di E. W. von Tschirnhaus Manuela Sanna 133 L'indivisibilità della natura umana e della società in Francesco Longano. Un episodio della ricezione di Locke in Italia Roberto Evangelista 147 -/- SEZIONE III L'IRROMPERE DELL'ORGANICO. LA BIOLOGIA FILOSOFICA TRA SEI E SETTECENTO -/- Convenienza e discrepanza. Parti e tutto nella Lettera 32 di Baruch Spinoza Francesco Toto 169 Mereologia della sostanza e mereologia del vivente in Leibniz Enrico Pasini 197 Teleologia e mereologia dell’organismo da Leibniz a Bonnet Francesco Piro 209 Il nesso delle parti: mereologia e scienza secondo Christian Wolff Matteo Favaretti Camposampiero 239 Il problema del tutto e delle parti. il caso del vitalismo di Montpellier Charles T. Wolfe 257 -/- SEZIONE 4 TOTALITA' CRITICHE: DALLA CRISI DEL NATURALISMO ILLUMINISTICO ALLA FILOSOFIA DELLE CULTURE -/- La logica del tutto (e delle parti di tutto, vale a dire niente) in Dom Deschamps Jean-Claude Bourdin 273 l’(in)afferabile forma. Totalità e contingenza nel pensiero di Kant tra Critica della ragion pura e Critica del giudizio Luigi Imperato 303 la relazione Parte-Tutto nel primo Schelling Giuseppe D’Anna 327 Hegel o della totalizzazione dello spazio di interiorità Vittorio Morfino 343 A partire da Kant: Begriffsbiìldung teleologica e relazione Parti-Tutto nelle indagini di Rickert sulla logica delle scienze storiche della cultura Edoardo Massimilla 359 . (shrink)

La Collection Les Alchimistes Grecs della CUF si arricchisce d'un altro volume con un'opera del tutto nuova rispetto ai due volumi già pubblicati, l'Anonyme de Zuretti: il testo, che prende il nome da C. O. Zuretti, il quale ne curò nel 1930 l'editio princeps nel VII volume del Catalogue des manuscrits alchimistes grecs, è «un traité pratique, complet et systematique, rédigé à l'époque médiévale par un Grec d'Italie du Sud. Celui-ci se base sur de nombreuses sources latines et arabo-latines, sans (...) renier pour autant la tradition grecque, et il écrit dans une langue déroutante … respectée au maximum» (p. VII). Come scrive l'Editrice nell'Avant-propos, questa sintesi delle conoscenze alchemiche mediterranee degli inizi del 1300 è il più lungo dei testi alchemici greci e presenta diversi motivi di interesse: • è il testimone del sincretismo culturale che fioriva nel regno di Napoli in epoca angioina; • è un documento interessante per lo studio della lingua greca medievale della Calabria; • permette di affrontare problemi filologici legati al fenomeno della traduzione. (shrink)

Vermeren, Patrice (2021)Le philosophe communeux: Napoléon La Cécilia, néokantien, philologue et général de la Commune de Paris París: L’Harmattan, 223 p.ISBN 978-2-343-24175-3.

L’Italie est l’un des pays de l’Union européenne où l’on fait le moins d’enfants, où le pourcentage de personnes âgées de plus de 65 ans est parmi les plus élevés (en 2008, Italie : 20 % ; Europe à 25 : 17 %), et où la dépense publique pour l’assistance aux personnes âgées est parmi les plus basses (en 2006, Italie : un peu plus de 0,1 % ; Europe à 25 : un peu moins de 0,5 %,). Quel est (...) alors le secret italien? Le « welfare fait maison », c’est-à-dire une troupe d’assistantes domiciliaires p... (shrink)

Adopter le regard des adolescents pour voir par leurs yeux comment ils apprennent à aimer par la médiation de la télévision, telle est l'expérience sociologique tentée par Dominique Pasquier. Elle s'est d'abord posé une question apparemment ponctuelle : comment comprendre le succès d'Hélène et les garçons chez les jeunes? Quelle place a occupé dans leur vie, dans leur socialisation, cette série généralement jugée simpliste, critiquée par toute la presse de l'époque ­ entre 1992 et 199...

Cet ouvrage de Luisa Accati analyse la genèse et la fonction du symbole de la Vierge Immaculée et démontre l’influence de ce symbole sur la conception de l’autorité et de la différence des sexes dans les cultures de tradition catholique. Luisa Accati se démarque nettement des nombreux travaux sur ce sujet – tout particulièrement en histoire des femmes. Elle élargit considérablement la fonction de ce symbole en le présentant non pas simplement comme le référent normatif des identités féminines...

Bringing allegory into the light from the neglect into which it fell means focusing on the wondrous heights of the human spirit in its significance for culture. Contemporary philosophies and literary theories, which give pre-eminence to primary linguistics forms (symbol and metaphor), seem to favor just that which makes intelligible communication possible. But they fall short in accounting for the deepest subliminal founts that prompt the mind to exalt in beauty, virtue, transcending aspiration. The present, rich collection shows how allegory, (...) incorporating the soaring of the spirit, offers highlights for culture, with its fluctuations and transformation. This collective effort, rich in ideas and intuitions and covering a vast range of cultural manifestations, is a pioneering work, retrieving the vision of the exalted human spirit, bringing together literature, theatre, music and painting in a variety of revealing perspectives. The authors include: M. Kronegger, Ch. Raffini, J. Smith, J.B. Williamson, H. Ross, M.F. Wagner, F. Divorne, L. Oppenheim, D.K. Heckerl, N. Campi de Castro, P. Saurez Pascual, M. Alfaro Amieiro, H. Fletcher Thompson, R.J. Wilson III, and A. Stensaas. For specialists, students and workers in philosophy, comparative literature, aesthetic phenomenologists and historians of art. (shrink)

Le libertinage est un phénomène hétérogène qui se caractérise par plusieurs attitudes de pensée et de mœurs. La contestation des valeurs chrétiennes est un élément commun liant toutes les formes du libertinage. Le libertinage érudit qui se caractérise par le naturalisme et le scepticisme au regard de toutes vérités universelles est une des variétés caractéristiques du libertinage au XVIe et au XVIIe siècles. Il associait les hommes de lettres, les hommes de sciences, les fonctionnaires publics cependant il ne constituait pas (...) un système homogène. Aussi des personnages associés au libertinage érudit ne créèrent aucun groupe formel et aucune association. Le libertinage de mœurs se développait simultanément au courant du libertinage érudit. L'œuvre de P. Gassendi avait une influence sur le développement de ce courant. Le libertinage de mœurs est très connu et répandu grâce aux histoires amoureuses, aux flirts et aux scandales amoureux. Cependant il serait faux de définir et de déterminer le phénomène de tout le libertinage uniquement en catégories de la liberté de mœurs et du relâchement des mæurs. Sans aucun doute le libertinage de mœurs contribua au changement du statut social, de l'identité sexuelle et culturelle des femmes. Celles qui se trouvaient dans les chaînes du mariage, ne possédant pas de liberté de l'activité publique ni politique commencèrent à apercevoir la possibilité de s'activer et de se libérer de l'espace privé. La matérialité et la sensualité ne se développèrent pas uniquement sous l'influence de la relativisation des mœurs mais aussi, comme le prouva M. Foucault, grâce aux «livres de bonne confession». Le catalogue des fautes et des péchés concernant la sphère sexuelle qui y furent inscrits était de plus en plus détaillé. Cela résultait de nouvelles doutes des croyants en question de la nature du péché. Ainsi ces livres devinrent un type de guide de la sphère sensuelle. Les œuvres du marquis de œade sont les plus controversées en matière du libertinage de mœurs. L'évaluation de ses œuvres comprend en soi la condamnation des œuvres ainsi que du style de vie du marquis de œade, les accusations, l'immoralisme et le blasphème, la cruauté et la violence. Les champs de recherche et d'interprétation essaient d'analyser ses œuvres aussi en référence au problème des limites de la liberté de l’homme, sa solitude; elles sont aussi interprétées en tant que «philosophie du crime». Parmi plusieurs théories qui traitent le problématique du libertinage, il est apparu celle qui cherche des relations entre son développement et la croissance de la résistance par rapport à l'absolutisme depuis le XVIIe siècle. Cela devrait être lié à l'inquiétude du pouvoir public due à la liberté excessive de mœurs. Du point de vue du pouvoir public, le danger était constitué par le caractère privé et l'intimité - les situations où dans un groupe des personnes fidèles, sans présence des tierces personnes, s'effectuerait le changement de pensée, d'idées probablement dangereuses pour l'ordre public; par conséquent des contrôles officiels plus fréquents eurent lieu. Le libertinage de l'époque de la Renaissance modifia sa forme et son caractère. Au XVIIIe siècle toute la mosaїque et la diversification des formes du libertinage de mœurs sous l'influence de la monotonie ennuyeuse croissante, de l'atmosphère de l'inquiétude et du pressentiment de l'aube de l'époque, souvent s'exprima en lassitude décadente, fatigue, poursuite des divertissements. Le désespoir et les doutes emparèrent des intellectuels et des philosophes de la Renaissance; la libérer l’homme de toutes les contraintes égalment celles qui sont proclamées par le christianisme. Dans ce contexte le phénomène du libertinage cessa de remplir la fonction de la proposition du style de vie innovant même si souvent controversé qui en matière de mœurs fut même scandaleux, ainsi que de la manière à participer à l'ordre culturelle et de civilisation. Ce fut l'un des symptômes de la crise des valeurs de la Renaissance et la prémisse de l'atmosphère pessimiste. (shrink)

It is difficult to consider, describe or address the ethical issues particular to qualitative research without experience and understanding of the technicalities of qualitative methodologies. The Australian National Statement on the Ethical Conduct of Research Involving Humans charges researchers with a responsibility to demonstrate that they have the appropriate experience, qualifications and competence for their proposed research. Ethical review committees have the responsibility to judge claimed research competence. This article provides practical guidance to researchers and review committees on using formal (...) qualifications and training, explicit claims of competence, and markers of in/competence to assess qualitative research competence. (shrink)

ABSTRACT In this survey we have investigated the experiences and attitudes of Danish physicians regarding end‐of life decisions. Most respondents have made decisions that involve hastening the death of a patient, and almost all find it acceptable to do so. Such decisions are made more often, and considered ethically more acceptable, with the informed consent of the patient than without. But both non‐resuscitation decisions, and decisions to provide pain relief in doses that will shorten the patient's life, have been made (...) and found acceptable by at least 50% of the respondents, even when there is no informed consent. Furthermore, 12% have doubled morphine dosages with fixed intervals, thus providing doses substantially higher than that necessary to control pain, without the informed consent of the patient. Two per cent have helped in assisted suicide, and 5% have administered a lethal injection at the patient's request. Respectively 37% and 34% find these last two practices ethically acceptable. Amongst those that do not find them acceptable, the most important reasons to be opposed are, the doctrine of double effect, the doctrine of doing and allowing, and the view that human life is sacred. Amongst supporters, the most important reasons mentioned are, that the patient's right to self‐determination should be respected, the view that a patient should not be forced to suffer, and the view that the patient has a right to be helped to a dignified death. (shrink)

Abstract:The introduction of the kilometer in nineteenth-century Europe, within a context of broader processes of standardization and capitalism and the proliferation of maps and railways, has been associated with the disembodiment, deindividuation and decontextualization of travel. This article offers a critique of this notion by examining the various meanings different units of distance had for travelers; to what extent these units were related to the body and the physical activity of travel; and whether these relations changed between the 1770s and (...) 1910s. Focusing on texts of instruction and texts about travelers' own journeys, written in the Dutch, German, English and French languages, the article argues that a number of more embodied ways of describing distances survived alongside more standardized measures. (shrink)

Nursing research in China is at an early stage of development and little is known about the practices of Chinese nurse researchers. This interview study carried out at a university in central China explores the informed consent practices of Chinese nurse researchers and the cultural considerations of using a western technique. Nine semistructured interviews were conducted in English with assistance and simultaneous translation from a Chinese nurse with research experience. The interviews were analyzed by one western and two Chinese researchers (...) and major themes were identified. All participants endorsed informed consent as ethically required. Differences were noted between some of the informed consent practices typically recommended in the USA and those identified in this study, such as: recruitment using local and government officials, recruiting directly from medical records without special permission, family consultation in consent and consent control, and not revealing randomization to intervention groups receiving different treatments. (shrink)

Several complementary approaches have been fruitful in the study of transport from the ER to the Golgi complex in yeast. Mutational analysis has led to the identification of genes required for this process, many of which are now being studied at the molecular and biochemical level. In the case of SEC18, DNA sequence analysis has demonstrated homology to a factor needed for transport in mammalian in vitro systems. In addition, the events that take place at this stage of the secretory (...) pathway have been reconstituted in vitro. (shrink)

The current dominant paradigm of mental disorder is that psychopathology is a deviation from normal physiological functioning of the brain. This paradigm is closely allied to the identity theory of mind in philosophy, which holds that mental phenomena are identical with the physical state of the brain. The assumptions of the biological model have policy implications, regardless of the utility or ‘truth’ of the paradigm, which should be made explicit for the assessment of ethics in mental health policy formulation. The (...) nature of mental phenomena has been debated throughout history, without consensus. Several critiques of the biological model are offered to encourage enquiring scepticism. The policy implications discussed are political conservatism, broadened rationales for forced treatment, utility in managed care, and the use of medical necessity criteria to allocate treatment. (shrink)

Free choice of provider is heralded as a right of autonomy, but the goals of autonomy are better served in today's health care environment when there is informed choice of the care delivery system. The principle of liberty is distinguished from respect for auton omy. Free choice of provider would be demanded only by liberty, except that allocation of health care resources does not meet criteria for the application of liberty. Patients attempting to choose the best practitioner do not have (...) data to support the decision. If data were available, access to these superior practitioners would become an allocation problem. A mythology of the wise practitioner fosters the concept of provider choice as a personal judgement about clinical knowledge. The emerging trends of collaborative care, standardization of practice guidelines and diversity of delivery systems among reimbursers create a situation where a patient's autonomy to choose goals for treatment is respected through the choice of delivery sys tem. (shrink)