Offering the most comprehensive book-length study to-date of reparation programs, this handbook contains an innovative blend of case-study analysis, thematic papers, and national legislation documents from leading scholars and practitioners. This landmark work will make a genuine contribution to the theory and practice of reparations.

One of the dominating themes in the first part is the negative treatment that Marx’s concept of labor has received by late critical theorists, particularly Habermas. While supportive of the rejection of Marx’s economic functionalism entailed by Habermas’s adoption of communicative action as the basic category of critical theory, Honneth worries about the indifference towards the normative potential of labor that he sees in most twentieth-century social theory. Honneth agrees with critics of reductionism that labor is neither the only form (...) of social reproduction, nor a primary source of emancipatory consciousness, as the fragmentation and depolitization of a working class that has suffered the effects of Taylorism clearly manifests. But Honneth is still convinced that the experience of recognition is to a large extent associated with work, and that Habermas tends to understand interaction in terms of instrumental action, making the concept of interaction inadequate to capture the sort of normative claims expressed by workers who do not see themselves sufficiently recognized in the labor they do. Although Honneth acknowledges that he has not settled how to navigate between these competing interests, the clarity of the call for a more complex concept of labor justifies the inclusion of these papers in the volume. (shrink)

This paper seeks to articulate a conception of justice in reparations for victims of human rights violations when the aim is to repair a large number of cases, as opposed to individual, isolated cases. It starts with an effort to establish some semantic clarity by trying to distinguish between two different contexts for the use of the term “reparations”. It discusses some of the problems with merely transplanting the ideal of compensation in proportion to harm from its natural home in (...) the resolution of individual judicial cases, and using it as a standard of justice for massive reparations programs. Instead, it argues in favor of thinking about justice in the context of massive cases in terms of the achievement of three goals, namely, recognition, civic trust, and social solidarity — three goals that are intimately related to justice. Finally, it tries to shed light on the basic trade-offs that accompany some of the choices that have to be made in the process of constructing a comprehensive and coherent reparations program. (shrink)

After drawing a distinction between a cosmopolitan attitude and institutional cosmopolitanism, this paper reconstructs Habermas’s account of the relationship between morality and law in order to argue that this account can be the basis of a cosmopolitan attitude which, although insufficient, on its own, to ground cosmopolitan institutions, can, nonetheless, motivate interest in institutional cosmopolitanism. The paper then examines Habermas’s proposal for institutionalizing a system of cosmopolitan governance. It distinguishes and explores the reach and limitations of three arguments in favor (...) of institutional cosmopolitanism not always adequately differentiated in Habermas’s work: (a) an argument from the weakness of the nation state, (b) an argument from the democratic deficit of nationalism, and (c) an argument from the state’s incapacity to guarantee human rights. (shrink)

Essays exploring the prospects for transnational democracy in a world of increasing globalization.

While acknowledging the difficulties, both pragmatic and moral, involved in the efforts to try to punish those involved in atrocious crimes, I try to block the quick move to a policy of pardon and oblivion by interposing a moral commitment to the past that stems from a reflection about the nature of moral deliberation and moral identity. I argue in favor of a policy that is both compatible with such commitment, and practically feasible, one centered around forms of remembrance.

The thesis that I have been trying to establish in this dissertation is that ethical systems are constructed on the basis of certain presuppositions about the temporal horizon in which human beings live, and most importantly, of the horizon within which they ought to live. In order to take a step towards establishing this claim, I examine what I take to be the two most powerful ethical theories in the western tradition, Aristotelianism and Kantianism, reconstructing their implications for the relationship (...) between ethics and temporality. I argue that Aristotle's ethics are intended to moderate the future orientation of his psychology by stressing the importance of the past. I suggest that it is possible to provide a temporal reading of Kantian ethics by emphasizing the notion of objective ends. But since this is one of the most tenuous elements in his system, the results will always be unstable. Finally, I argue that Habermas's discourse ethics can be read as an attempt to mediate the differences between Aristotle and Kant, and that it rests on a temporal horizon that deserves serious consideration. This is a temporal horizon that results from understanding the importance of tradition for questions of self-identity, on the one hand, and on the other of universality for questions of justice. (shrink)

edited by Ciaran Cronin and Pablo De Greiff Since its appearance in English translation in 1996, Jürgen Habermas's Between Facts and Norms has become the focus of a productive dialogue between German and Anglo-American legal and political theorists. The present volume contains ten essays that provide an overview of Habermas's political thought since the original appearance of Between Facts and Norms in 1992 and extend his model of deliberative democracy in novel ways to issues untreated in the earlier (...) work.Habermas's theory of democracy has at least three features that set it apart from competing positions. First, it combines a concern with questions of normative justification with an empirical analysis of the social conditions necessary for the realization of democratic institutions. Second, at the heart of his model is the assertion of an internal relationship between liberalism and democracy. On this account, the rights of the individual that are central to liberalism can be guaranteed only within a constitutional framework that at the same time fosters democratic rights of political participation through the public sphere. Finally, Habermas defends a conception of universal human rights that is not only sensitive to cultural differences but also calls for legal and political institutions that facilitate the cultivation of cultural and religious identities within pluralistic societies.These essays demonstrate the extraordinary power of Habermas's theory of democracy through a further engagement with Rawls's political liberalism and through original contributions to current debates over nationalism, multiculturalism, and the viability of supranational political institutions. (shrink)

The presence and impact of Hispanics/Latinos in the United States cannot be ignored. Already the largest minority group, by 2050 their numbers will exceed all the other minority groups in the United States combined. The diversity of this population is often understated, but the people differ in terms of their origin, race. language, custom, religion, political affiliation, education and economic status. The heterogeneity of the Hispanic/Latino population raises questions about their identity and their rights: do they really constitute a group? (...) That is, do they have rights as a group, or just as individuals? This volume, addresses these concerns through a varied and interdisciplinary approach. (shrink)

Un eclipse que abrió las puertas a Einstein pero no a la teoría de relatividad -- Las puertas de la creación -- El caso Tausk -- Las revoluciones de noviembre -- Coda : puertas, redes y marginación.

Le MAS a remporté les élections présidentielles boliviennes d’octobre 2020 dès le premier tour, avec 55,1 % des voix. Pablo Solón, ancien ministre d’Evo Morales, énumère dans cet article les raisons de ce triomphe et trace les défis qui s’imposent au nouveau gouvernement du président élu, Luis Arce. De fait, c’est une phase post Evo Morales qui s’ouvre, dans un pays profondément marqué par la pandémie, l’écocide, la corruption, les atteintes à l’état de droit, ainsi que par grave crise (...) économique. La clé pour relancer un « processus de changement » repose dans la capacité d’autogestion et d’autonomie des organisations sociales. (shrink)

Determinar el estatuto del embrión humano no es una tarea fácil y menos cuando existen realidades y propuestas diversas en torno al mismo. Si bien tratar de describir qué es una persona, resulta ya complejo por las dimensiones sociales, biológicas, psicológicas y espirituales que se involucran; cuando a ello le agregamos el valor antropológico,legal, ontológico y biológico del desarrollo de la persona, se complica todavía más. No obstante, cuando entendemos que no es adecuado generar conflicto entre disciplinas, sino, por el (...) contrario, que nuestra labor es la de dialogar y comprender que todos estamos trabajando con una misma realidad, podemos entonces vincular al ser humano en todas sus dimensiones, ver su integralidad y rescatar el valor originario del ser humano desde su concepción hasta su muerte. En especial, en el presente ensayo nos enfocaremos a dicho análisis para establecer una propuesta de cómo entender el estatuto del embrión humano desde los ámbitos biológico, legal, antropológico y ontológico. (shrink)

Este estudio pretende demostrar el origen metodológico común del concepto de soberanía popular de Rousseau y Carl Schmitt, entendido como aquella autoridad política cuya legitimidad descansa en un principio democrático verdaderamente sustantivo. En primer lugar, se intentará probar cómo ambas obras serían la expresión de una común reacción al formalismo de una dogmática liberal que identifica metodológicamente la legalidad formal con la legitimidad política. Así, Rousseau critica un enunciado de la ley natural procedente de Locke que legitima la desigualdad social (...) y política y justifica el gobierno burgués de los propietarios y Schmitt cuestiona un positivismo jurídico cuyo normativismo habría ocultado el auténtico valor sociológico del poder y la soberanía. En segundo lugar, una vez avanzada una crítica de las representaciones políticas que niegan el carácter sustantivo del pueblo soberano, se estudia el modo en que ambos formulan una propuesta metodológica alternativa. Aquí se prestará especial atención al modo en que la elaboración schmittiana incorpora, en un contexto de crisis de las formas liberales, una reelaboración de la crítica de Rousseau. (shrink)

Conditional independence tests have received special attention lately in machine learning and computational intelligence related literature as an important indicator of the relationship among the variables used by their models. In the field of probabilistic graphical models, which includes Bayesian network models, conditional independence tests are especially important for the task of learning the probabilistic graphical model structure from data. In this paper, we propose the full Bayesian significance test for tests of conditional independence for discrete datasets. The full Bayesian (...) significance test is a powerful Bayesian test for precise hypothesis, as an alternative to the frequentist’s significance tests (characterized by the calculation of the p-value). (shrink)

To manage conflicts between temptation and commitment, people use self-control. The process model of self-control outlines different strategies for managing the onset and experience of temptation. However, little is known about the decision-making factors underlying strategy selection. Across three experiments (N = 317), we tested whether the moral valence of a commitment predicts how people advise attentional self-control strategies. In Experiments 1 and 2, people rated attentional focus strategies as significantly more effective for people tempted to break moral relative to (...) immoral commitments, even when controlling for perceived temptation and trait self-control. Experiment 3 showed that as people perceived commitments to have more positive moral valence, they judged attentional focus strategies to be significantly more effective relative to attentional distraction strategies. Moreover, this effect was partly mediated by perceived differences in motivation. These results indicate that moralization informs decision-making processes related to self-control strategy selection. (shrink)

Se presentan los resultados de un estudio cuyo objetivo general fue identificar y caracterizar el patron estructural de las prácticas pedagógicas recurrentes en los departamentos de educación de espacios patrimoniales musealizados de la Región Metropolitana de Chile, ejemplo de país con perfil identitario pluricultural. La muestra parte de los 87 museos y organizaciones del Registro Nacional de Museos del gobierno (RMC). Se utilizó un diseño exploratorio secuencial (cuan – CUAL) que incorpora análisis estadísticos descriptivos, fases, criterios e instrumentos del método (...) OEPE. Permitió acotar la muestra a 16 y trasladar sus líneas a la base de datos OEPE. Seguido a esto (fase CUAL), la muestra se sometió a los indicadores de la escala validada Q-Edutage. Finalmente, se realizaron análisis descriptivos para los 5 departamentos educativos cuartil 1. La óptica se sitúa en la correlación de ámbitos y agentes educativos como fenómeno. Los nodos estructurales fueron metodología, tipologías de diseño, estrategias pedagógicas, recursos y cauces de participación e interacción comunicativa en entornos virtuales. De la estructura se infieren los cuatro principios del fenómeno, los cuales se ocupan de (1) la capacitación profesional, (2) los artefactos facilitadores, (3) la tecnología aplicada y (4) los mecanismos favorecedores de la interacción. (shrink)

ABSTRACT Most theorem provers for Classical Logic transform the input formula into a particular normal form. This tranformation is done before the execution of the algorithm or it is integrated into the deductive algorithm. This situation is no different for Non-Classical Logics and, particularly, for Temporal Logics. However, unlike classical logic, temporal logic does not provide an extension of the notion of non negative normal form. In this work, we define a temporal negative normal form for the future fragment of (...) the linear time propositional temporal logic, named FNext. The definition saves as much information as possible about implicants and implicates of the input formula and its subformulas. This property is the novelty of this normal form; for example, in [Fis97] the normal form is guided by the separation property and in [Ven86] the normal form provided prepares the input formula to be treated by a resolution method. Moreover, we also introduce an algorithm having linear cost, which transforms the input formula into a temporal negative normal form. Furthermore, in this work we present a new structure and a set of operators over it that allows us to efficiently manage the information about unitary implicants and implicates contained in the subformulae. (shrink)

Muchas de las teorías educativas actuales son de corte constructivista. En este artículo, reflexionamos sobre diversas cuestiones antropológico-filosóficas que justifican los postulados del constructivismo aplicados a la didáctica expuestos por Giovanni Marcello Iafrancesco. Cuando nos adentramos en el constructivismo epistemológico encontramos diferentes orientaciones teóricas. Algunas de ellas se relacionan con la epistemología evolucionista y la idea de selección natural. Por ello, tras la introducción, se realiza una crítica a la idea de selección natural en el campo antropológico, después de la (...) cual aparecen expuestas las ideas necesarias para que los postulados del constructivismo, aplicados a la didáctica, resulten evidentes. (shrink)

The following analysis consider one of the most recognized movies in the history of Cinema, “A Clockwork Orange”, identifying and examining the elements of the narration, which characterize it as a satire. However, this assertion lead to ask, which type of satire represent the Film. To structure these characterizations will be allude the Satire Theory of Friedrich Schiller, which works to delimitate not only the satirical elements of the story, but the mode the movie takes to become a critic to (...) the society. This will show how the Movie operate as a moralizing reflection, whose originality lies in the employment of the Satire to carry out this reflection. (shrink)

In this work we attempt to analyze the intra-theoretic characterization provided by Hilary Putnam and Werner Heisenberg between quantum mechanics and other theories. The first defended the idea that physical theories include macro principles that under specific definite historical conditions can be revised on the light of rival principles. Putnam will concentrate in the impact that quantum mechanics has produced in the classical image of knowledge. Heisenberg, on the other hand, develops his analysis from the notion of closed theories, assuming (...) the independence and incommensurability of physical theories. These divergences between the two authors will allow us to analyze how the disagreement in the consideration of the status of physical theories, goes deeper into more profound aspects related to the nature of knowledge and the relation between theory and world. (shrink)

Es muy defendible afirmar que el volumen dedicado a Spinoza de la obra Historia de la filosofía moderna de Kuno Fischer es la mediación más importante –si bien no la única– para comprender la relación Spinoza-Nietzsche. A partir de la lectura de esta obra en 1881, Nietzsche reconoce a Spinoza como precursor e identifica una tendencia en común entre ambos: «hacer del conocimiento el afecto más potente». Los principales objetivos de este trabajo son destacar la exposición que Fischer lleva a (...) cabo de algunos de los contenidos de la filosofía spinociana para poder valorar mejor su influencia en Nietzsche y resaltar la importancia que tiene tulo 22 de la edición de 1865, titulado «La voluntad humana», donde se interpreta la voluntad como deseo consciente, lo que tendrá sus consecuencias en la recepción de Nietzsche de la filosofía spinociana, además de permitir una discusión respecto del rol no siempre atendido de la voluntad en Spinoza. (shrink)

Uno de los principales problemas de la filosofía de la psicopatología contemporánea consiste en definir qué tipo de estados mentales son aquellos que denominamos delirantes. A esto se le ha denominado el “problema tipológico de los delirios”. El principal objetivo de este artículo es examinar las principales alternativas filosóficas contemporáneas a este problema: el doxasticismo—de acuerdo con el cuál los delirios deben ser caracterizados como creencias—y al anti-doxasticismo—el cuál niega el estatuto doxásticos de los delirios y ofrece una caracterización alternativa. (...) Para examinar el debate, el artículo presentará las principales características de ambas posiciones y sus fundamentos. Después, examinaremos los principales argumentos esgrimidos contra el doxasticismo y las respuestas y contraargumentos por parte de las alternativas doxásticas. Finalmente, expondremos algunas cuestiones conceptuales y desafíos abiertos relacionados con el debate y que, a nuestro juicio, deberían de marcar la hoja de ruta de los filósofos de la mente interesados en los delirios en los próximos años. (shrink)

Hymenoplasty is a surgical procedure requested by women who are expected to remain virgins until marriage. In this article, I assess the ethical and legal challenges raised by this request, both for the individual physician and for the health care system. I argue that performing hymenoplasty is not always an unethical practice and that, under certain conditions, it should be provided by the health care system.

La complejidad de la Crítica de la razón pura comienza a disolverse al contemplar su gestación desde los textos precríticos. Este artículo analiza la evolución de los “conceptos” de espacio y tiempo en los textos anteriores a la Crítica. Con ello se logran dos cosas: la primera, facilitar la lectura de la Crítica de la razón pura y la segunda demostrar que la reflexión que guía el comienzo de la filosofía trascendental no es otra que la fundamentación filosófica de la (...) física. (shrink)

One of the most controversial aspects in uncontrolled donation of organs after circulatory death is the initiation of preservation measures before death. I argue that in so-called opting-out systems only under very stringent conditions we might presume consent to the instauration of those measures. Given its current legal framework, I claim that this is not the case of Spain, a well-known country in which consent is presumed—albeit only formally—and where uDCD is currently practiced.

Hymenoplasty is a minor surgical procedure requested by women who, for cultural or religious reasons, need to remain a virgin until marriage. In this article I assess whether the public healthcare system of a liberal state should provide it as part of a policy of multicultural accommodation. I conclude that, in order to remain loyal to certain ethical ideals linked to the rule of law, liberal states should give access to hymenoplasty only to women for whom premarital virginity is a (...) precondition for their flourishing within their community and who say they are victims of sexual assault. (shrink)

In this article, I use a number of remarks made by Eugene Wigner to defend the claim that the nature of the connection between symmetries and conservation laws is different in quantum and in classical mechanics. In particular, I provide a list of three differences that obtain between the Hilbert space formulation of quantum mechanics and the Lagrangian formulation of classical mechanics. I also show that these differences are due to the fact that conservation laws are not the only consequence (...) that symmetries have in quantum mechanics and to the fact that, in classical mechanics, the connection between symmetries and conservation laws does not always obtain. (shrink)

This article deals with military honour in nineteenth-century Spain, after first examining how the meaning of this term evolved from the revolutionary Napoleonic wars onwards. This highly important moral value was learnt from the moment someone joined the army, and even before then, through education and common public military demonstrations. It related to individual behaviour, while also maintaining a high collective and corporative aspect, and it varied depending on gender or class and on the identity of the social group. It (...) was part of the political thought of most relevant Spanish generals, and consequently it influenced the political dynamics of Spain. The Court of Honour, an institution in Spain that was not regulated until 1811, controlled honour compliance. The last section of this article focuses on how and why these institutions were born and explains their early legislative evolution. Spanish political and military development are inevitably bound together to the extent that an understanding of the nature of honour and its effects on the army and civilian ethics provides us with a deep socio-political and ethical analysis of the country during the nineteenth century. (shrink)

El objetivo de esta contribución es detallar el proceso para realizar un estudio sobre la población de un municipio que permita la elaboración de un diagnóstico sociológico. Para ello, se identificarán variables demográficas, económicas, sociales y de participación pública. El proceso permite alcanzar la información mínima y necesaria para el desarrollo de la primera fase de un proyecto enfocado hacia la planificación de políticas públicas: la fase de diagnóstico sociológico. El estudio de dichos elementos estructurales permite obtener resultados detallados de (...) la población y confeccionar las tesis fundamentales sobre las necesidades y problemáticas sociales que se presentan. (shrink)

La aparición de las geometrías no euclidianas o astrales parecían contradecir la filosofía de la matemática de Kant. Éste había contemplado la posibilidad de una geometría suprema, pero la desechó por que no se relacionaba sintéticamente con la experiencia. Sin embargo, a principios del siglo XX Albert Einstein desarrollo la Teoría de la relatividad e hizo de ella una teoría de la gravitación. Esta teoría, conocida como Teoría de la relatividad general, confiere al Universo una estructura no euclídea. En este (...) artículo se plantea que tal dotación de sentido físico a un tipo de geometría astral, hace que los recelos... que Kant manifestó hacia una posible geometría diferente de la que se nos presenta en la intuición se disipen. La Teoría de la relatividad restablece, de esta manera, la conexión necesaria entre la nueva geometría y la experiencia. The appearance of the non-Euclidean or astral geometries seemed to contradict the philosophy of the Kant´s mathematics. He had considered the possibility of a supreme geometry, but he discarded it due to it was not synthetically related with the experience. However, at the beginning of the XX century Albert Einstein developed the Theory of the Relativity and made it a theory of gravitation. This theory, known as Theory of the General Relativity, confers to the Universe a non Euclidean structure. In this article it is outlined that such an endowment of physical sense to an astral geometry kind, makes that the... mistrust that Kant manifested with respect to a possible geometry different to that which the intuition presents to us, will vanish. The Theory of Relativity so recovers the necessary connection between the new geometry and the experience. (shrink)