日本の戦後思想の核心とは、圧倒的な外来思想への、自己の戦争体験と近代日本の露わになった後進性を手がかりにした、ポストコロニアルな抵抗にある。非西洋世界が近代化にむけた苦闘にあるこのとき、日本の戦後思想 は、どのような可能性をもつのか。「リスク近代」の果てにせり上がってきた、世界が抱え込む「有限性」という概念を手がかりに、21世紀世界の思想的課題と、未来構想の可能性を問う。.

In this study, falsification-aware semantics and sequent calculi for first-order classical logic are introduced and investigated. These semantics and sequent calculi are constructed based on a falsification-aware setting for first-order Nelson constructive three-valued logic. In fact, these semantics and sequent calculi are regarded as those for a classical variant of N3. The completeness and cut-elimination theorems for the proposed semantics and sequent calculi are proved using Schütte’s method. Similar results for the propositional case are also obtained.

Lattice logic, bilattice logic, and paraconsistent quantum logic are investigated based on monosequent systems. Paraconsistent quantum logic is an extension of lattice logic, and bilattice logic is an extension of paraconsistent quantum logic. Monosequent system is a sequent calculus based on the restricted sequent that contains exactly one formula in both the antecedent and succedent. It is known that a completeness theorem with respect to a lattice-valued semantics holds for a monosequent system for lattice logic. A completeness theorem with respect (...) to a lattice-valued semantics is proved for paraconsistent quantum logic, and a completeness theorem with respect to a bilattice-valued semantics is proved for bilattice logic. Some syntactical properties, including cut-elimination and duality, are also investigated for the monosequent systems for these logics. (shrink)

Falsification-aware (hyper)sequent calculi and Kripke semantics for normal modal logics including S4 and S5 are introduced and investigated in this study. These calculi and semantics are constructed based on the idea of a falsification-aware framework for Nelson’s constructive three-valued logic. The cut-elimination and completeness theorems for the proposed calculi and semantics are proved.

The laser chaos decision maker has been demonstrated to enable ultra-high-speed solutions of multiarmed bandit problems or decision-making in the GHz order. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In this paper, we analyze the chaotic dynamics inherent in experimentally observed laser chaos time series via surrogate data and further accelerate the decision-making performance via parameter optimization. We first evaluate the negative autocorrelation in a chaotic time series and its impact on decision-making detail. Then, we analyze the decision-making ability (...) using three different surrogate chaos time series to examine the underlying mechanism. We clarify that the negative autocorrelation of laser chaos improves decision-making and that the amplitude distribution of the original laser chaos time series is not optimal. Hence, we introduce a new parameter for adjusting the amplitude distribution of the laser chaos to enhance the decision-making performance. This study provides a new insight into exploiting the supremacy of chaotic dynamics in artificially constructed intelligent systems. (shrink)

Illusory kinesthetic sensation was influenced by motor imagery of the wrist following tendon vibration. The imagery and the illusion conditions commonly activated the contralateral cingulate motor area, supplementary motor area, dorsal premotor cortex, and ipsilateral cerebellum. This supports the notion that motor imagery is a mental rehearsal of movement, during which expected kinesthetic sensation is emulated by recruiting multiple motor areas, commonly activated by pure kinesthesia.

There is a task-specificity in the visual-tactile interaction for perception: The polymodal posterior parietal cortex is related to the comparison of the shapes coded by different sensory modalities, whereas the lateral occipital complex is the part of the network for multimodal shape identification. These interactions may be mediated by some latent pathways potentiated by sensory deprivation or learning.

Two new multilattice logics called submultilattice logic and indexed multilattice logic are introduced as a monosequent calculus and an indexed monosequent calculus, respectively. The submultilattice logic is regarded as a monosequent calculus version of Shramko’s original multilattice logic, which is also known as the logic of logical multilattices. The indexed multilattice logic is an extension of the submultilattice logic, and is regarded as the logic of multilattices. A completeness theorem with respect to a lattice-valued semantics is proved for the submultilattice (...) logic, and a completeness theorem with respect to a multilattice-valued semantics is proved for the indexed multilattice logic. (shrink)

Dual-intuitionistic logics are logics proposed by Czermak , Goodman and Urbas . It is shown in this paper that there is a correspondence between Goodman's dual-intuitionistic logic and Nelson's constructive logic N−.

In this paper, a way of constructing many-valued paraconsistent logics with weak double negation axioms is proposed. A hierarchy of weak double negation axioms is addressed in this way. The many-valued paraconsistent logics constructed are defined as Gentzen-type sequent calculi. The completeness and cut-elimination theorems for these logics are proved in a uniform way. The logics constructed are also shown to be decidable.

The original version of this article unfortunately contains several errors introduced by the typesetter during the publishing process. It has been corrected.

科学が自然を破壊した今、人間は人工的に反人工的な自然を保持するべく努力しなければなりません。科学技術は、この逆説に耐え抜かねばならないのでしょう。.

Kyosei, a traditional Japanese concept, has been applied to a variety subjects, from biology to business. It has more recently become synonymous with the concepts of corporate responsibility, ethical decision making, stakeholder maximization, and responsible reciprocity. The purpose of this paper is to trace kyosei's modern business application back to ancient Confucian thought. The ideals associated with Confucianism were instrumental in the creation of Japanese business codes of ethics during the early part of the seventeenth century. A short history of (...) this period is presented to provide a contextual framework for understanding these codes. A specific code of ethics, called the shuchu kiyaku, is presented for the first time in English and shown to have direct roots in Confucian writings. Statements from modern company codes and from modern Japanese and American businessmen are presented to reflect the philosophy of business embodied in that ancient code of ethics. (shrink)

In this study, an extended paradefinite logic with classical negation (EPLC), which has the connectives of conflation, paraconsistent negation, classical negation, and classical implication, is introduced as a Gentzen-type sequent calculus. The logic EPLC is regarded as a modification of Arieli, Avron, and Zamansky’s ideal four-valued paradefinite logic (4CC) and as an extension of De and Omori’s extended Belnap–Dunn logic with classical negation (BD+) and Avron’s self-extensional four-valued paradefinite logic (SE4). The completeness, cut-elimination, and decidability theorems for EPLC are proved (...) and EPLC is shown to be embeddable into classical logic. The strong equivalence substitution property and the admissibilities of the rules of negative symmetry, contraposition, and involution are shown for EPLC. Some alternative simple Gentzen-type sequent calculi, which are theorem-equivalent to EPLC, are obtained via these characteristic properties. (shrink)

In this paper, the positive fragment of the logic math formula of contraction-less relevant implication is extended with the addition of a paraconsistent negation connective similar to the strong negation connective in Nelson's paraconsistent four-valued logic math formula. This extended relevant logic is called math formula, and it has the property of constructible falsity which is known to be a characteristic property of math formula. A Gentzen-type sequent calculus math formula for math formula is introduced, and the cut-elimination and decidability (...) theorems for math formula are proved. Two extended Routley-Meyer semantics are introduced for math formula, and the completeness theorems with respect to these semantics are proved. (shrink)

A spatial modal logic is introduced as an extension of the modal logic S4 with the addition of certain spatial operators. A sound and complete Kripke semantics with a natural space interpretation is obtained for SML. The finite model property with respect to the semantics for SML and the cut-elimination theorem for a modified subsystem of SML are also presented.

ObjectiveTo assess distracted attention and performance on a computer task following completion of a sustained attention and acute media multitasking task among adolescents with varying self-reported usual media multitasking.MethodsNinety-six 13- to 17-year-olds played the video game Tetris following completion of a Go/No-go paradigm to measure sustained attention in the presence of distractors, an acute media multitasking, or a passive viewing condition. Adolescents completed the conditions on separate visits in randomized order. Sustained attention was measured within the Go/No-go task by measuring (...) errors of omission. Distracted attention while playing the Tetris task was measured by computing eye tracking measures of attention to irrelevant distractor images that bordered the Tetris game. Participants also self-reported their daily media multitasking.ResultsThe Go/No-go task revealed important qualitative differences in sustained attention among low and high usual media multitaskers. There was a uniform improvement in sustained attention among low usual media multitaskers, demonstrated by a consistent linear decrease in omission errors. Among high usual media multitaskers, there was initially a decrease in sustained attention followed by an increase. Completing the Go/No-go task also statistically significantly reduced distractibility and increased performance while playing Tetris compared to the passive viewing condition, but only among those with low usual media multitasking. There was a non-statistically significant trend that completing the acute media multitask increased subsequent distractibility and performance while playing Tetris among high media multitaskers.ConclusionIn this sample of adolescents, practicing a sustained attention task reduces distractibility and improves task performance among those who have low levels of usual media multitasking. (shrink)

A new combined temporal logic called synchronized linear-time temporal logic (SLTL) is introduced as a Gentzen-type sequent calculus. SLTL can represent the n -Cartesian product of the set of natural numbers. The cut-elimination and completeness theorems for SLTL are proved. Moreover, a display sequent calculus δ SLTL is defined.

This study introduces refutation-aware Gentzen-style sequent calculi and Kripke-style semantics for propositional until-free linear-time temporal logic. The sequent calculi and semantics are constructed on the basis of the refutation-aware setting for Nelson’s paraconsistent logic. The cut-elimination and completeness theorems for the proposed sequent calculi and semantics are proven.

With the development of assisted reproductive technologies, medical, ethical, legal, and social issues have arisen that did not exist when natural conception was the only means of childbirth. In Japan, men tend to believe that assisted reproductive technologies are not directly related to them, with the literature showing that men are often reluctant to be involved in fertility treatment processes. To better understand this situation, this study analyzes the role of male consent during assisted reproductive technology procedures in Japan. First, (...) we examined Japanese court cases that dealt with issues related to male consent during assisted reproductive technology procedures and identified three situations in which problems related to male consent during such procedures may arise. Next, we analyzed the background of such issues and the implications of the lack of consent regarding men’s reproductive rights. Finally, we explored the need for legislation on assisted reproductive technologies. The study concludes that discussions on the scope of male partner rights in assisted reproductive technology procedures are key for minimizing unnecessary conflict between partners, thus ensuring both the rights of women who wish to have children and the welfare of their children. (shrink)

Paraconsistent quantum logic, a hybrid of minimal quantum logic and paraconsistent four-valued logic, is introduced as Gentzen-type sequent calculi, and the cut-elimination theorems for these calculi are proved. This logic is shown to be decidable through the use of these calculi. A first-order extension of this logic is also shown to be decidable. The relationship between minimal quantum logic and paraconsistent four-valued logic is clarified, and a survey of existing Gentzen-type sequent calculi for these logics and their close relatives is (...) addressed. (shrink)

A modal extension of multilattice logic, called modal multilattice logic, is introduced as a Gentzen-type sequent calculus \. Theorems for embedding \ into a Gentzen-type sequent calculus S4C and vice versa are proved. The cut-elimination theorem for \ is shown. A Kripke semantics for \ is introduced, and the completeness theorem with respect to this semantics is proved. Moreover, the duality principle is proved as a characteristic property of \.

A classical paraconsistent logic, which is regarded as a modified extension of first-degree entailment logic, is introduced as a Gentzen-type sequent calculus. This logic can simulate the classical negation in classical logic by paraconsistent double negation in CP. Theorems for syntactically and semantically embedding CP into a Gentzen-type sequent calculus LK for classical logic and vice versa are proved. The cut-elimination and completeness theorems for CP are also shown using these embedding theorems. Similar results are also obtained for an intuitionistic (...) paraconsistent logic, and several versions of Glivenko and Gödel-Gentzen translation theorems are proved for CP and IP. (shrink)

The term ‘humanism’ is Western in origin. It denotes the tradition that places special emphasis on cultivation of letters for education. In the West, this tradition was originated with sophists and Isocrates, established by Cicero, and was developed by Renaissance humanists. East Asia, however, also has its own humanistic traditions with equal educational relevance. One of these is a Japanese version of Confucian humanism established by Ogyu Sorai. This tradition is based on the interpretation of Confucius as a lover of (...) poetry and a teacher of rites. In this article, we discuss the main features of East Asian humanism represented by Sorai and Confucius. Then, after an overview of Western humanism, we aim to elucidate both the convergence and divergence of the two traditions. The investigation will help us to envision humanistic education of the twenty-first century. (shrink)

In this paper, bi-intuitionistic multilattice logic, which is a combination of multilattice logic and the bi-intuitionistic logic also known as Heyting–Brouwer logic, is introduced as a Gentzen-type sequent calculus. A Kripke semantics is developed for this logic, and the completeness theorem with respect to this semantics is proved via theorems for embedding this logic into bi-intuitionistic logic. The logic proposed is an extension of first-degree entailment logic and can be regarded as a bi-intuitionistic variant of the original classical multilattice logic (...) determined by the algebraic structure of multilattices. Similar completeness and embedding results are also shown for another logic called bi-intuitionistic connexive multilattice logic, obtained by replacing the connectives of intuitionistic implication and co-implication with their connexive variants. (shrink)

Short interspersed repetitive elements, or SINEs, are tRNA-derived retroposons that are dispersed throughout eukaryotic genomes and can be present in well over 104 total copies. The enormous volume of SINE amplifications per organism makes them important evolutionary agents for shaping the diversity of genomes, and the irreversible, independent nature of their insertion allows them to be used for diagnosing common ancestry among host taxa with extreme confidence. As such, they represent a powerful new tool for systematic biology that can be (...) strategically integrated with other conventional phylogenetic characters, most notably morphology and DNA sequences. This review covers the basic aspects of SINE evolution that are especially relevant to their use as systematic characters and describes the practical methods of characterizing SINEs for cladogram construction. It also discusses the limits of their systematic utility, clarifies some recently published misunderstandings, and illustrates the effective application of SINEs for vertebrate phylogenetics with results from selected case studies. BioEssays 22:148–160, 2000. ©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (shrink)

A challenge in human genome research is how to describe the populations being studied. The use of improper and/or imprecise terms has the potential to both generate and reinforce prejudices and to diminish the clinical value of the research. The issue of population descriptors has not attracted enough academic attention outside North America and Europe. In January 2012, we held a two-day workshop, the first of its kind in Japan, to engage in interdisciplinary dialogue between scholars in the humanities, social (...) sciences, medical sciences, and genetics to begin an ongoing discussion of the social and ethical issues associated with population descriptors. (shrink)

Two intuitionistic paradefinite logics N4C and N4C+ are introduced as Gentzen-type sequent calculi. These logics are regarded as a combination of Nelson’s paraconsistent four-valued logic N4 and Wansing’s basic constructive connexive logic C. The proposed logics are also regarded as intuitionistic variants of Arieli, Avron, and Zamansky’s ideal paraconistent four-valued logic 4CC. The logic N4C has no quasi-explosion axiom that represents a relationship between conflation and paraconsistent negation, but the logic N4C+ has this axiom. The Kripke-completeness and cut-elimination theorems for (...) N4C and N4C+ are proved. (shrink)

In this study, we introduce Gentzen-type sequent calculi BDm and BDi for a modal extension and an intuitionistic modification, respectively, of De and Omori’s extended Belnap–Dunn logic BD+ with classical negation. We prove theorems for syntactically and semantically embedding BDm and BDi into Gentzen-type sequent calculi S4 and LJ for normal modal logic and intuitionistic logic, respectively. The cut-elimination, decidability, and completeness theorems for BDm and BDi are obtained using these embedding theorems. Moreover, we prove the Glivenko theorem for embedding (...) BD+ into BDi and the McKinsey–Tarski theorem for embedding BDi into BDm. (shrink)

The trilattice SIXTEEN3 introduced in Shramko & Wansing (2005) is a natural generalization of the famous bilattice FOUR2. Some Hilbert-style proof systems for trilattice logics related to SIXTEEN3 have recently been studied (Odintsov, 2009; Shramko & Wansing, 2005). In this paper, three sequent calculi GB, FB, and QB are presented for Odintsovs coordinate valuations associated with valuations in SIXTEEN3. The equivalence between GB, FB, and QB, the cut-elimination theorems for these calculi, and the decidability of B are proved. In addition, (...) it is shown how the sequent systems for B can be extended to cut-free sequent calculi for Odintsov’s LB, which is an extension of B by adding classical implication and negation connectives. (shrink)

Advancements in novel neurotechnologies, such as brain computer interfaces and neuromodulatory devices such as deep brain stimulators, will have profound implications for society and human rights. While these technologies are improving the diagnosis and treatment of mental and neurological diseases, they can also alter individual agency and estrange those using neurotechnologies from their sense of self, challenging basic notions of what it means to be human. As an international coalition of interdisciplinary scholars and practitioners, we examine these challenges and make (...) recommendations to mitigate negative consequences that could arise from the unregulated development or application of novel neurotechnologies. We explore potential ethical challenges in four key areas: identity and agency, privacy, bias, and enhancement. To address them, we propose democratic and inclusive summits to establish globally-coordinated ethical and societal guidelines for neurotechnology development and application, new measures, including “Neurorights,” for data privacy, security, and consent to empower neurotechnology users’ control over their data, new methods of identifying and preventing bias, and the adoption of public guidelines for safe and equitable distribution of neurotechnological devices. (shrink)