Results for ' Inherent value of scholarship'

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  1.  22
    INTRODUCTION Factors and indices are one thing, deciding who is scholarly, why they are scholarly, and the relative value of their scholarship is something else entirely.Howard I. Browman & Konstantinos I. Stergiou - 2008 - Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics 8 (1):1-3.
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  2.  48
    Young people online and the social value of privacy.Valerie Steeves & Priscilla Regan - 2014 - Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 12 (4):298-313.
    Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework to contextualize young people’s lived experiences of privacy and invasion online. Social negotiations in the construction of privacy boundaries are theorized to be dependent on individual preferences, abilities and context-dependent social meanings.Design/methodology/approach– Empirical findings of three related Ottawa-based studies dealing with young people’s online privacy are used to examine the benefits of online publicity, what online privacy means to young people and the social importance of privacy. Earlier philosophical (...)
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  3.  6
    The use and misuse of bibliometric indices in evaluating scholarly performance: Esep Theme Section.I. Browman Howard & I. Stergiou Konstantinos - 2008 - Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics 8 (1):1-3.
  4.  13
    Analytic Practical Theory of Education and German Critical Pädagogik: Comparing Their Critical Dimension.Flora Liuying Wei - 2019 - Studies in Philosophy and Education 39 (6):625-640.
    Two critical theories—both contemporaneous and complementary—in Western philosophy of education spanning the 1960s to the 1980s will first be explicated, and then their significant intellectual values will be discussed on the basis of such a comparative account. These two critical models are the practical theory of education in the Anglophone world and the critical theory of education in the Continental Germany. I will introduce them—namely, analytic practical educational theory and German critical pädagogik—one after another, by focusing on their complementary differences, (...)
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  5.  9
    Analytic Practical Theory of Education and German Critical Pädagogik: Comparing Their Critical Dimension.Flora Liuying Wei - 2019 - Studies in Philosophy and Education 39 (6):625-640.
    Two critical theories—both contemporaneous and complementary—in Western philosophy of education spanning the 1960s to the 1980s will first be explicated, and then their significant intellectual values will be discussed on the basis of such a comparative account. These two critical models are the practical theory of education in the Anglophone world and the critical theory of education in the Continental Germany. I will introduce them—namely, analytic practical educational theory and German critical pädagogik—one after another, by focusing on their complementary differences, (...)
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  6.  12
    Analytic Practical Theory of Education and German Critical Pädagogik: Comparing Their Critical Dimension.Flora Liuying Wei - 2019 - Studies in Philosophy and Education 39 (6):625-640.
    Two critical theories—both contemporaneous and complementary—in Western philosophy of education spanning the 1960s to the 1980s will first be explicated, and then their significant intellectual values will be discussed on the basis of such a comparative account. These two critical models are the practical theory of education in the Anglophone world and the critical theory of education in the Continental Germany. I will introduce them—namely, analytic practical educational theory and German critical pädagogik—one after another, by focusing on their complementary differences, (...)
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  7.  6
    Analytic Practical Theory of Education and German Critical Pädagogik: Comparing Their Critical Dimension.Flora Liuying Wei - 2019 - Studies in Philosophy and Education 39 (6):625-640.
    Two critical theories—both contemporaneous and complementary—in Western philosophy of education spanning the 1960s to the 1980s will first be explicated, and then their significant intellectual values will be discussed on the basis of such a comparative account. These two critical models are the practical theory of education in the Anglophone world and the critical theory of education in the Continental Germany. I will introduce them—namely, analytic practical educational theory and German critical pädagogik—one after another, by focusing on their complementary differences, (...)
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  8.  34
    Bioethics and activism: A natural fit?Wendy Rogers - 2019 - Bioethics 33 (8):881-889.
    Bioethics is a practically oriented discipline that developed to address pressing ethical issues arising from developments in the life sciences. Given this inherent practical bent, some form of advocacy or activism seems inherent to the nature of bioethics. However, there are potential tensions between being a bioethics activist, and academic ideals. In academic bioethics, scholarship involves reflection, rigour and the embrace of complexity and uncertainty. These values of scholarship seem to be in tension with being an (...)
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  9.  58
    Dignity Only for Humans? On the Inherent Value of Non-Human Beings.Peter Schaber, Marcus Düwell, Jens Braarvig, Roger Brownsword & Dietmar Mieth - 2014 - In Peter Schaber, Marcus Düwell, Jens Braarvig, Roger Brownsword & Dietmar Mieth (eds.), Schaber, Peter (2014). Dignity Only for Humans? On the Inherent Value of Non-Human Beings. In: Düwell, Marcus; Braarvig, Jens; Brownsword, Roger; Mieth, Dietmar. The Cambridge Handbook of Human Dignity. Cambridge MA: Cambridge University Press, 546-550. pp. 546-550.
  10.  12
    Access to Care by Older Rural People in a Post-Reform Chinese Hospital: an Ethical Evaluation of Anthropological Findings.Xiang Zou & Jing-Bao Nie - 2019 - Asian Bioethics Review 11 (1):57-68.
    This paper examines older people’s access to care experiences in rural China by integrating anthropological investigation with ethical inquiry. Six months of fieldwork in a post-reform primary hospital show how rural residents struggle to access gerontological and nursing care under socially disadvantageous conditions. This anthropological investigation highlights the unmet needs in medical and nursing care for older people, as well as some social, institutional and structural elements that impede access to care. Centring on protecting the vulnerable as informed by feminist (...)
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  11.  3
    The Potential Role of Art in Kierkegaard's Description of the Individual.Scott Koterbay - 2004
    Kierkegaard scholarship has generally focused on either existential or religious issues, interpreting Kierkegaard's understanding of the individual's relationship to itself and to the Christian God. As a result of his description of the stages of development of the individual in the process of that relationship, such scholarship has consistently ignored the inherent potential to articulate an aesthetic system which would describe art as a means of facilitating the development in a positive direction. This book offers the first (...)
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  12. Schaber, Peter (2014). Dignity Only for Humans? On the Inherent Value of Non-Human Beings. In: Düwell, Marcus; Braarvig, Jens; Brownsword, Roger; Mieth, Dietmar. The Cambridge Handbook of Human Dignity. Cambridge MA: Cambridge University Press, 546-550.Peter Schaber, Marcus Düwell, Jens Braarvig, Roger Brownsword & Dietmar Mieth (eds.) - 2014
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  13.  14
    Feminist Interpretations of Aristotle.Julie K. Ward - 1998
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Hypatia 17.4 (2002) 238-243 [Access article in PDF] Book Review Feminist Interpretations of Aristotle Feminist Interpretations of Aristotle. Edited by Cynthia A. Freeland. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998. This volume consists of twelve essays, mostly newly published, on a variety of topics in Aristotelian scholarship ranging from the theoretical to the practical and productive parts of the corpus. The volume divides the papers into one group (...)
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  14.  96
    Inherent Value and Moral Rights.Paul W. Taylor - 1987 - The Monist 70 (1):15-30.
    In Chapter Seven of The Case for Animal Rights’ Tom Regan propounds and analyzes a concept of inherent value. He then argues that all humans and animals that satisfy what he calls the “subject-of-a-life criterion” have this kind of value and have it equally. In Chapter Eight of the book Regan draws a close connection between an individual’s having inherent value and its being a bearer of moral rights. I shall examine each of these points (...)
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  15.  21
    Speculative Philosophy, a Study of Its Nature, Types, and Uses. [REVIEW]M. P. - 1973 - Review of Metaphysics 26 (3):543-544.
    Although ostensibly defending speculative philosophy, Reck is doubtful that any unprejudiced speculative philosophy can exist: "No matter how much a philosopher may strive for neutrality, his test for the true philosophy is always predicated on the assumptions that his conception of being presents being as it is and that the conceptions of being his rivals uphold are partial or false." In the pursuit of neutrality, Reck attempts a mere chronicle of the distinctive conceptions of being which he feels have animated (...)
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  16. Instrumental and Inherent Value in the Enchiridion of Epictetus.Patricia Anne Murphy - 2014 - In G. John M. Abbarno (ed.), Inherent and Instrumental Values: Excursions in Value Inquiry. University Press of America.
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  17.  63
    The Value of Life: Biological Diversity And Human Society.Stephen R. Kellert & Stephen H. Kellert - 1997 - Island Press.
    The Value of Life is an exploration of the actual and perceived importance of biological diversity for human beings and society. Stephen R. Kellert identifies ten basic values, which he describes as biologically based, inherent human tendencies that are greatly influenced and moderated by culture, learning, and experience. Drawing on 20 years of original research, he considers: the universal basis for how humans value nature differences in those values by gender, age, ethnicity, occupation, and geographic location how (...)
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  18.  61
    Comparable Harm and Equal Inherent Value: The Problem of Dog in the Lifeboat.Gary L. Francione - 1995 - Between the Species 11 (3):3.
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  19.  25
    Reply to Zahavi: The Value of Historical Scholarship.Thomas Metzinger - 2006 - PSYCHE: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Research On Consciousness 12.
    Let me begin by focusing on the long list of agreements between the Dan Zahavi and me. As he is such a careful and scholarly author, there are almost no misunderstandings to get out of the way first. At the beginning of section 2, there is a conflation of different concepts of possibility. If we grant that imaginability is conceivability, if we pass over “practical” possibility as a non-defined term, and grant that by “physically” possible Zahavi very likely means “nomologically” (...)
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  20. On the Ontology of Inherent Value.Robert Halliday - 2014 - In G. John M. Abbarno (ed.), Inherent and Instrumental Values: Excursions in Value Inquiry. University Press of America.
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  21.  71
    Art forgeries and inherent value.G. Wallace - 1987 - British Journal of Aesthetics 27 (4):358-362.
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  22.  11
    Justice in the Context of Family Balancing.Richard R. Sharp & Michelle L. McGowan - 2013 - Science, Technology, and Human Values 38 (2):271-293.
    Bioethics and feminist scholarship has explored various justice implications of nonmedical sex selection and family balancing. However, prospective users’ viewpoints have been absent from the debate over the socially acceptable bounds of nonmedical sex selection. This qualitative study provides a set of empirically grounded perspectives on the moral values that underpin prospective users’ conceptualizations of justice in the context of a family balancing program in the United States. The results indicate that couples pursuing family balancing understand justice primarily in (...)
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  23.  48
    Syntax of inherent value.Edward Schuh - 1955 - Journal of Philosophy 52 (3):57-63.
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  24.  26
    The Value of Literature for Consciousness Research and Ethics.Mette Leonard Høeg - 2023 - Journal of Consciousness Studies 30 (1):138-162.
    The paper proposes to integrate literary studies in consciousness research to develop a strong ethical and existential dimension in the field. More specifically, it considers the value of fictional narrative for developing concepts of selfhood and personal identity that cohere with the reductionist explanations of human consciousness and self in modern empirical consciousness research. My central claim is that looking to the literary representations of human consciousness and existence that reject or are free from conventional essentialist ideas of self, (...)
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  25. The value of humanity in Kant's moral theory.Richard Dean - 2006 - New York: Oxford University Press.
    The humanity formulation of Kant's Categorical Imperative demands that we treat humanity as an end in itself. Because this principle resonates with currently influential ideals of human rights and dignity, contemporary readers often find it compelling, even if the rest of Kant's moral philosophy leaves them cold. Moreover, some prominent specialists in Kant's ethics have recently turned to the humanity formulation as the most theoretically central and promising principle of Kant's ethics. Nevertheless, it has received less attention than many other (...)
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  26.  42
    The Value of Artefactual Organisms.Ronald Sandler - 2012 - Environmental Values 21 (1):43 - 61.
    Synthetic biology makes use of genetic and other materials derived from modern biological life forms to design and construct novel synthetic organisms. Artificial organisms are not constructed from parts of existing biological organisms, but from non-biological materials. Artificial and synthetic organisms are artefactual organisms. Here we are concerned with the non-instrumental value of such organisms. More specifically, we are concerned with the extent to which artefactual organisms have natural value, inherent worth and intrinsic value. Our conclusions (...)
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  27.  28
    An Examination of Relationships of Inherent, Intrinsic, Instrumental, and Contributive Values of the Good Sports Contest.Warren P. Fraleigh - 1983 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 10 (1):52-60.
  28. The Value of Being Wild: A Phenomenological Approach to Wildlife Conservation.Adam Cruise - 2020 - Dissertation, University of Stellenbosch
    Given that one-million species are currently threatened with extinction and that humans are undermining the entire natural infrastructure on which our modern world depends (IPBES, 2019), this dissertation will show that there is a need to provide an alternative approach to wildlife conservation, one that avoids anthropocentrism and wildlife valuation on an instrumental basis to provide meaningful and tangible success for both wildlife conservation and human well-being in an inclusive way. In this sense, The Value of Being Wild will (...)
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  29.  50
    The Value of Life at the End of Life: A Critical Assessment of Hope and other Factors.Paul T. Menzel - 2011 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 39 (2):215-223.
    “The thing about life is that one day you’ll be dead.” Indeed. But even total and honest acceptance of this brute fact about our relationship to death does not diminish the value we see in short remaining life at the end of life. Few just “give in” and no more fight for life because death is seen as an inherent part of life. They still invest small amounts of additional life with huge value. How high may that (...)
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  30. The Value of Knowledge and The Test of Time.Miranda Fricker - 2009 - Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 64:121-138.
    The current literature on the value of knowledge is marred by two unwarranted presumptions, which together distort the debate and conceal what is perhaps the most basic value of knowledge, as distinct from mere true belief. These presumptions are the Synchronic Presumption, which confines philosophical attention to the present snapshot in time; and the Analytical Presumption, which has people look for the value of knowledge in some kind of warrant. Together these presumptions conceal that the value (...)
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  31.  13
    A multidimensional account of social justice for global health research.Bridget Pratt - 2023 - Bioethics 37 (7):624-636.
    A transformation of global health research is urgently needed if it is to eliminate long‐standing structural inequities within the field and help reduce global health disparities. Ethics has a key role to play in fostering such a transformation: it can help identify what the transformation should entail. Yet, ethics scholarship linking global health research to greater equity and social justice has limited authority and capacity to do so for two related reasons: it largely fails to apply theories and concepts (...)
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  32.  84
    The problematic value of mathematical models of evidence.Ronald J. Allen & Michael S. Pardo - 2007
    Legal scholarship exploring the nature of evidence and the process of juridical proof has had a complex relationship with formal modeling. As evident in so many fields of knowledge, algorithmic approaches to evidence have the theoretical potential to increase the accuracy of fact finding, a tremendously important goal of the legal system. The hope that knowledge could be formalized within the evidentiary realm generated a spate of articles attempting to put probability theory to this purpose. This literature was both (...)
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  33.  14
    Interrogating the Value of Return of Results for Diverse Populations: Perspectives from Precision Medicine Researchers.Caitlin E. McMahon, Nicole Foti, Melanie Jeske, William R. Britton, Stephanie M. Fullerton, Janet K. Shim & Sandra Soo-Jin Lee - 2024 - AJOB Empirical Bioethics 15 (2):108-119.
    Background Over the last decade, the return of results (ROR) in precision medicine research (PMR) has become increasingly routine. Calls for individual rights to research results have extended the “duty to report” from clinically useful genetic information to traits and ancestry results. ROR has thus been reframed as inherently beneficial to research participants, without a needed focus on who benefits and how. This paper addresses this gap, particularly in the context of PMR aimed at increasing participant diversity, by providing investigator (...)
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  34.  3
    Freedom as a Key Value of the Volunteer Movement.O. Y. Iliuk - 2023 - Anthropological Measurements of Philosophical Research 24:27-36.
    _Purpose_ of the article is to find out the main content and ways of embodying freedom as a value of the volunteer movement in the context of analyzing the social motivation of human behavior in general. _Theoretical basis._ The theoretical basis of the research is the philosophical and anthropological understanding of freedom as a person’s creative overcoming of obstacles to establish his or her eccentric essence. Such a vision is embedded, in particular, in Karl Jaspers’ philosophy of existence, Helmuth (...)
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  35.  59
    The Value of Risk in Transformative Experience.Petronella Randell - forthcoming - Episteme:1-13.
    Risk is inherent to many, if not all, transformative decisions. The risk of regret, of turning into a person you presently consider to be morally objectionable, or of value change are all risks of choosing to transform. This aspect of transformative decision-making has thus far been ignored, but carries important consequences to those wishing to defend decision theory from the challenge posed by transformative decision-making. I contend that a problem lies in a common method used to cardinalise utilities (...)
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  36.  18
    Hans Jonas and the Value of Life.Jazmine Gabriel - 2013 - Theoretical and Applied Ethics 2 (1):103-114.
    Daniel Callahan, in his short article “Hans Jonas and Death,” writes that while he appreciates the perspective on death offered by Jonas in his “The Burden and Blessing of Mortality,” he is concerned by certain omissions that suggest Jonas may not have fully appreciated the value of life. Callahan writes that Jonas does not say “a great deal about why life is worth living,” give an account of the “meaning of evolution for human life,” or describe the “experiences and (...)
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  37. Gadamer – Cheng: Conversations in Hermeneutics.Andrew Fuyarchuk - 2021 - Journal of Chinese Philosophy 48 (3):245-249.
    1 Introduction1 In the 1980s, hermeneutics was often incorporated into deconstructionism and literary theory. Rather than focus on authorial intentions, the nature of writing itself including codes used to construct meaning, socio-economic contexts and inequalities of power,2 Gadamer introduced a different perspective; the interplay between effects of history on a reader’s understanding and the tradition(s) handed down in writing. This interplay in which a reader’s prejudices are called into question and modified by the text in a fusion of understanding and (...)
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  38.  18
    Gender at the Forefront: Feminist Perspectives on Action Theoretical Approaches in Communication Research.Dafna Lemish - 2002 - Communications 27 (1):63-78.
    Feminist research is inherently linked to action, since it integrates scholarship with activism and seeks a fundamental social change. As such, it studies communciation processes as action-oriented on two complimentary levels: action within – the perpsective of meanings created as a result of active negotiations with texts by specifically socially-situated audiences; and social action – the perspective that understandings of human communication should be applied for the improvement of social life. Such a perspective emphasizes subjectivity as the central form (...)
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  39.  49
    Movement Class as an Integrative Experience: Academic, Cognitive, and Social Effects.Svetlana Nikitina - 2003 - Journal of Aesthetic Education 37 (1):54.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:The Journal of Aesthetic Education 37.1 (2003) 54-63 [Access article in PDF] Movement Class as an Integrative Experience:Academic, Cognitive, and Social Effects Svetlana Nikitina I believe the benefits of this type of course reach beyond the obvious possibilities of professional and academic achievement. The degree of personal discovery, creativity, self-development and insight are immeasurable. I am particularly referring to my experience here at Harvard. Claire Mallardi, from course syllabus (...)
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  40.  25
    Kant and the Capacity to Judge; Sensibility and Discursivity in the TranscendentaI Analytic of the Critique of Pure Reason (review).Michelle Greer - 1999 - Journal of the History of Philosophy 37 (2):372-374.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Kant and the Capacity to Judge; Sensibility and Discursivity in the Transcendental Analytic of the Critique of Pure Reason by Beatrice LonguenesseMichelle GreerBeatrice Longuenesse. Kant and the Capacity to Judge; Sensibility and Discursivity in the Transcendental Analytic of the Critique of Pure Reason. Translation by Charles T. Wolfe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998. Pp. xv + 420. Cloth, $59.50.Kant and the Capacity to Judge is a translation (...)
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  41.  32
    Intrinsic Value, Inherent Value, and Experience: A Reply to Stephen Barker.Robert Audi - 2003 - Southern Journal of Philosophy 41 (3):323-327.
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  42. The Value of Difference: Kantian Hospitality and Flikschuh’s Rethinking of Nomadic Encounters.Suma Rajiva - 2017 - Con-Textos Kantianos 5:384-393.
    In this essay I discuss the issue of Kantian hospitality and how Katrin Flikschuh’s arguments in “Kant’s Nomads: Encountering Strangers” offer us a framework for dealing with certain problems that seem to arise out of the Kantian account, namely, problems of dealing with cultures unlike modern liberal states, such as nomadic and indigenous communities. I look at some criticisms of Kant’s position on hospitality and cosmopolitan right and on how Flikschuh’s discussion helps to resolve these criticisms. I focus especially on (...)
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  43. Dworkin on the value of integrity.Jonathan Crowe - 2007 - Deakin Law Review 12:167.
    This article explores and critiques Ronald Dworkin's arguments on the value of integrity in law. Dworkin presents integrity in both legislation and adjudication as holding inherent political value. I defend an alternative theory of the value of integrity, according to which integrity holds instrumental value as part of a legal framework that seeks to realise a particular set of basic values taken to underpin the legal system as a whole. It is argued that this instrumental- (...) theory explains the value of integrity more satisfactorily than Dworkin's inherent-value account. The article concludes with a discussion of Dworkin's 'one right answer thesis'. Although the proposed theory of integrity does not support a strong version of Dworkin's thesis, it does suggest that there will be a single correct answer to legal questions more often than for normative deliberation generally. (shrink)
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  44.  2
    An Inherent Critique of Vitalism: The Case of Bergson. 주재형 - 2022 - Journal of the Society of Philosophical Studies 139:79-108.
    이 논문은 베르그손의 “전쟁 담론” 텍스트들에 대한 독해를 통해 생명주의 철학에 대한 내재적 비판 논리를 드러내고자 한다. 1차 세계대전은 베르그손을 포함한 일군의 유럽 철학자들이 속해 있던 생철학의 근본 원리들의 타당성과 한계를 측량하는 현실의 시금석이었다. 생명의 본질이 자기 역량의 무제한적 발휘와 그에 대한 향유라고 본 몇몇 철학자들은 전쟁을 생명의 이러한 본질이 드러나는 계기로 보며 전쟁을 지지했다. 베르그손 역시 독일에 맞서는 프랑스의 대의를 정당화하며 이 전쟁에 대한 철학적이면서도 이데올로기적인 해석을 제시했다. 하지만 그의 “전쟁 담론” 텍스트들을 면밀히 검토해 보면, 이 이데올로기적 선동 이면에서 (...)
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  45.  25
    On the Subjective Value of Life.Ognjen Arandjelović - 2023 - Philosophies 8 (2):23.
    Claims (or the implicit assumption of the inherent worth of life) are pervasive and remain virtually unchallenged. I have already argued that these outright moral dictates are thinly veiled vestiges of theological ethics which, following the removal of their theological foundations, remain little more than nebulous claims supported only by fear of the consequences of a challenge. In my previous work, I rejected an a priori claim of an objective life’s worth, which is the worth that we should assign (...)
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  46. The internet, cognitive enhancement, and the values of cognition.Richard Heersmink - 2016 - Minds and Machines 26 (4):389-407.
    This paper has two distinct but related goals: (1) to identify some of the potential consequences of the Internet for our cognitive abilities and (2) to suggest an approach to evaluate these consequences. I begin by outlining the Google effect, which (allegedly) shows that when we know information is available online, we put less effort into storing that information in the brain. Some argue that this strategy is adaptive because it frees up internal resources which can then be used for (...)
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  47. The Moral Value of Animals.Elisa Aaltola - 2007 - The Proceedings of the Twenty-First World Congress of Philosophy 3:219-225.
    Altruism has often been thought to be the reason we treat animals with a certain moral respect. Animals are not moral agents who could reciprocally honour our well being, and because of this duties toward them are considered to be based on other-directed motivations. Altruism is a vague notion, and in the context of animals can be divided into at least three different alternatives. The first one equates altruism with benevolence or "kindness"; the second one argues altruism is based on (...)
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  48.  22
    The Value of Strident Agnosticism : Dorothy Pawluch and the Endurance of Ontological Gerrymandering.Steve Woolgar - forthcoming - The American Sociologist 53:176-187.
    This paper reflects on the origins and subsequent reception of the paper "Ontological Gerrymandering: The anatomy of social problems explanations", published in 1985. It describes the circumstances of my turning up at McGill University as a Visiting Professor in Sociology and meeting Dorothy, then a graduate student and the TA assigned to an undergraduate course on Social Problems which I was asked to teach. The paper reflects on the twin benefits: of an interloper, from Europe and from Science and Technology (...)
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  49.  76
    Intrinsic Value, Inherent Value, and Experience: A Reply to Stephen Barker.Robert Audi - 2003 - Southern Journal of Philosophy 41 (3):323-327.
  50.  47
    Intrinsic Value, Inherent Value, and Experience: A Reply to Stephen Barker.Robert Audi - 2003 - Southern Journal of Philosophy 41 (3):323-327.
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