Qu’en est-il de la transmission généalogique de la honte? Après avoir rappelé la différence entre avoir, être et porter la Honte, l’auteur présente la notion de scénario généalogique porte-la-Honte en particulier à propos de la conception d’un enfant. Il décrit, en l’illustrant à partir d’un exemple de thérapie familiale psychanalytique et de traumatisme catastrophique communautaire, l’importance de la figuration narrative dans la clinique de la honte dans une perspective psychanalytique des liens.

Qu’en est-il de la transmission généalogique de la honte? Après avoir rappelé la différence entre avoir, être et porter la Honte, l’auteur présente la notion de scénario généalogique porte-la-Honte en particulier à propos de la conception d’un enfant. Il décrit, en l’illustrant à partir d’un exemple de thérapie familiale psychanalytique et de traumatisme catastrophique communautaire, l’importance de la figuration narrative dans la clinique de la honte dans une perspective psychanalytique des liens.

Au travers du cas clinique d’un adolescent placé dans les services de l’Aide sociale à l’enfance souffrant d’une problématique honteuse et d’un délabrement du lien maternel, l’auteur de cet article étudie en quoi l’écoute familiale modifie l’écoute individuelle à l’aide du concept de scénario généalogique porte-la-honte développé par Pierre Benghozi. À la suite de cet auteur, il propose un nécessaire décalage de l’écoute intrapsychique dans les thérapies familiales vers le transpsychique car une honte intrapsychique exprimée peut aussi être (...) le rappel d’une honte transpsychique indicible, non élaborée. (shrink)

La reconnaissance par le juridique de l’adoption plénière comme un lien d’affiliation permettrait de poser le cadre d’un lien double organisateur d’une identité métissée, et non celui d’un double lien. Comme la naissance, l’adoption est un événement généalogique. Elle a une fonction de remaillage des contenants généalogiques de la famille d’origine et de la famille adoptante. L’auteur montre au niveau psychique, l’importance structurante dans l’adoption, du pacte de désaveu pour un travail de re-co-naissance réciproque. En thérapie familiale se co-construit (...) le scénario généalogique de l’adoption. (shrink)

La reconnaissance par le juridique de l’adoption plénière comme un lien d’affiliation permettrait de poser le cadre d’un lien double organisateur d’une identité métissée, et non celui d’un double lien. Comme la naissance, l’adoption est un événement généalogique. Elle a une fonction de remaillage des contenants généalogiques de la famille d’origine et de la famille adoptante. L’auteur montre au niveau psychique, l’importance structurante dans l’adoption, du pacte de désaveu pour un travail de re-co-naissance réciproque. En thérapie familiale se co-construit (...) le scénario généalogique de l’adoption. (shrink)

English summary: Nietzsche is sometimes called a philosopher-prophet, but no one has heretofore examine both his prophetic dimension and philosophical power together. This unique study demonstrates that Nietzsche was the first futurologist, that the future was a real concern for him, and that even his genealogical works should be read as an investigation turned towards the future of man and civilization. The five studies included offer a new face to Nietzsche that future researchers will undoubtedly need to take into account. (...) French description: Nietzsche a parfois ete qualifie de philosophe-prophete. Mais ses interpretes se sont divises en deux grandes categories: ceux qui ont concentre leur regard sur la dimension prophetique de l'oeuvre en sous-estimant la puissance du philosophe, et ceux qui ont tente de decrypter la philosophie de Nietzsche en negligeant sa dimension prophetique. Auteur d'une these de Doctorat d'Etat es-Lettres consacree au futur dans l'oeuvre de Nietzsche, Philippe Granarolo n'en avait publie sous une forme remaniee que la troisieme partie (L'Individu eternel / L'experience nietzscheenne de l'eternite, Vrin, 1993), et il ne nous avait fait entrevoir sa lecture de Nietzsche que par le biais d'articles et de quelques opuscules. Avec ce volume, Nietzsche: cinq scenarios pour le futur, il se decide enfin a mettre a la portee du public cultive son approche originale du philosophe auquel il a consacre plus de trente-cinq annees de sa vie. Pour lui, Nietzsche est moins un prophete que le premier des futurologues. Il demontre de facon convaincante que le futur a bien ete la preoccupation essentielle, et meme le souci quasi unique de Nietzsche, les oeuvres genealogiques elles-memes devant etre lues comme des recherches tournees vers l'avenir de l'homme et de la civilisation. Les cinq scenarios mis en exergue par Philippe Granarolo offrent au corpus nietzscheen un nouveau visage qu'il sera sans doute difficile aux futurs interpretes de negliger. (shrink)

Ces Lecons X abordent le phenomene humain hors de la conception toute faite repandue par les doctrines de la transparence. Ici, il s'agit de considerer chaque civilisation et ses facades sociales a l'instar d'un Texte, comme montage langagier, et de reconnaitre la condition theatrale de l'espece douee de parole. Dans cette perspective se revelent les structures dogmatiques du sujet et de la societe qui, du fait du langage, s'entre-appartiennent. La rehabilitation d'une tradition de pensee portee par le terme antique de (...) dogma, transmis par la Grece a l'Occident jusqu'a l'ere industrielle, rouvre des chemins longtemps verrouilles et remet a l'ordre du jour la question immemoriale: que veut dire instituer l'animal humain? Au carrefour de ces chemins: la suprematie de la relation d'identite / alterite, avec ce qu'elle postule du cote du lien d'image, objet des grandes manoeuvres religieuses et politiques. Ainsi, prendre en compte la vie de la representation comme ressort de la fonction d'instituer entraine a interroger les procedures genealogiques d'acces a la realite, les systemes normatifs differencies et, du meme pas, a decouvrir la face cachee du principe de Raison. Sont mises au jour la fragilite humaine et les incertitudes de l'edification sociale. Les echafaudages inventes par l'anthropos pour la reproduction et la survie ne sont intelligibles que mis en rapport avec la dimension de l'Ancetre, autrement dit du Temps, cette vision des lointains, marqueur des civilisations: scenario fondateur, elaboration des attaches au present, horizon de l'inconnu a venir. Cette donnee basique donne relief aux domaines qui sont strategiques parce qu'ils touchent au destin des montages instituants a l'echelle de l'espece: religion, techno-science-economie, regles et preceptes du droit. A notre epoque de deraisonnement multiforme, ou les individus sont malmenes et guettes par la menace de perdre pied, il convient de porter le regard sur ces constructions de discours - poussees de facon recurrente au delire meurtrier, de nos jours sous des formes inedites - et sur leur portee structurale. Si la notion d'anthropologie, aujourd'hui figee et si galvaudee que j'hesitai a la reprendre, peut retrouver vigueur, ce sera au prix du depassement de l'impasse a laquelle a finalement abouti cette discipline: a quoi sert le penser? Reprenant le theme, longuement medite, d'anthropologie dogmatique, ce livre invite le lecteur a s'aventurer sur les sentiers non balises par la doxa contemporaine, oublieuse de son site historial et de ses sources.P. L. (shrink)

In order to solve problems, humans are able to synthesize apparently unrelated concepts, take advantage of serendipitous opportunities, hypothesize, invent, and engage in other similarly abstract and creative activities, primarily through the use of their visual systems. In _Scenario Visualization_, Robert Arp offers an evolutionary account of the unique human ability to solve nonroutine vision-related problems. He argues that by the close of the Pleistocene epoch, humans evolved a conscious creative problem-solving capacity, which he terms scenario visualization, that enabled them (...) to outlive other hominid species and populate the planet. Arp shows that the evidence for scenario visualization -- by which images are selected, integrated, and then transformed and projected into visual scenarios -- can be found in the kinds of complex tools our hominid ancestors invented in order to survive in the ever-changing environments of the Pleistocene world. Arp also argues that this conscious capacity shares an analogous affinity with neurobiological processes of selectivity and integration in the visual system, and that similar processes can be found in the activities of organisms in general. The evolution of these processes, he writes, helps account for the modern-day conscious ability of humans to use visual information to solve nonroutine problems creatively in their environments. Arp's account of scenario visualization and its emergence in evolutionary history suggests an answer to two basic questions asked by philosophers and biologists concerning human nature: why we are unique; and how we got that way. Robert Arp is Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the National Center for Biomedical Ontology. His areas of specialization include philosophy of biology and philosophy of mind. He is the author of numerous articles and the forthcoming An Integrated Approach to the Philosophy of Mind. (shrink)

In this paper, I first present the ideas and arguments put forward by evolutionary psychologists that humans evolved certain capacities to creatively problem solve. Specifically, Steven Mithen thinks that creative problem solving is possible because the mind has evolved a conscious capacity he calls cognitive fluidity, the flexible exchange of information between and among mental modules. While I agree with Mithen that cognitive fluidity acts as a necessary condition for creative problem solving, I disagree that cognitive fluidity alone will suffice (...) for such an activity. I argue further that the flexible exchange of information between and among modules, as well as what I call scenario visualization - a conscious ability to segregate and integrate visual images in future scenarios - evolved in our species and accounts for certain kinds of creative problem solving. (shrink)

L’écriture généalogique et l’enchaînement de filiations en catalogue sont un des modes narratifs caractéristiques de la mythographie, mais on les retrouve aussi bien au cœur d’un corpus apparemment distinct, celui de la doxographie. Que ce soit G. Dumézil, composant différents dispositifs autobiographiques, ou Diogène Laërce, le doxographe utilise la systématique généalogique pour mettre de l’ordre dans l’histoire d’une transmission du savoir. Faut-il voir cependant une simple adaptation du modèle généalogique par la doxographie ? La relation de maître (...) à disciple est-elle la transposition immédiate de la relation de filiation ? C’est en fait un parcours complexe qui se dessine entre ces deux pôles, qui passe par la question de l’origine et de la transmission de la loi. De Minos à Pythagore, entre philosophie politique de l’époque classique et mystique néo-platonicienne, l’ordre généalogique ne va pas de soi et possède une histoire propre.Genealogical Order: Between Mythography and Doxography. Genealogical writing and the listing of filiations represent one of the narrative modes characteristic of mythography, but they may also be found within the apparently distinct corpus of doxography. Doxographers such as G. Dumézil, who wrote a number of autobiographies, and Diogenus Laertius, make use of genealogical systematics to put in order the story of knowledge transmission. Is it simply a case of an adaptation of the genealogical model to the doxographic narrative? Is the relationship between master and disciple just a transposition of filiation? In fact, a more complex pattern develops between mythography and doxography, linked to the theme of origin and transmission of the law. From Minos to Pythagoras, between classical political philosophy and neo-platonic mysticism, genealogical order is not self-evident and has its own history. (shrink)

Attachée par Jack Goody à l’usage de l’écriture, la liste se révèle, dans une confrontation avec différentes traditions orales africaines, appartenir en fait à différentes formes de mémoire. Moyen mnémotechnique mis en forme selon différentes logiques d’ordre verbal autant que d’ordre sémantique, la liste devient alors, dans la mise en discours, un catalogue, avec sa pragmatique. Parmi ces logiques catalogales on compte la narration généalogique, privilégiée par les poètes animateurs de la mémoire de la communauté. Les logiques catalogales fournissent (...) donc un instrument idéal pour penser les formes et les fonctions des genres mythologiques et mythographiques pratiquées par Grecs et Romains.Jack Goody has put into relation the list and the use of writing. Different types of oral tradition, especially in Western Africa, show that the list is actually a privileged form of memory. As such, the list is organised into different sequences according to different logic, on the verbal level as well as on the semantic one. Through these different formal organisations, the list becomes a catalogue with its pragmatics. Genealogical narration is one of these principles of discursive logic, often used by the poets, masters of the memory of the community. The logic of the catalogues is an ideal mechanism for thinking about the forms and genres of mythology and of mythography in Greece and Rome. (shrink)

Analyse de la fonction et caracteristiques de la liaison entre la victoire sportive et le passé ‘mythique’ par l’intermédiaire du lien généalogique avec un dieu et/ou un héros. Examen des exemples suivants: Olympique 2, Isthmique 3, Ol. 6, Ol. 9, Ol. 7, Pythique 4, Pyth. 5, Néméenne 11. La mention généalogique renforce le moment de gloire de la victoire , ajoute parfois une perspective religieuse, génère une dimension spatiale , contribue à l’organisation du poème et devient un recours (...) encomiastique très efficace.Myth and Genealogy in Pindar. An analysis of the function and characteristics of the link between the victory in the games and the ‘mythical’ past, through a genealogical relation­ship with a god and/or hero. An examination of the following poems: Olympian 2, Isthmian 3, Ol. 6, 9 and 7, Pythian 4 and 5, Nemean 11. The genealogical refer­ence reinforces the glory of the victory , adds sometimes a religious perspective, creates a spatial dimension , contributes to the organisation of the poem and becomes a very efficient encomiastic resource. (shrink)

A growing number of researchers in the business ethics field have used scenarios as a data gathering technique in their empirical investigations of ethical issues. This paper offers a review and critique of 26 studies that have utilized scenarios to elicit inferences of ethical reasoning, decision making, and/or intended behavior from managerial or student populations. The use of a theoretical foundation, the development of hypotheses, various characteristics germane to the use of scenarios, population and sampling issues, and the use of (...) statistical measures are explored and assessed. In the interest of improving scenario-based research, ten recommendations are presented to guide future scenario research. (shrink)

On a common view of scenario-based sceptical arguments sceptical scenarios are error-possibilities, i.e. their point is to introduce the possibility of having only false beliefs. However, global error is impossible for purely logical/conceptual reasons: Even if one’s beliefs are consistent, the negations of one’s beliefs need not be consistent as well. My paper deals with the question of what the consequences of this result are. Two attempts at repairing scenario-based sceptical arguments within the framework of understanding sceptical scenarios as error-possibilities (...) are found wanting. Instead, what should be given up is the assumption that sceptical scenarios are error-possibilities. What is thought-provoking about the scenario of the brain in a vat is not that none of its empirical beliefs are true, but that all of its empirical beliefs fall short of knowledge at the same time. Hence, sceptical scenarios are not error-possibilities, but ignorance possibilities. If this is so, both the closure argument and the underdetermination argument commit a subtle mistake and should be replaced by slightly different arguments. The principle of excluded ignorance-possibilities turns out to be an epistemological principle that is faithful to scepticism’s tenets without misinterpreting sceptical scenarios as error-possibilities. (shrink)

Promoting respect for the four principles remains of great practical importance in ordinary medicineThe following are four “scenarios” with brief outlines of how Raanan Gillon has analysed them using the “four principles” approach. These are the four cases that the commentators were asked to analyse.Professor Gillon has for many years advocated the use of the Beauchamp and Childress four principles approach as a widely and interculturally acceptable method for medical ethics analysis . At present there seems to be a backlash (...) by some bioethicists against this approach, with among others, adherents of feminist ethics, narrative ethics, virtue ethics, and various varieties of regional ethics claiming to offer better approaches to medical ethics.At Raanan Gillon’s request this special issue of the Journal of Medical Ethics is intended to focus on this aspect of his work, with a view not only to discussing the issue of how different approaches to medical ethics are and/or are not compatible with the four principles approach but also to make clear to JME readers what alternative ethics analysis method is preferred and used by the various commentators.THE “STANDARD” JEHOVAH’S WITNESS CASEIn the first scenario, that of the “standard” Jehovah’s Witness case, a competent adult patient loses a massive amount of blood from a blood vessel bleeding in an acute duodenal ulcer. The best chance of …. (shrink)

Van Koppen and Mackor offer a scenario‐approach analysis of the case. They first explicate their approach, linking it to inference to the best explanation and theories of explanatory coherence. An important distinction in their analysis is between explaining known facts and predicting novel facts. They claim that their approach is cognitively feasible and stays close to descriptive theories of evidential reasoning. They want to keep it informal, so that legal professionals can apply it.

Entre l'être et l'apparence Nietzsche a choisi l'apparence, c'est-à-dire le monde que nous présente notre connaissance sensible. Et la métaphysique classique, telle que l'entendait Platon, il la prit également pour un produit du monde des sens. Il en rendit responsables les humains faibles. Selon lui, c'est la faiblesse, sous ses différents aspects, qui, en conduisant à la morale, fait naître également la métaphysique, puisque celle-ci en dépendrait. La vérité devient ainsi l'apanage d'un idéal ascétique qui, au fond, est engendré par (...) une agression de l'être humain contre soi-même, c'est-à-dire par une des formes que prend le ressentiment. Le langage joue ici un rôle capital. En particulier les grands concepts du discours rationnel, taxés de fondamentaux, ont des origines empiriques certaines. Il s'ensuit que la philosophie, qui les utilise, ne saurait être en fait qu'erreur et fausseté. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is two-fold: first, it is intended to articulate theses that are often assessed independently, thus showing that a strong version of epistemological disjunctivism about perceptual knowledge implies a transformative conception of rationality. This entails that individuals in skeptical scenarios could not entertain rational thoughts about their environment, for they would fail to have perceptual states. The secondary aim is to show that this consequence is not a sufficient reason to abandon the variety of disjunctivism presented. (...) The argument for this claim depends on the assessment of rationality attributions to subjects in plausible cases of illusion and some clinical cases of hallucination. RESUMO Este artigo tem dois objetivos: primeiramente, pretende-se articular teses que são frequentemente avaliadas independentemente, mostrando com isso que uma versão robusta do disjuntivismo epistemológico sobre conhecimento perceptual implica uma concepção transformativa da racionalidade. Uma consequência disso é que indivíduos em cenários céticos não poderiam entreter pensamentos racionais sobre o ambiente em que habitam, pois eles não possuiriam estados perceptuais. Em segundo lugar, argumenta-se que a consequência delineada acima não é uma razão suficiente para rejeitar o disjuntivismo tal como apresentado. Esse argumento depende da avaliação de atribuições de racionalidade a indivíduos em casos plausíveis de ilusão e em alguns casos clínicos de alucinação. (shrink)

L’article interroge, à travers une vignette clinique, le désir d’enfant et l’infertilité secondaire en étant à l’écoute des enjeux inconscients et des représentations socioculturelles gabonaises. Il repère comment le recours à l’ amp n’exclut pas l’adhésion aux croyances traditionnelles de la malédiction. La recherche s’appuie sur une méthodologie qualitative et intègre la libre réalisation de l’arbre généalogique. L’utilisation de la médiation projective permet d’investiguer les liens familiaux, conjugaux et la place fantasmatique de l’enfant dans l’espace généalogique. L’analyse souligne, (...) sur le plan intrapsychique, une conflictualité œdipienne non résolue. Elle pointe le passage obligé par la maternité pour accéder à un statut social valorisé soutien de l’identité féminine. (shrink)

La construction de l’arbre généalogique tend à se répandre comme médiateur au cours d’entretiens dans des cadres aussi différents que le travail social, les enquêtes de recherche et le travail clinique thérapeutique. Mise en place de repères structurants pour l’identité singulière et familiale de la personne, outil de médiation facilitant la parole, cette technique semble présenter nombre d’avantages. Pourtant son utilisation avec des enfants ou des adolescents mérite d’être interrogée. En effet, la construction de l’arbre généalogique est un (...) médiateur particulier car il sollicite directement les données familiales. Or, le repérage dans ces données est le fruit d’un travail d’élaboration qui nécessite un temps psychique et un cadre transférentiel qui ne peuvent être courtcircuités. (shrink)

Cet article se propose de montrer comment un crime de masse tel que le génocide entraîne des répercussions psychiques sur plusieurs générations, ce que l’on peut considérer comme une catastrophe de la filiation. Comment s’inscrire dans un lien de filiation pour écrire son propre roman des origines lorsque l’horreur vécue musèle à jamais la vie de la mémoire, de la parole et de la transmission? C’est à travers la médiation projective de la libre réalisation de l’arbre généalogique que l’article (...) tentera d’explorer ces questions par une étude de cas. Dans l’espace intermédiaire de la rencontre, tout en respectant les aménagements défensifs du sujet, le travail de perlaboration se rend possible. L’article montre comment la dimension médiatrice et projective du dispositif se met au service du travail d’historicisation et de remémoration de l’histoire familiale et collective chez un descendant d’un survivant de la Shoah. (shrink)

This article investigates structural aspects of source domains in metaphorical mappings with regard to their manifestation in public discourse data. Specifically, it analyses the organization of source concepts into mininarratives or "scenarios" that dominate the discourse manifestations of source domains. The material consists of examples from a bilingual corpus of British and German public debates about the &European Union.& The data show that while the two national samples share some basic mappings between the source and target domains, they each are (...) characterised further by specific scenarios that provide focal points for conceptualizing the target topic. The scenarios can also be shown to carry evaluative and attitudinal biases that are related to particular political dispositions and preferences of the respective national discourse communities. In conclusion, it will be argued that the analysis of scenarios is a necessary complement to the study of source domains and of domain-mappings in metaphorical language use. (shrink)

By their nature, the most vexing social problems reflect collisions between social and economic interests of parties with highly divergent views and perspectives on the cause and character of what is at issue and the consequences that flow from it. Conflicts around biotechnology applications are good examples of these problems. When considering the potential consequences of proposed biotechnology applications, an enormous range of perspectives arise reflecting the breadth of different and often competing interests with a stake in life's future.This essay (...) starts from an assumption that the traditional tool of cost‐benefit analysis is not adequate for adjudicating competing claims around the introduction of new biotechnology applications. It tends to require implicit simplifying assumptions that reduce or mask true underlying levels of complexity and uncertainty, and the results it produces deliver a definitive and singular answer, as opposed to a multiplicity of outcomes. In this essay, I describe some of the key elements of formal scenario planning to show how CBA could be redeployed as a supporting tool within the broader decision support methodology of formal scenario planning. (shrink)

This article presents a novel set of ten play scenarios for robot-assisted play for children with special needs. This set of scenarios is one of the key outcomes of the IROMEC project that investigated how robotic toys can become social mediators, encouraging children with special needs to discover a range of play styles, from solitary to collaborative play. The target user groups in the project were children with Mild Mental Retardation,1 children with Severe Motor Impairment and children with Autism. The (...) play scenarios were developed against specific educational and therapeutic objectives that were discussed with panels of experts in various countries, during several user panel meetings for each of the above mentioned target user groups. These objectives were classified with reference to the ICF-CY, the International Classification of Functioning – version for Children and Youth. The article presents a detailed description of the play scenarios, each with its relevant educational and therapeutic objectives in five key developmental areas. While the play scenarios described in this paper originally were developed for and tested with the above user groups and with the IROMEC robot, the play scenarios can potentially be applied to other user groups and to a wide range of other applications involving human-robot interaction using different robotic toys. Keywords: human-robot interaction; assistive technology; play scenarios; autism; mild mental retardation; sever motor impairment; assisted play. (shrink)

Nineteen eighty-seven was a year of financial paradox. During the 1980s there was the strong perception that the Americans, the Europeans, and the Japanese were living well, contrasting with the accounting data that suggested the house of cards was about to fall. Three factors dominated the financial economy of 1987: the 25-percent drop in equity prices in mid-October, the apparent collapse of the U.S. dollar in the foreign exchange market, and the formal recognition by the major international banks that their (...) losses on developing country loans would amount to at least $250 billion. The key question at the end of that year was whether the world economy was moving into a period of inflation or deflation. This essay identifies three possible scenarios. First, the decline in the foreign-exchange value of the U.S. dollar would lead to a rapid increase in U.S. net exports, an excessively large increase in demand for U.S. goods, and a run on the U.S. dollar, which would prompt more contractive monetary policies from the Federal Reserve and an increase in interest rates on U.S. dollars. Second, an increase in U.S. net exports would offset the decline in domestic spending from the smaller fiscal deficit and the less rapid growth of consumer spending. Interest rates on U.S. dollar assets would fall, which in turn would facilitate the expansion of income, and the U.S. fiscal deficit would automatically decline. Or, third, a second stock market meltdown might cause consumer and investment spending to decline more than the increase in net exports, resulting in a recession and a decline in the inflation rate and interest rates. (shrink)

Présente le parcours philosophique de Merleau-Ponty tant dans sa formation que dans ses objectifs. Ses références : Descartes, Leibniz, Gabriel Marcel. Ses concepts opératoires : le concret, l'incarnation, l'intentionnalité, les chiasmes.

On peut distinguer trois cas de correspondances différentes entre les « scénarios schématiques » et le domaine narratif folklorico-littéraire : 1. La narration constitue la projection de la « dramaturgie de la vie » (une telle projection n’est évidemment ni directe ni complète) ;2. La structure de l’univers des personnages et la structure événementielle du narratif influencent la formation des « scénarios de la vie », en conditionnant l’apparence morphologico-compositionnelle de l’un et de l’autre ;3. La coincidence de la « (...) dramaturgie de la vie » et de la « dramaturgie de la narration»s’explique par le fait qu’elles ont des sources communes ; ces sources pourraient être les modèles mentaux de la tradition, qui dictent à un homme des « règles de comportement » d’une part, et qui s’incarnent dans la narration folklorico-littéraire d’autre part. Le « scénario schématique » possède une structure événementielle, situationnelle et actantielle. À cette structure correspond un certain niveau d’interprétation qui souvent la lie directement à la conscience religieuse et mythologique ; une telle conscience — compte tenu du fait qu’une conceptualisation globale de tous les aspects de la vie humaine caractérise le mythe — englobe, par sa nature même, les « blocs interprétatifs » pertinents pour pratiquement tous les précédents événementiels. Le « scénario schématique » est donc lié au domaine des croyances et concepts actuels, lié aussi aux systèmes de valeurs et normes éthiques, etc. ; il est possible de reconstituer nombre de ces croyances, concepts, valeurs et normes à l’aide de l’histoire vécue qui nous occupe. D’ordinaire, ces interprétations ne représentent pas le fond neutre des événements, mais un élément actif et dynamique qui agit directement sur le développement de ces événements. (shrink)

Lors de la séparation des parents, l’enfant est confronté à leur demande implicite de confirmer leur généalogie. Au travers d’une étude de situation, nous montrerons l’intérêt de l’utilisation du test de l’arbre généalogique, comme outil de compréhension de la dynamique conflictuelle et des enjeux de la transmission de la filiation.

For a genealogical study of the value of human rights: an opposition to historicism and racism The purpose of this article is to focus on human rights as a value in itself that has to fight against other values. We would like to show that human rights have become an intrinsic value only by following a path in human history that distinguish them from historicism. Because human rights became a value through history, it is important to be able to show (...) the lay out of this history. We will illustrate it by means of diverse philosophical theories. We will begin with Leo Strauss' philosophy of natural rights which considers human rights in their opposition to historicism. Then, with the help of Michel Foucault's genealogy we will show how human rights develop themselves against the racist theory elaborated by a fraction of the French aristocracy in the 17th century. Consequently, a tension emerges inside those rights between their natural value and their historical one, which leads to the fundamental question: what is the essence of humankind involved in human rights? (shrink)

Some Scenarios for What is Coming Down on Us .

À l'aide de données anthropologiques contemporaines, cet article entend explorer les raisons d'une expansion surprenante et toute récente d'un tourisme mémoriel en Irlande. En effet, de nombreux descendants de migrants irlandais «reviennent» aujourd'hui découvrir la terre de leurs ancêtres. S'intéressant à des formes particulières de « retour au pays » que sont les rassemblements claniques, l'auteur souligne que ces manifestations collectives et ritualisées revêtent une double dimension. Outre leur enjeu identitaire, elles constituent aussi un moyen pour les gouvernements irlandais et (...) nord-irlandais de développer l'activité touristique sur l'Île tout entière et d'en diversifier les ressources économiques. (shrink)

In this paper, I analyze how frameworks shape historiographical explanations. I argue that, in order to identify a sequence of events as relevant to a historical outcome, assumptions about the workings of the relevant domain have to be made. By extending Lakatosian considerations, I argue that these assumptions are provided by a framework that contains a set of factors and intertwined principles that (supposedly) govern how a historical phenomenon works. I connect frameworks with a counterfactual account of historical explanation. Frameworks (...) enable us to explain the past by providing a backbone of explanatory patterns of counterfactual dependency. I conclude by noting that both counterfactual scenarios and scenarios of the future require frameworks and, therefore, historiographical explanation generates a set of possible futures. Analyzing these possible futures enables us to reveal the theoretical commitments of historiography. (shrink)

This text studies the scenarios in which violence appears in ancient Greece, to demonstrate that the purpose of the visibility of violence in the tragic drama, as Jacqueline de Romilly says, is to give a lesson to men through extraordinary stories, that occur in a symbolic world, that speaks to the "generations of men", as we are told in Oedipus Rex , and a destiny where exemplary human condition is reported. The analysis of violence in ancient Greece done in this (...) paper, allows a contrast with the way violence is represented in the contemporary world. The author states that the “unmediated” visibility of violence produces a fracture in the intersubjective link, that is, a fracture in the symbolic link of political articulation. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to re-evaluate the manner in which the Ticking Bomb Scenario (TBS), a thought experiment in philosophical enquiry, has been used in the discussion of the justifiability or otherwise of forward-looking interrogational torture (FLIT). The paper argues that criticisms commonly raised against the thought experiment are often inappropriate or irrelevant. A great many criticisms misunderstand the way in which thought experiments in general, and the TBS in particular, are supposed to work in philosophical (and for (...) that matter scientific) inquiry. The paper is not about the acceptability or otherwise of FLIT per se but rather an attempt to show that thought experiments such as the TBS are useful analytic tools and ought not to be rejected due to their inappropriate use by those engaged in the justifiability or otherwise of FLIT. By rescuing the TBS from its erroneous use the paper seeks to show its proper worth as part of an argumentative device in uncovering conflicting moral intuitions in our search for ethical truths. (shrink)

Climatologists have recently introduced a distinction between projections as scenario-based model results on the one hand and predictions on the other hand. The interpretation and usage of both terms is, however, not univocal. It is stated that the ambiguities of the interpretations may cause problems in the communication of climate science within the scientific community and to the public realm. This paper suggests an account of scenarios as props in games of make-belive. With this account, we explain the difference between (...) projections that should be make-believed and other model results that should be believed. (shrink)

Natural scientists have proposed that humankind has entered a new geologic epoch. Termed the “Anthropocene,” this new reality revolves around the central role of human activity in multiple Earth ecosystems. That challenge requires a rethinking of social science explanations of organization and environment relationships. In this article, we discuss the need to politicize institutional theory as a means understanding “Anthropocene Society,” and in turn what that resultant society means for the Anthropocene in the natural environment. We modify the constitutive elements (...) of institutional orders and a set of main change mechanisms to explore three scenarios around which future Anthropocene Societies might be built—Collapsing Systems, Market Rules, and Cultural Re-Enlightenment. Simultaneously, we use observations from the Anthropocene to expose limitations in present institutional theory and propose extensions to remedy them. Overall, this article challenges organizational scholars to consider a new paradigm under which research in environmental sustainability and social sustainability takes place. (shrink)

Background This study used a scenario- and discussion-based approach to teach preclinical medical students the socio-philosophical aspects of psychiatry and qualitatively evaluated the learning outcomes in a medical humanities course in Taiwan. Methods The seminar session focused on three hypothetical psychiatry cases. Students discussed the cases in groups and were guided by facilitators from multiple disciplines and professions. At the end of the semester, students submitted a narrative report comprising their reflections on the cases and discussions. The authors utilized content (...) analysis to categorize students’ narratives into three facets, namely, the philosophical, social and individual. Results In total 163 preclinical medical students participated in the class; 150 of them mentioned the scenario-based lesson in their reports; 33.3% of these reports discussed the case at the philosophical dimension (n = 50), 45.3% at the social dimension (n = 68), and 26.6% at the individual dimension (n = 40). Four major themes emerged: (1) a psychiatric diagnosis has far-reaching consequences for an individual’s life, (2) the social structure affects how patients experience psychiatric disorders, (3) students related personal experience or those of friends and family to understand psychiatric disorders, and (4) medical humanities are of particular importance in psychiatric education. Conclusions This study demonstrated that the scenario-based discussions led by a multidisciplinary team of facilitators can benefit medical students with limited clinical experience to contemplate the socio-philosophical aspects of psychiatry. The authors suggest that this pedagogical model during preclinical education should be encouraged. (shrink)

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is one of the 25 syndromic forms of obesity, in which patients present—in addition to different degrees of obesity—intellectual disability, endocrine disturbs, hyperphagia and/or other signs of hypothalamic dysfunction. In front of a severe/extreme obesity and the failure of non-invasive treatments, bariatric surgery is proposed as a therapeutic option. The complexity of the clinical condition, which could affect the long-term effects of bariatric surgery, and the frequent association with a mild to severe intellectual disability raise some ethical (...) concerns in the treatment of obese PWS adolescents. This article analyses these issues referring to the principles of healthcare ethics: beneficence/non-maleficence (proportionality of treatments; minimisation of risks); respect of autonomy; justice. Based on these principles, three hypothetical scenarios are defined: (1) obese PWS adolescent, capable of making an autonomous decision; (2) obese PWS adolescent with a severe intellectual disability, whose parents agree with bariatric surgery; (3) obese PWS adolescent with a life-threatening condition and a severe intellectual disability, whose parents do not agree with bariatric surgery. The currently available evidence on efficacy and safety of bariatric surgery in PWS adolescents with extreme or severe obesity and the lack of adequate long-term follow-up suggests great caution even in a very life-threatening condition. Clinicians must always obtain a full IQ assessment of patients by psychologists. A multidisciplinary team is needed to analyse the clinical, psychological, social and ethical aspects and organise support for patient and parents, involving also the hospital ethical committee or, if necessary, legal authorities. (shrink)

An Authoritarian Scenario. The long-term war against « terrorism » embarked upon by the Bush administration in the aftermath of September 11th 2001 goes far beyond its strictly military dimension. It also involves a fundamental onslaught on democratic and social rights, both in the USA and in European countries. The result of this combination between the military and a political dimension is the establishment of an architecture of control operating in the service of the most brutal sectors of the imperialist (...) bourgeoisie and of the accumulation of capital. (shrink)

Case-based instruction has been regarded by many as a viable alternative to traditional lecture-based education and training. However, little is known about how case-based training techniques impact training effectiveness. This study examined the effects of two such techniques: (a) presentation of alternative outcome scenarios to a case, and (b) conducting a structured outcome evaluation. Consistent with the hypotheses, results indicate that presentation of alternative outcome scenarios reduced knowledge acquisition, reduced sensemaking and ethical decision-making strategy use, and reduced decision ethicality. Conducting (...) a structured outcome evaluation had no impact on these outcomes. Results indicate that those who use case-based instruction should take care to use clear, less complex cases with only a singular outcome if they are seeking these types of outcomes. (shrink)

Actualists hold that contrary-to-duty scenarios give rise to deontic dilemmas and provide counterexamples to the transmission principle, according to which we ought to take the necessary means to actions we ought to perform. In an earlier article, I have argued, contrary to actualism, that the notion of ‘ought’ that figures in conclusions of practical deliberation does not allow for deontic dilemmas and validates the transmission principle. Here I defend these claims, together with my possibilist account of contrary-to-duty scenarios, against Stephen (...) White’s recent criticism. (shrink)