El artículo aborda el concepto de subjetivación como otro modo de resistencia al poder desde el pensamiento de Michel Foucault. Para esto instala el problema en las dimensiones del saber/poder y su funcionamiento en los dispositivos concretos, y como éstos remiten a un diagrama de fuerzas puras. Teniendo en consideración estos antecedentes, el texto intenta desplazar la resistencia hacia otro lugar, el que va más allá de la clásica relación poder/contrapoder; es en este sentido que la resistencia aparece como un (...) pliegue de la fuerza que encuentra en la subjetivación una efectuación que disloca la visión común de este concepto. Palabras clave: Resistencia - Subjetivación - Diagrama - Dispositivos. (shrink)

La mística como categoría ha generado, históricamente, grandes problemas hermenéuticos que han permitido analizar dicha experiencia desde diversas perspectivas. El neoplatonismo como culmen de la filosofía antigua y, en especial, la filosofía de Plotino invita a una vivencia que, a menudo, ha sido considerada como mística. A través de diferentes estudios, profundizaremos en los aspectos ontoló-gicos y epistemológicos de la experiencia mencionada. Apoyándonos en las Enéadas, haremos ver que, para Plotino, esta experiencia mística supone más una hermenéutica de la racionalidad (...) que una invitación al irracionalismo. (shrink)

Martin Buber believed that life's deepest truth lies in human relationships. In this classic work he puts this belief into practice, applying it to the concrete problems of contemporary society.

When a circular coin is rotated in depth, is there any sense in which it comes to resemble an ellipse? While this question is at the center of a rich and divided philosophical tradition (with some scholars answering affirmatively and some negatively), Morales et al. (2020, 2021) took an empirical approach, reporting 10 experiments whose results favor such perspectival similarity. Recently, Burge and Burge (2022) offered a vigorous critique of this work, objecting to its approach and conclusions on both philosophical (...) and empirical grounds. Here, we answer these objections on both fronts. We show that Burge and Burge’s critique rests on misunderstandings of Morales et al.’s claims; of the relation between the data and conclusions; and of the philosophical context in which the work appears. Specifically, Burge and Burge attribute to us a much stronger (and stranger) view than we hold, involving the introduction of “a new entity” located “in some intermediate position(s) between the distal shape and the retinal image.” We do not hold this view. Indeed, once properly understood, most of Burge and Burge’s objections favor Morales et al.’s claims rather than oppose them. Finally, we discuss several questions that remain unanswered, and reflect on a productive path forward on these issues of foundational scientific and philosophical interest. (shrink)

Our pains can be more or less intense, our mental imagery can be more or less vivid, our perceptual experiences can be more or less striking. These degrees of intensity of conscious experiences are all manifestations of a phenomenal property I call mental strength. In this article, I argue that mental strength is a domain-general phenomenal magnitude; in other words, it is a phenomenal quantity shared by all conscious experiences that explains their degree of felt intensity. Mental strength has been (...) largely overlooked in favor of mental states’ type, representational contents, domain-specific phenomenology, or processes such as attention. Considering mental strength in our reflections about the mind illuminates debates about the relation of representational contents and phenomenal character, and it also helps address questions about the structure and functions of consciousness. Mental strength provides a unifying construct to model what is shared in the phenomenology of different types of conscious experiences. (shrink)

In this chapter, we discuss a selection of current views of the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC). We focus on the different predictions they make, in particular with respect to the role of prefrontal cortex (PFC) during visual experiences, which is an area of critical interest and some source of contention. Our discussion of these views focuses on the level of functional anatomy, rather than at the neuronal circuitry level. We take this approach because we currently understand more about experimental (...) evidence at this coarse level and because these results are appropriate for arbitrating between current theoretical frameworks. We discuss the Two-Visual-Systems Hypothesis (Milner & Goodale 1995; 2006), Local Recurrency (Lamme 2010; Lamme 2006), Higher Order (Lau 2008; Lau & Rosenthal 2011) and Global Workspace theories (Baars 1997; Baars 2005; Dehaene & Naccache 2001; Dehaene 2014). Despite the apparent stark differences between conscious and unconscious perceptual processing, available evidence suggests that their neural substrates must be largely shared. This indicates that the difference in neural activity between conscious and unconscious perceptual processing is likely to be subtle and highly specialized. We argue that current experimental evidence about the involvement of specific activity in prefrontal cortex supports the higher order neural theory of consciousness. In consequence, imaging techniques that focus only on marked differences between conscious and unconscious level of activity are likely to be insensitive to the relevant neural activity patterns that underlie conscious experiences. Finally, it follows from the evidence we discuss that the functional advantages of conscious over unconscious perceptual processing may be more limited than commonly thought. (shrink)

Arguably the most foundational principle in perception research is that our experience of the world goes beyond the retinal image; we perceive the distal environment itself, not the proximal stimulation it causes. Shape may be the paradigm case of such “unconscious inference”: When a coin is rotated in depth, we infer the circular object it truly is, discarding the perspectival ellipse projected on our eyes. But is this really the fate of such perspectival shapes? Or does a tilted coin retain (...) an elliptical appearance even when we know it’s circular? This question has generated heated debate from Locke and Hume to the present; but whereas extant arguments rely primarily on introspection, this problem is also open to empirical test. If tilted coins bear a representational similarity to elliptical objects, then a circular coin should, when rotated, impair search for a distal ellipse. Here, nine experiments demonstrate that this is so, suggesting that perspectival shapes persist in the mind far longer than traditionally assumed. Subjects saw search arrays of three-dimensional “coins,” and simply had to locate a distally elliptical coin. Surprisingly, rotated circular coins slowed search for elliptical targets, even when subjects clearly knew the rotated coins were circular. This pattern arose with static and dynamic cues, couldn’t be explained by strategic responding or unfamiliarity, generalized across shape classes, and occurred even with sustained viewing. Finally, these effects extended beyond artificial displays to real-world objects viewed in naturalistic, full-cue conditions. We conclude that objects have a remarkably persistent dual character: their objective shape “out there,” and their perspectival shape “from here.”. (shrink)

From 1989 through September 2017, Chile’s highly restrictive abortion laws exposed women to victimisation and needlessly threatened their health, freedom and even lives. However, after decades of unsuccessful attempts to decriminalise abortion, legislation regulating pregnancy termination on three grounds was recently enacted. In the aftermath, an aggressive conservative drive designed to turn conscientious objection into a pivotal new obstacle, mounted during the congressional debate, has led to extensive, complex arguments about the validity and legitimacy of conscientious objection. This article offers (...) a critical review of the emergence of conscientious objection and its likely policy and ethical implications. It posits the need to regulate conscientious objection through checks and balances designed to keep it from being turned into an ideological barrier meant to hinder women’s access to critical healthcare. (shrink)

Introspection is a fundamental part of our mental lives. Nevertheless, its reliability and its underlying cognitive architecture have been widely disputed. Here, I propose a principled way to model introspection. By using time-tested principles from signal detection theory (SDT) and extrapolating them from perception to introspection, I offer a new framework for an introspective signal detection theory (iSDT). In SDT, the reliability of perceptual judgments is a function of the strength of an internal perceptual response (signal- to-noise ratio) which is, (...) to a large extent, driven by the intensity of the stimulus. In parallel to perception, iSDT models the reliability of introspective judgments as a function of the strength of an internal introspective response (signal-to-noise ratio) which is, to a large extent, driven by the intensity of conscious experiences. Thus, by modelling introspection after perception, iSDT can calibrate introspection’s reliability across a whole range of contexts. iSDT offers a novel, illuminating way of thinking about introspection and the cognitive processes that support it. (shrink)

In previous works, an ontology of properties for quantum mechanics has been proposed, according to which quantum systems are bundles of properties with no principle of individuality. The aim of the present article is to show that, since quasi-set theory is particularly suited for dealing with aggregates of items that do not belong to the traditional category of individual, it supplies an adequate meta-language to speak of the proposed ontology of properties and its structure.

Understanding Transhumanism as a particular turn of contemporary reflection that maintains the current state of humanity is not the final but just a transitional one, which can and should be scientific and technologically enhanced, the bioethical and biopolitical implications of such situation will be examined in this paper. Here it will be explored the transhumanist ideas related to the indissoluble link that in modern times have been established between the development of technologies and politics and strategies of neoliberal governmentality. This (...) is expected to pose a set of questions about the risks associated to the unsuspected modes of production, management and biopolitical control of subjectivity that may be allegedly linked to the transhumanist idea. (shrink)

En su final camino hacia su morada (que a la postre sería la ultima) Don quijote se siente cansado y decide descansar en un castillo que encuentra en una hermosa llanura, cuyos pastos verdes se pierden a la vista, aun del mas avezado. Al ver Don Quijote la magnificencia del palacio, pareciole ad..

Metacognition is the capacity to evaluate the success of one's own cognitive processes in various domains; for example, memory and perception. It remains controversial whether metacognition relies on a domain-general resource that is applied to different tasks or if self-evaluative processes are domain specific. Here, we investigated this issue directly by examining the neural substrates engaged when metacognitive judgments were made by human participants of both sexes during perceptual and memory tasks matched for stimulus and performance characteristics. By comparing patterns (...) of fMRI activity while subjects evaluated their performance, we revealed both domain-specific and domain-general metacognitive representations. Multivoxel activity patterns in anterior prefrontal cortex predicted levels of confidence in a domain-specific fashion, whereas domain-general signals predicting confidence and accuracy were found in a widespread network in the frontal and posterior midline. The demonstration of domain-specific metacognitive representations suggests the presence of a content-rich mechanism available to introspection and cognitive control. (shrink)

Resumen:La afamada helenista francesa Nicole Loraux, en sus textos La Cité divisée y La guerre dans la famille, ambos de 1997, ya nos había introducido a una redefinición topológica de la guerra civil, es decir de la stásis, asignándole una posición de centralidad en el contexto de las relaciones entre ciudad y familia, reexaminando el modo en que el dominio del oîkos conurba a la realidad de la ciudad. Centrada en el texto platónico del Menéxeno, Loraux había advertido que la (...) stásis era un conflicto propio del parentesco de sangre (phylon) entre los miembros de la pólis, de manera tal que la guerra, no sería sino oikeîos pólemos, esto es, un asunto consustancial a la familia y a las relaciones entre ellas, en la misma medida que sería inherente a la ciudad y constitutiva de la vida política. Pues bien, un acabado estudio de semejante problema –pero que excederá con un sello muy personal los límites de la indagación de Loraux– es el que ahora nos viene a ofrecer Juan Pablo Arancibia. (shrink)

Implementing corporate social responsibility (CSR) in supply chains is not a trivial task. In fact, many firms in recent years have publicly proclaimed that in order to keep their CSR commitments, they had to reduce reliance on external suppliers by vertically integrating their operations. Our aim in this article is to examine whether there is truly a relationship between a firm’s CSR performance and its level of vertical integration. Drawing on a multi-industry sample of 2,715 firm-year observations, and after addressing (...) endogeneity concerns, we demonstrate that firms with higher CSR performance tend to vertically integrate more (or, outsource less). We also demonstrate that this tendency is weaker for firms that have higher degrees of asset specificity or international diversification. Our core conclusion is that CSR performance and outsourcing are at odds, but firms can reconcile this tension by deepening their collaborations with suppliers. (shrink)

Considerando que el transhumanismo es una particular deriva de la reflexión contemporánea, que sostiene la idea de que el actual estado de la humanidad no es el definitivo sino uno simplemente transitorio, que puede y debe ser intervenido tecnocientíficamente en procura de su mejoramiento, en este artículo se examinan las implicancias bioéticas y biopolíticas de tal presupuesto. Se atiende para ello a las complejas y dilemáticas circunstancias derivadas de la perspectiva transhumana, que están vinculadas con la probable trasgresión de los (...) derechos de las personas presentes o futuras y el eventual control absoluto de la vida como el que algunos de sus detractores afirman que inevitablemente se generaría a partir de semejante tipo de intervenciones biotecnológicas. Se intentará indagar críticamente en el ideario del transhumanismo tomando como referencia para el análisis la articulación indisoluble que en la modernidad se ha establecido entre el desarrollo de las tecnologías y aquella racionalidad política que sustenta las estrategias de la gubernamentalidad neoliberal. Se espera plantear con ello una inquietud y un conjunto de interrogantes respecto de los riesgos asociados a los modos hasta hora insospechados de producción, administración y control biopolítico de la subjetividad que podrían estar ligados inadvertidamente a la idea transhumanista. (shrink)

Studying the neural correlates of conscious awareness depends on a reliable comparison between activations associated with awareness and unawareness. One particularly difficult confound to remove is task performance capacity, i.e. the difference in performance between the conditions of interest. While ideally task performance capacity should be matched across different conditions, this is difficult to achieve experimentally. However, differences in performance could theoretically be corrected for mathematically. One such proposal is found in a recent paper by Lamy, Salti and Bar-Haim [Lamy (...) D, Salti M, Bar-Haim Y. Neural correlates of subjective awareness and unconscious processing: an ERP study. J Cognitive Neurosci 2009,21:1435-46], who put forward a corrective method for an electroencephalography experiment. We argue that their analysis is essentially grounded in a version of High Threshold Theory, which has been shown to be inferior in general to Signal Detection Theory. We show through a series of computer simulations that their correction method only partially removes the influence of perfor- mance capacity, which can yield misleading results. We present a mathematical correction method based on Signal Detection Theory that is theoretically capable of removing performance capacity confounds. We discuss the limitations of mathemati- cally correcting for performance capacity confounds in imaging studies and its impact for theories about consciousness. (shrink)

El artículo busca profundizar en el examen de la noción de “ciudadanía” a partir del contexto teórico desplegado por la problemática ecológica, teniendo en cuenta las determinaciones y desafíos que impone a la figura de la ciudadanía la supuesta existencia de un fenómeno de devastación antropogénica como el que se sostiene que afecta al planeta en nuestros días. Se intenta esbozar algunas consideraciones que permitan el avance de una reflexión particular sobre “ciudadanía ambiental”, asumiendo que la literatura filosófico-política contemporánea presenta (...) variados alcances teóricos que podrían ser atendidos en este sentido, puesto que ellos también buscan ampliar el concepto canónico de ciudadanía presentado inicialmente por Marshall. (shrink)

We give characterizations for the sentences "Every $\Sigma^1_2$-set is measurable" and "Every $\Delta^1_2$-set is measurable" for various notions of measurability derived from well-known forcing partial orderings.

El presente artículo indaga en los alcances teóricos y el impacto de las diversas concepciones del fenómeno del desarrollo. Atiende, en primer lugar, a la reflexión acerca de los fines y los medios del desarrollo que ha sido denominada “Ética del Desarrollo”. Estima que el examen de esta visión es necesario establecerlo en concomitancia con la reflexión sobre la democracia participativa . El trabajo teórico que se ha venido haciendo con miras a la ampliación de la noción tradicional y restringida (...) de “ciudadanía” política, le otorga un importante elemento de juicio para el examen de la democracia. Le permite entender de mejor manera el modo como se podría pensar en una confluencia de desarrollo y democracia participativa , mediando un ejercicio activo de la ciudadanía, entendida en un sentido ampliado, una de cuyas expresiones se encontraría en el concepto de “Ciudadanía biológica”, que examina desde un enfoque de biopolítica afirmativa. (shrink)

El presente artículo indaga en los alcances teóricos y el impacto de las diversas concepciones del fenómeno del desarrollo. Atiende, en primer lugar, a la reflexión acerca de los fines y los medios del desarrollo que ha sido denominada “Ética del Desarrollo”. Estima que el examen de esta visión es necesario establecerlo en concomitancia con la reflexión sobre la democracia participativa (deliberativa). El trabajo teórico que se ha venido haciendo con miras a la ampliación de la noción tradicional y restringida (...) de “ciudadanía” política, le otorga un importante elemento de juicio para el examen de la democracia. Le permite entender de mejor manera el modo como se podría pensar en una confluencia de desarrollo y democracia participativa (deliberativa), mediando un ejercicio activo de la ciudadanía, entendida en un sentido ampliado, una de cuyas expresiones se encontraría en el concepto de “Ciudadanía biológica”, que examina desde un enfoque de biopolítica afirmativa. (shrink)

Los ensayos reunidos en este libro se proponen examinar, con la mirada dialogante, crítica y propositiva del filósofo atento, algunos de los más fascinantes y complejos escenarios en los que hoy se exhibe la condición del ser vivo y de la vida, ante la que el pensamiento humano se ve exigido a reflexionar cada vez más profundamente.

El artículo aborda el concepto de subjetivación como otro modo de resistencia al poder desde el pensamiento de Michel Foucault. Para esto instala el problema en las dimensiones del saber/poder y su funcionamiento en los dispositivos concretos, y como éstos remiten a un diagrama de fuerzas puras. Teniendo en consideración estos antecedentes, el texto intenta desplazar la resistencia hacia otro lugar, el que va más allá de la clásica relación poder/contrapoder; es en este sentido que la resistencia aparece como un (...) pliegue de la fuerza que encuentra en la subjetivación una efectuación que disloca la visión común de este concepto. Palabras clave: Resistencia - Subjetivación - Diagrama - Dispositivos. (shrink)

Traditional culture was the matrix of Fidel Sepúlveda’s aesthetic reflection, matrix that constitued itself a model for a Chilean and Latin American aesthetics. On the other hand, the encyclical of Pope Francisco Laudato si became a phenomenon that transcended the strictly ecclesial world, calling for a cross-sensitivity to the environmental issue and the great spiritual crisis that crosses our civilization. Francisco resorts, among other things, to traditional culture as an alternative for future alternative development. Between both perspectives clear coincidences are (...) observed in terms of approach, topics and possible solutions. This article purposes that both reflections meet in the formula “the option for the poor”, coined by Liberation Theology, an alternative assumed by Fidel from an aesthetic reflection and by Francisco as a theological-pastoral stance. (shrink)

La presente investigación analiza la práctica de la ortografía rrazional propuesta por los neógrafos chilenos, un grupo de intelectuales radicales que retomó la discusión lingüística en los últimos años de la reforma ortográfica chilena, a fines del XIX y comienzos del XX, para establecer un proyecto ideológico que no solo se ocupaba del aspecto lingüístico. A partir del uso de esta ortografía no oficial, considerada como un acto glotopolítico en sí mismo, se pudo observar que los neógrafos también difundieron con (...) fuerza temáticas libertarias y positivistas que los caracterizaron como un grupo anarquista, pero que a diferencia de otras manifestaciones anarquistas chilenas de la época, hizo la revolución desde el campo ortográfico, proponiendo un proyecto contrahegemónico lingüístico, político y social, cuyas representaciones hoy podemos clasificar dentro de los estudios de enfoque etnortográfico. (shrink)

A partir del propósito de distinguirse de las expresiones clásicas de ética ambiental conocidas hasta el momento, el artículo presenta una apología filosófica del medioambiente, sustentada en una hermenéutica de la naturaleza leída como texto, de la que puede ser protagonista el sujeto despotenciado de las nuevas condiciones históricas; sujeto que, dada la rebaja de su estatuto ontológico y la extrema gravedad de la crisis ecológica, se ve impulsado a reconsiderar críticamente su programa tecnocientífico devastador del medio natural y asumir (...) la responsabilidad por las consecuencias de su acción individual y colectiva sobre el mundo.Taking distance from the classical expressions of environmental known to this day, this article presents a philosophical defense of the environment, based in a hermeneutic of nature regarded as a text, whose protagonist could be the disempowered subject in the new historical circumstances. Given the debasement of its ontological status and the gravity of the ecological crisis, this subject is impelled to critically reconsider its techno-scientific program, by which the natural environment is being ravaged, and to take responsibility for the consequences of its individual and collective action on the world. (shrink)

We investigate which filters onωcan contain towers, that is, a modulo finite descending sequence without any pseudointersection. We prove the following results:Many classical examples of nice tall filters contain no towers.It is consistent that tall analytic P-filters contain towers of arbitrary regular height.It is consistent that all towers generate nonmeager filters, in particular Borel filters do not contain towers.The statement “Every ultrafilter contains towers.” is independent of ZFC.Furthermore, we study many possible logical implications between the existence of towers in filters, (...) inequalities between cardinal invariants of filters $,${\rm{co}}{{\rm{f}}^{\rm{*}}}\left$,${\rm{no}}{{\rm{n}}^{\rm{*}}}\left$, and${\rm{co}}{{\rm{v}}^{\rm{*}}}\left$), and the existence of Luzin type families, that is, if${\cal F}$is a filter then${\cal X} \subseteq {[\omega ]^\omega }$is an${\cal F}$-Luzin family if$\left\{ {X \in {\cal X}:|X \setminus F| = \omega } \right\}$is countable for every$F \in {\cal F}$. (shrink)

Consciousness and confidence seem intimately related. Accordingly, some researchers use confidence ratings as a measure of, or proxy for, consciousness. Rosenthal discusses the potential connections between the two, and rejects confidence as a valid measure of consciousness. He argues that there are better alternatives to get at conscious experiences such as direct subjective reports of awareness (i.e. subjects’ reports of perceiving something or of the degree of visibility of a stimulus). In this chapter, we offer a different perspective. Confidence ratings (...) in general, and metacognitive measures in particular, may offer important advantages over subjective ratings. The arguments we offer here are supported by empirical, practical and socio-strategic considerations. However, we do not suggest consciousness and confidence are interchangeable. We recognize the limitations of confidence ratings in some experimental designs and for some research questions. Nevertheless, we also address a potential conceptual link between consciousness and confidence that stems from Rosenthal’s very own work on mental quality space theory. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:.. MERELY A MAN OF LETTERS" an interview with Jorge Luis Borges* Philosophy and Literature: Why don't you tell us about some of the philosophers who have influenced your work and in whom you have been the most interested? Jorge Luis Borges: Well, I think that's an easy one. You might talk in terms of two: Berkeley and Schopenhauer. But I suppose Hume might be worked in (...) also, because, after all, Hume refutes Berkeley. Really, he comes from Berkeley—even if Berkeley comes from Locke. You might think of Locke, of Berkeley, and of Hume as being three links in an argument..... But I suppose that when someone refutes someone else in philosophy, he is carrying on the argument. P&L: And Schopenhauer? Borges: Schopenhauer is very different from Hume. Of course, Schopenhauer had his idea of the Will. That is not to be found in Hume.... The case of Berkeley was different. I suppose he thought of God as being aware of all things all the time, if I don't get him wrong. If we go away, does this room disappear? No, because God is thinking about it. Now, in the case of Schopenhauer, I was rereading Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, The World as Will and Idea, and I was rather taken aback, or baffled I should say, puzzled by something that keeps on recurring in Schopenhauer. Of course it may have been a slip of the pen, but as he goes back to it, and as he was a very careful writer, I wonder if it is a slip of the pen. For example, Schopenhauer begins by saying that the universe, the stars, the spaces in between, the planets, *On April 14, 1976, two editors of Philosophy and Literature, along with an interested colleague, interviewed Jorge Luis Borges at Michigan State University, where he held a position as visiting professor for the winter term. These remarks are edited from the transcript of that conversation. 337 338Philosophy and Literature this planet, those things, have no existence—except in the mind which perceives them. But then, to my surprise—and I suppose you can explain this to me, since you are philosophers and I am not—what Schopenhauer says is that all those things have no existence except in the brain. And that the universe—I remember these words, I don't think I'm inventing them now—"ist ein Gehirnphänomen," that the world is a cerebral phenomenon. Now, I was baffled. Because, of course, if you think of the universe, I suppose the brain is as much a part of the external world as the stars or the moon. The brain after all is a system of visual, of tactile, perceptions. He keeps on insisting on the brain. I don't think, for example, that Bishop Berkeley insists on the brain, or Hume, who would have insisted on the mind, consciousness. P&L: People sometimes say that they see Berkeley in stories like "Orbis Tertius." Borges: Yes, I suppose they do. Well, of course. But in that story I was led by literary means also. P&L: How do you distinguish the literary from the philosophical means in that story? Could you explain that? Borges: Very easily.... Encyclopedias have been my chief reading. I have always been interested in encyclopedias. I used to go to the Biblioteca National in Buenos Aires—and since I was so shy, I felt I could not cope with asking for a book, so I looked on the shelves for the Encyclopaedia Britannica. I would pick up any chance volume and I would read it. One night I was richly rewarded, because I read all about the Druses, Dryden and the Druids—a treasure trove, no?—all in the same volume, "Dr-." Then I came to the idea of how fine it would be to think of an encyclopedia... a very rigorous one of course, of an imaginary world, where everything should be linked. For example, you would have a language and then a literature, and then a history and so on. Then I thought I would write a story of a fancy encyclopedia. Of course that would require many different people to write it... (shrink)

This is the first book-length study of Descartes's metaphysics to place it in its immediate historical context, the Late Scholastic philosophy of thinkers such as Suárez against which Descartes reacted. Jorge Secada views Cartesian philosophy as an 'essentialist' reply to the 'existentialism' of the School, and his discussion includes careful analyses and original interpretations of such central Cartesian themes as the role of scepticism, intentionality and the doctrine of the material falsity of ideas, universals and the relation between sense (...) and understanding, causation and the proofs of the existence of God, the theory of substance, and the dualism of mind and matter. His study offers a picture of Descartes's metaphysics that is both novel and philosophically illuminating. (shrink)

The contributors to this volume argue that we can, and they offer a new way: the "participatory turn," which proposes that individuals and communities have an ...