This comprehensive collection offers a unique look at nursing practice, theory, research and nursing history from various critical theoretical perspectives. It aims to initiate an international discussion among scholars from diverse countries, particularly Germany and Anglo-American countries, coming from distinctive schools of thought, e.g. German Critical theory and Post-structural approaches, and influenced by their respective histories of sciences. This book analyzes and criticizes nursing theory, nursing research and practice along several dimensions: Nursing Ethics, Subjectivity, Body and Flesh (Leib), Technology, Power, (...) History, and Education. (shrink)

1. Aufklärung, Gesellschaft, Kritik -- 2. Aufklärung, Geschichte, Revolution.

Classical bourgeois philosophy takes its origins from Bacon and Descartes. Their thinking differs fundamentally from the traditional mode of thought of feudal society. Bacon and Descartes no longer regarded objective reality as something God given and referrable only to Him, as was the case with feudal-clerical ideology. They regarded objective reality as a reality attained and cognized by man. Bacon wrote: "The dominance of man over things is based fundamentally on crafts and sciences…. From this there develops, with iron necessity, (...) the perfection of human relationships and the broadening of the power of man over nature." And Descartes demands a philosophy that is in the highest degree useful to life, and "with the help of which, knowing the force and action of fire, water, the air, the stars, the heavens, and all the other bodies surrounding us just as clearly as we know the diverse occupations of our craftsmen, we would be in a position to utilize them just as accurately for every possible kind of application and thereby make ourselves the masters and lords of nature.". (shrink)

Kant's philosophy, the peak, the culminating point of the European bourgeois Enlightenment, also represents the starting point of German classic bourgeois philosophy, leading through Fichte and Schelling to Hegel and Feuerbach. With the last-named, as we know, classic German philosophy, one of the theoretical sources of Marxism, "terminates.".

This paper describes the local context of Kant’s scientific education. It provides an informed sense of what Kant’s scientific training was like by presenting each relevant member of the philosophy faculty at the university in Königsberg where Kant was a student, and the scientific activities each one was engaged in. On the basis of this picture, it is argued that Kant’s relationship with one of his teachers, Martin Knutzen, may have been much more negative or critical than is typically supposed. (...) This evaluation has important implications especially for understanding Kant’s early works in natural philosophy. (shrink)

L’ouvrage que publie Alexandra Wilding est une révision de sa thèse de doctorat soutenue en 2017 à l’université de Manchester, thèse qui constitue une première analyse d’ampleur du corpus des inscriptions d’Oropos publié par Vasileios Petrakos en 1997. Comme l’annonce l’A. dès l’introduction, il ne s’agit pas d’une étude de l’activité cultuelle qui pouvait avoir lieu dans le sanctuaire d’Amphiaraos, mais bien d’une analyse politique diachronique de la manière dont ont pu s’exprimer différente...

Man hat oft von der Revolution im Weltbild der Physik gesprochen, die durch die Relativitätstheorie und die Quantentheorie ausgelöst worden ist. Bücher über das Naturbild der heutigen Physik beschränken sich meist nicht auf die Darstellung von Grundstrukturen und Ergebnissen der Physik in einer Sprache, die einem größeren Kreis von Leserinnen und Lesern zugänglich ist, sondern thematisieren auch die Folgen, die die neuen physikalischen Theorien für allgemeinere Fragen haben. Zeigt die Quantentheorie z. B., dass der Determinismus der klassischen Physik aufgegeben werden (...) muss? Können Teilchenbahnen und zeitlich sich verändernde Felder weiter als grundlegende Werkzeuge zur Beschreibung von Bewegungen verwendet werden? Müssen wir uns vielleicht sogar von der Vorstellung der objektiven Realität der Elementarteilchen verabschieden? Zweifellos sind Relativitätstheorie und Quantentheorie relevant für die Naturphilosophie und wichtig, wenn man nach einer kohärenten Gesamtsicht der Natur strebt. Aber sind die Änderungen in den metaphysischen, erkenntnistheoretischen und methodischen Annahmen, die in die naturwissenschaftliche Forschung eingehen, wirklich so einfach aus den Theorien der Physik ablesbar? (shrink)

Mit dem vorliegenden Band wird Manfred Riedel, ein Schuler von Ernst Bloch, Karl Lowith und Hans-Georg Gadamer geehrt. Er anerkennt zugleich ein philosophisches Lebenswerk, das sich nicht an ferne utopische Ziele verlor, sondern mit dem historischen Leidensweg des geteilten und seit 1990 geeinten Deutschland untrennbar verbunden ist. Widergespiegelt wird das breite Spektrum seines philosophischen Denkens, das von der Lehre einer zweiten, praktischen Philosophie uber die Geschichtsvisionen einer Burgergesellschaft in Antike und Neuzeit zu der Gewichtung einer akroamatischen - das Horen (...) auf die Sprache erorternden - Hermeneutik und dem Zusammenhang von Denken und Dichten bei Nietzsche und den grossen Lyrikern der klassischen Moderne reicht. Die Beitrage, u. a. von Dieter Borchmeyer, Felix Duque, Jean Grondin, Werner Hecht, Agnes Heller, Hans Kock, Peter Horst Neumann, Fulvio Tessitore und Giuseppe Cacciatore, sind Zeugnisse dieses Weges und der internationalen Verbindungen des Geehrten. (shrink)

Zusammenfassung: Fehlinterpretierte Dokumente und ignorierte physikalische Fakten: Die Geschichte von,Hitlers Atombombe‘ muss korrigiert werden. Warum haben die deutschen Physiker während des Zweiten Weltkriegs keine Atombombe entwickelt? Seit mehr als 25 Jahren sind sich die Historiker einig, dass die deutschen Physiker wussten, wie eine Atombombe gebaut werden muss, dass aber ein Programm wie das amerikanische Manhattan‐Projekt zu ihrer Realisierung in Deutschland, erst recht während des Krieges, unmöglich war. Eine genaue Analyse aller erhaltenen Original‐Dokumente über die Arbeit an der Atombombe während des,Dritten (...) Reichs‘ zeigt jedoch erhebliche Fehler der Autoren durch unvollständige Analyse der Dokumente, falsches Verständnis naturwissenschaftlicher Erläuterungen und Ignorieren physikalischer Fakten. Es wird nachgewiesen, dass die deutschen Physiker bis zum Ende des Krieges nicht bemerkt hatten, dass eine Atombombe nur mit schnellen Neutronen realisiert werden kann. Nur Heisenberg hatte das richtige Prinzip spät erkannt, es aber nicht eindeutig kommuniziert und auch in keiner Weise physikalisch vertieft. Die physikalisch korrekte Interpretation der Dokumente zeigt, dass die deutschen Physiker während des Krieges erfolglos versuchten, einen Reaktor zu entwickeln, der auch eine Voraussetzung für den Bau einer Plutonium‐Bombe gewesen wäre. Aber sie wussten nicht, wie eine Bombe realisiert werden kann, weil sie nie an einer realistischen Theorie der Atombombe gearbeitet hatten. Summary: Misinterpreted Documents and Ignored Physical Facts: The History of ‘Hitler's Atomic Bomb’ needs to be corrected. Why have the German physicists not developed an atomic bomb during World War II? For more than 25 years, the historians agree that they knew how to build the bomb, but that a bomb‐development programme of the size of the US‐Manhattan‐Project would not have been possible in wartime Germany. A detailed analysis of all preserved documents on the German atomic bomb research during the ‘Third Reich’, however, reveals considerable mistakes by the authors due to incomplete analysis of documents, misinterpretations of scientific explanations and ignoring of physical facts. It is shown that until the end of the war the German physicists did not know that an atomic bomb can only be made with fast neutrons, except Heisenberg, who, however, discovered it rather late, did not communicate it clearly and did not study any bomb physics. The physically correct interpretation of the documents reveals that the German physicists worked unsuccessfully on a reactor, which would have been a prerequisite for a plutonium bomb. But they did not know how to build a bomb because they never worked on a realistic bomb theory. (shrink)

This paper deals with what has been called "ars inveniendi" (’art of finding‘) in antiquity, medieval and early modern times. A survey of different techniques of finding tenable and relevant arguments is presented (among them, the Topical tradition, Status theory, Debate theory, Encyclopedic systems, Creativity techniques). Their advantages and disadvantages are critically compared. It is suggested that a mixture of strategies of finding arguments should be used. Finally, a few remarks showing the relationship beween the strategies of finding arguments and (...) creativity in general are given. (shrink)

Manfred Rehbinder (Berlín 1935), asistente de Ernst E. Hirsch, se habilita en la Freie Universität Berlin, profesor en las Universidades de Bielefeld (1969-1973) y Zúrich (1973- 2003), y es —así lo señala por ejemplo Alfons Bora— uno de los precursores de la sociología jurídica de carácter empírico. Sin embargo, el texto que se presenta, y que fue publicado en los Anales en su número dedicado a la sociología del derecho (número 13, 1973), posee un carácter eminentemente teórico. Apoyándose en (...) el conocimiento del derecho positivo alemán, Manfred Rehbinder traza una serie de tendencias generales que resultan de gran utilidad para comprender los notables cambios que acaecían en aquel entonces y cuyos ecos resuenan en la actualidad: el síntoma novedoso se ha convertido hoy en lugar común. La racionalización del derecho, su homogeneización, el incremento de la materia, las estructuras jurídicas y el apoyo del derecho en paradigmas científicos son las líneas evolutivas a las que se presta atención en este trabajo. (shrink)

Biologists studying short-lived organisms have become aware of the need to recognize an explicit temporal extend of a population over a considerable time. In this article we outline the concept and the realm of populations with explicit spatial and temporary boundaries. We call such populations “temporally bounded populations”. In the concept, time is of the same importance as space in terms of a dimension to which a population is restricted. Two parameters not available for populations that are only spatially defined (...) characterise temporally bounded populations: total population size, which is the total number of individuals present within the temporal borders, and total residence time, which is the sum of the residence times of all individuals. We briefly review methods to estimate these parameters. We illustrate the concept for the large blue butterfly (Maculinea nausithous) and outline insights into ecological and conservation-relevant processes that cannot be gained without the use of the concept. (shrink)

Using game theory and examples of actual games people play, Nobel laureate Manfred Eigen and Ruthild Winkler show how the elements of chance and rules underlie ...

This is the first full-length biography in more than fifty years of Immanuel Kant, one of the giants amongst the pantheon of Western philosophers as well as the one with the most powerful and broad influence on contemporary philosophy. It is well known that Kant spent his entire life in an isolated part of Prussia living the life of a typical university professor. This has given rise to the view that Kant was a pure thinker with no life of his (...) own, or at least none worth considering seriously. In this biography, Manfred Kuehn debunks that myth once and for all. Taking account of the most recent scholarship Professor Kuehn allows the reader to follow the same journey that Kant himself took in emerging as a central figure in modern philosophy. (shrink)

This is the first full-length biography in more than fifty years of Immanuel Kant, one of the giants amongst the pantheon of Western philosophers as well as the one with the most powerful and broad influence on contemporary philosophy. It is well known that Kant spent his entire life in an isolated part of Prussia living the life of a typical university professor. This has given rise to the view that Kant was a pure thinker with no life of his (...) own, or at least none worth considering seriously. In this biography, Manfred Kuehn debunks that myth once and for all. Taking account of the most recent scholarship Professor Kuehn allows the reader to follow the same journey that Kant himself took in emerging as a central figure in modern philosophy. (shrink)

Argumentation mining is an application of natural language processing (NLP) that emerged a few years ago and has recently enjoyed considerable popularity, as demonstrated by a series of international workshops and by a rising number of publications at the major conferences and journals of the field. Its goals are to identify argumentation in text or dialogue; to construct representations of the constellation of claims, supporting and attacking moves (in different levels of detail); and to characterize the patterns of reasoning that (...) appear to license the argumentation. Furthermore, recent work also addresses the difficult tasks of evaluating the persuasiveness and quality of arguments. Some of the linguistic genres that are being studied include legal text, student essays, political discourse and debate, newspaper editorials, scientific writing, and others. The book starts with a discussion of the linguistic perspective, characteristics of argumentative language, and their relationship to certain other notions such as subjectivity. Besides the connection to linguistics, argumentation has for a long time been a topic in Artificial Intelligence, where the focus is on devising adequate representations and reasoning formalisms that capture the properties of argumentative exchange. It is generally very difficult to connect the two realms of reasoning and text analysis, but we are convinced that it should be attempted in the long term, and therefore we also touch upon some fundamentals of reasoning approaches. Then the book turns to its focus, the computational side of mining argumentation in text. We first introduce a number of annotated corpora that have been used in the research. From the NLP perspective, argumentation mining shares subtasks with research fields such as subjectivity and sentiment analysis, semantic relation extraction, and discourse parsing. Therefore, many technical approaches are being borrowed from those (and other) fields. We break argumentation mining into a series of subtasks, starting with the preparatory steps of classifying text as argumentative (or not) and segmenting it into elementary units. Then, central steps are the automatic identification of claims, and finding statements that support or oppose the claim. For certain applications, it is also of interest to compute a full structure of an argumentative constellation of statements. Next, we discuss a few steps that try to 'dig deeper': to infer the underlying reasoning pattern for a textual argument, to reconstruct unstated premises (so-called 'enthymemes'), and to evaluate the quality of the argumentation. We also take a brief look at 'the other side' of mining, i.e., the generation or synthesis of argumentative text. The book finishes with a summary of the argumentation mining tasks, a sketch of potential applications, and a—necessarily subjective—outlook for the field. Table of Contents: Preface / Acknowledgments / Introduction / Argumentative Language / Modeling Arguments / Corpus Annotation / Finding Claims / Finding Supporting and Objecting Statements / Deriving the Structure of Argumentation / Assessing Argumentation / Generating Argumentative Text / Summary and Perspectives / Bibliography / Authors' Biographies / Index. (shrink)

Research on children's developing theories of mind has contributed to our understanding of the developmental relation of self and action (1) by exploring the relation of the development of self knowledge to the development of knowledge of others' minds and (2) by investigating the relation between theory of mind development and the development of action control. We argue that evidence on theory of mind reasoning in children with deficient action control (ADHD-diagnosed children) is especially relevant to the second issue and (...) we present some first evidence supporting the bi-directional hypothesis, that is, the view that theory of mind leads to improved action control which in turn supports the ability to represent mental states on-line. (shrink)