Seasonal and historical transformations of ice and permafrost suggest that the Mackenzie Delta in Arctic Canada can be understood as a solid fluid. The concerns and practices of delta inhabitants show that fluidity and solidity remain important attributes in a solid fluid delta. They are significant not as exclusive properties, but as relational qualities, in the context of particular human projects and activities. Indigenous philosophies of ‘the land’ and Henri Lefebvre’s notion of ‘tempo’ in Rhythmanalysis: Space, Time and Everyday (...) Life (2004) may help to illustrate the predicament of living in a world that is solid and fluid rhythmically, and in relation to particular practices. Economic, political, sociocultural and physical transformations can all be experienced as both solid and fluid, depending on the degree to which they resonate with people’s purposes. In a world where everything seems to be changed and changing, solidity and fluidity may best be seen as indications of relative differences in tempo. (shrink)

In this paper, I start with the opposition between the husserlian project of a phenomenology of the experience of time, started in 1905, and the mathematical and physical theory of time, as it comes out from the special theory of relativity, by Einstein, in the same year. Although the contrast between the two approaches is apparent, my aim is to show that the original program of Husserl’s time theory is the constitution of an objective time and a time of the (...) world, starting from the intuitive giveness of time, i.e., from time as it appears. To show this, I stress the structural similarity between the original question of time, by Husserl, and the problem of a phenomenology of the space constitution, as it was first developed in the husserlian manuscripts of the XIX century, in which we find the threefold question of the origin of our space representation, of the geometrization of intuitive space and the constitution of transcendent world space. Finally, I reconsider some of Husserl’s main theses about the phenomenological constitution of objective time in the light of the main results of special relativity time-theory, introducing several corrections to central assumptions that underlie Husserl’s theory of time. (shrink)

This article has two tasks: to investigate the notions of space, time and causality in Schopenhauer’s theory of knowledge and, subsequently, to carry out a comparative study of the results obtained with the epistemological considerations between the first and second phase of Nietzsche’s thought. It is understood that conclusions concerning the world as representation had an echo in the first digressions of the author of The Birth of Tragedy on the conceptions of space, time and causality. However, the departures begin (...) to be perceived still in the first years of the 1870s. It is chosen to call the reflections on knowledge until On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense, considering, besides the unsystematicity of the Nietzschean approaches, the maturation of the epistemological investigations in Human, All Too Human. It is discussed how the naturalistic aspects of the second phase of Nietzsche’s intellectual activity find implications in his conceptions of space, time and, above all, causality. It is emphasized, however, that it is not the intention of this work to argue that Nietzsche’s epistemology is originally derived from Schopenhauer or that it depends exclusively on the notions studied here. (shrink)

A cosmologia proposta no Timeu visa a dupla finalidade de criticar o naturalismo grego e compatibilizar o mundo visível com a teoria das Formas, introduzindo uma série de conceitos reformuladores da tradição. Assente no pressuposto dualista de que a mutabilidade sensível nasceu do modelo eterno, perfeito e imutável, das Formas inteligíveis , a narrativa platónica harmoniza os mundos opostos e coexistentes, dominados pelo teleologismo da Inteligência e mecanicismo da “causa errante”. É o que este texto pretende expor.The cosmology presented in (...) the Timaeus has the twofold purpose of criticizing Greek naturalism and of making the visible world compatible with the Theory of Forms. It does this by reformulating a series of traditional concepts. By adopting the dualistic assumption that the changing sensible world is generated from the eternal, perfect and unchangeable model of intelligible Forms, the Platonic story presents a harmony of opposed but coexistent worlds where the teleologism of Intelligence dominates in one and the mechanicism of the “wandering cause” dominates in the other. (shrink)

Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Perception discloses reflection’s dependence on the prereflective and anonymous life of the body, which follows a cyclical temporal rhythm distinct from the linear time of personal history. This immemorial past is disclosed only indirectly as a resistance constitutive of reflection. The ontological significance of this “natural time” is developed, first, in The Visible and the Invisible’s account of nature as “always at the first day”, as an unending process of productive creation; and, secondly, in the nature (...) lectures’ account of subjectivity as participating in the “memory of the world”. (shrink)

Parte de um percurso em que tratamos de expor a estrutura filosófica LÊtre et lê Néant (EN), o presente estudo procura mostrar que essa obra é o ponto fundamental de transição onde se dá, no pensamento sartriano, a metamorfose de uma teoria do tempo como destino trágico numa teoria do tempo como salvação. Completa-se, aqui, o processo de radicalização de Heidegger efetivado por Sartre: do pessimismo próprio do Dasein, que caminha impotente e solitário para a morte, passamos ao (...) otimismo resultante da descoberta de uma temporalidade que cura. Na tentativa de compreender o sentido e a função dessa nova figura da temporalidade, desmontamos o mecanismo do curto-circuito especulativo que inverte, em EN, o sinal do Tempo do Mundo heideggeriano. Tal desmontagem levou-nos a surpreender o fio filosófico do livro entrelaçado numa trama históricoliterária. Ao examinar os termos desse reencontro da elaboração filosófica com a matéria viva da história, circunscrevendo uma zona (recuada) em que estruturas díspares se interpenetram, terminamos por identificar o conteúdo de experiência cifrado no movimento especulativo dos conceitos desse que é considerado o mais abstrato (e técnico) tratado de Metafísica dos Tempos Modernos. Pretendendo apenas descrever (no sentido da fenomenologia alemã) as estruturas universais da realidade humana (intemporais por definição), Sartre dá com o cerne de uma conjuntura histórica precisa: não a matéria bruta, é claro, mas sua reconstrução política e literária, talhada nos moldes da Resistência e transposta para a forma filosófica de EN.Sartre. Tempo. Metafísica. Política. When Time heals the Wounds of Time itself AbstractPart of a trajectory in which we expose the philosophical structure of L´Être et le Néant (EN), this study aims at demonstrating that this work is the fundamental transition point where, in Sartre´s thought, a theory of time as a tragic destiny metamorphoses itself into a theory of time as salvation. Here, Sartres project of radicalizing Heidegger is completed: from Daseins peculiar pessimism, which proceeds in a lonely and impotent way towards death, we move to the optimism resulting from the discovery of a temporality that cures. In the attempt to understand the meaning and the function of this new figure of temporality, we dismantle the speculative short circuit mechanism that inverts, in EN, the sign of Heideggers Time of the World. This dismantling leads to our discovery of the philosophical red thread of the book entwined in a historical literary plot. When we examine the terms of this reencounter of philosophical creation with the living matter of history, establishing a zone (set back) in which different structures merge, we end up identifying the contents of experience which appear in the conceptual speculative movement of that work which is considered as the most abstract (and technical) treatise of Metaphysics of Modern Times. Intending only to describe (in the sense of German phenomenology) the universal structures of human reality (intemporal by definition), Sartre encounters the core of a precise historical conjunction not the raw material, of course, but its political and literary reconstruction, shaped in the patterns of the Resistance and transposed to the philosophical form of EN.Sartre. Time. Metaphysics. Politics. (shrink)

During the seminar 'Time and Death penalty', which took place on November 14th 2000 in Triest's Department of Philosophy, Jacques Derrida presented a summary of his lectures of Paris and Irvine: 'Responsibility Problems. Forgiveness, Perjury and Death Penalty'. In Derrida's opinion the philosophical thought has never been - historically - against death penalty. Philosophy has either shown agreement towards its principle or it has remained silent. The aim of deconstruction is to confute the philosophical principles in favour of death penalty (...) , therefore producing a philosophically relevant thought capable of facing such a complex and delicate ethical-political situation. For this purpose Derrida relates the issue of reason to the issue of a 'supernatural world', in which the philosophical responsibility of a different form of reasoning is located. The obvious and immediate comparison is with Kant's position, whose inner contradictions are closely analysed by Derrida. The second reference is the psychoanalytical tradition, which Derrida profusely uses in order to show the equivocal nature of concepts such as 'cruelty' and 'exception' that characterise the juridical and political discourse on death penalty; opaque concepts which constitute its hidden foundation. (shrink)

Mais do que tratar o conceito genérico de tempo, o objectivo deste texto foi o de articular em sistema algumas das coordenadas principais que integram e compõem o conceito de tempo na lexicografia e no pensamento do judaísmo. Acaba por se verificar que com estas coordenadas se representa uma intensa concepção da História enquanto vivência sobretudo dramática de acontecimentos e que este núcleo essencial do tempo-acontecimento avoca para dentro de si o próprio conceito de espaço e de (...) mundo, miticamente, tal como se encontra avocado e incluído o espaço no conceito de tempo primordial. (shrink)

This paper seeks to understand Heidegger’s phenomenological analysis of the time experience in Sein und Zeit, from the formal point of view of the Care-structure, and in the Seminars of Zollikon, where time is described as world-time in its fullness. Aimed is to show that the early anthropological reception of his major work of 1927 by some of his pupils, like Löwith, who detected similarities with Psychoanalysis, is somehow strengthed by Heidegger himself later on, as he comes with Medard Boss (...) to develop Daseynsanalysis as a metaonlogical understanding of humans life in health and pathology. Illness as privation of health will be seen as the failure of inauthentic existence. And the full, ecstatical experience of time will be shown as the proper or authentic one, being-in-the-world as well as within the psychoanalytical session and interpretation. (shrink)

Trata-se de um estudo que apresenta uma interpretação sobre o livro de Carson McCullers, intitulado O coração é um caçador solitário, com base no argumento de que a referida obra traz consigo elementos literários e filosóficos. Com isto em mente, objetivou-se compreender a solidão para além de um dilema que a encerra em si mesma, mas, sobretudo, compreendê-la inserida no contexto dos tempos sombrios, fenômeno epocal em que se manifesta o ódio e a intolerância (a exemplo de manifestações machistas, racistas, (...) xenófobas e homofóbicas) incentivados por uma espécie de obscurantismo anti-intelectual. O problema investigado se referiu às condições de possibilidade de enfrentar-se educacionalmente a solidão, fenômeno que afeta cada vez mais indivíduos. Em linhas gerais, percorre-se o campo dos conceitos filosóficos amparados pela materialidade da narrativa literária para a apresentação de proposições pedagógico-educacionais. Palavras-chave: Educação; Solidão; Hannah Arendt. Loneliness in somber times: pedagogical-educational propositions for a world out of axes Abstract: This is a study that presents an interpretation of Carson McCullers' book, The Heart is a Lonely Hunter, based on the argument that the aforesaid work carries both literary and philosophical elements. That said, the objective was to understand the loneliness beyond a dilemma which encloses in itself, yet, especially, to comprehend it when inserted in dark times context, epochal phenomenon that manifests hatred and intolerance (sexism, racism, homophobic manifestations, for instance), encouraged by some sort of anti-intellectual obscurantism. The problem investigated in this article referred to the conditions of possibility of facing loneliness educationally, a phenomenon that has increasingly affected individuals. In general terms, the philosophical concepts field supported by the materiality of literary narrative for the presentation of pedagogical-educational propositions. Keywords: Education; Loneliness; Hannah Arendt. La solitud en tiempos de oscuridad: proposiciones pedagógico-educacionales para un mundo fuera de los ejes Resumen: Se trata de un estudio que presenta una interpretación sobre el libro de Carson McCullers, El corazón es un cazador solitario, bajo el argumento de que esta obra trae consigo elementos literarios y filosóficos. Con esto en mente, se ha objetivado comprender la solitud más allá de un dilema en si misma, pero, estudiarla introducida en el contexto de los tiempos de oscuridad, fenómeno de una época en que se manifiesta el odio y la intolerancia (a ejemplo de manifestaciones machistas, racistas, xenofóbicas y homofóbicas) incentivadas por una especie de oscurantismo anti-intelectual. El problema investigado se ha referido a las condiciones de posibilidad de enfrentarse, en la educación, la soledad, fenómeno que afecta cada vez más individuos. En líneas generales, vamos de los conceptos filosóficos valiéndose por la materialidad de la narrativa literaria para la presentación de proposiciones pedagógico-educacionales. Palabras-clave: Educación; Soledad; Hannah Arendt. Data de registro: 18/07/2020 Data de aceite: 16/02/2022. (shrink)

Comment: This translation contains a correction of an argument in the original English edition, a correction that was subsequently made in the 1999 English Paperback edition, The correction is described below in the final paragraph. Differences in language can seriously restrict one's access to, and knowledge of, the philosophical work that's being done in other countries, and before the publication in 1997 of my book Time, Tense, and Causation, I was not aware of the depth of interest, in Italy, in (...) analytical philosophy in general, and metaphysics in particular. Since that time, however, I've had the opportunity of talking to, and corresponding with, Italian philosophers who are currently working very intensely on problems in the philosophy of time. I very much enjoyed those discussions, and so I'm very pleased indeed that my book has now been translated into Italian. -/- The introduction to the book will provide readers with quite a detailed overview of my approach to the philosophy of time, and of the main theses that I am defending. But perhaps it will be helpful here if I try to sketch, very briefly, the big picture. -/- The central issue in the philosophy of time concerns the choice between tensed and tenseless accounts of the nature of time – or, as I prefer to express it, between dynamic and static conceptions of reality. According to tensed (or dynamic) accounts, there are significant ontological differences between the past, the present, and the future – either because the world contains intrinsic tensed properties of passiveness, presentness, and futurity, or else because the past, the present, and the future are not all equally real. In contrast, according to tenseless (or static) views of the nature of time, there are no intrinsic tensed properties, and the past, the present, and the future are all equally real. In this book, I defend a dynamic view of time dash specifically, one according to which, while the past and the present are now real, the future is not. This view has, of course, a very long history, with a version of it having been defended by Aristotle in his famous discussion of the sea battle tomorrow, in which he argued that, although it is now true – indeed necessarily so – that either there will be a sea battle tomorrow or there will not be one, it is not now true that there will be a sea battle tomorrow, and not now true that there will not be one. Only when tomorrow comes will the world contain states of affairs that make one of these propositions true, and the other false. -/- But while this general view of the nature of time has a very long and distinguished history – and also seems, intuitively, quite appealing – it has become clear, especially in this century, that it is exposed to very strong objections – objections moreover, that come not merely from philosophy, but also from contemporary physics, and especially from Einstein's special theory of relativity. One of the main challenges accordingly, for any defense of a tensed or dynamic view of time, is to show that those objections can be answered. -/- In grappling with those objections, however, one thing that emerged very clearly was that some theses that defenders of tensed approaches to time have traditionally viewed as absolutely essential must be abandoned as unsound. The result is that. I was led to a view of the nature of time that is, in many respects, intermediate between tenseless views of time and traditional tensed approaches. In particular, advocates of traditional tensed views almost always maintain that the simplest temporal facts are themselves inherently tensed: they consist of facts such as, for example, that is certain apple is now red. But I maintain that, on the contrary, the simplest temporal facts, rather than being intrinsically tensed, are facts to the effect, for example, that a certain apple is now red at time t. On this fundamental issue, then, I agree with those who accept a tenseless or static view of time, since they too hold that the simplest tensed facts ¬– and indeed all tensed facts – are not tensed facts. How, then, does my approach to the nature time differ from a tenseless or static approach? The answer is that I also maintain that, although basic tensed facts are not inherently tensed, the world is nevertheless a dynamic one, since every present moment is a point at which things come into existence. Events, therefore, are not merely actual or nonactual – as is maintained by advocates of tenseless approaches to time. Rather an event is actual as of some time, and not actual as of other times. One needs, therefore, a temporally indexed notion of actuality, according to which an event is not actual until the time at which it occurs, and given that notion, one can explain, in a straightforward fashion, what it is for events to lie in the past, the present, and the future, and in the way that entails that the past and the present are real, but the future is not. -/- One task, as I have said, is to show that the many objections that have been advanced against dynamic conceptions of the world dash by philosophers – such as McTaggart, Quine, Smart, Putnam, and Mellor – can be answered. But even if, as I claim, this can be done, one is still left, of course, with the question of what positive reason there is, if any, for accepting a tensed or dynamic view of the world. -/- The argument that I develop in response to this question centers upon the concept of causation, and here I argue, first, that there are decisive objections to reductionist approaches to causation; secondly, that it is possible to set out a very plausible realistic account of the nature of causation; and, thirdly, that the crucial postulates that are involved in that account can only be satisfied in a dynamic world – indeed only in a dynamic world in which the past and the present are real, but the future is not. -/- This way of defending the view that our world is a dynamic one also has implications for some other issues – in particular, issues connected with the subtle and very difficult metaphysical question of the relation between time and causation. Thus, after setting out the above argument, I attempt to show that if causation can exist only in a dynamic world, then one can both demonstrate that backward causation is logically impossible and defend the view that the direction of time is to be defined in terms of the direction of causation, rather than vice versa. -/- Finally, a comment on the text. It involves one major change from the original English edition – namely in sections 4. 6.2 and 4.7. The change in those sections involves the crucial part in my argument both for the claim that our world is one where the past and present are real, but the future is not, and for the claim that backward causation is logically impossible. It was pointed out to me by Kenji Murota, a graduate student of philosophy at Keio University, that there was a problem in my original formulation of that argument. I'm grateful to him for his incisive criticism, and I'm pleased that I've had the opportunity of correcting that argument in the present edition. (shrink)

The author makes an innovative reading of human rights based on the dimensions of space, time and memory, as constituent dimensions of being. To do this, he explains new coordinates in the post-human era of the globalized world.: the profound crisis of political space revealed in the State, and its..

In its "futural" use, the future perfect represents the past of the future. In the architectural and urban project, which imagines the future of cities and territories, a future perfect is always at stake: there is past in the future, there is future in the past. The project of a spatial transformation, always happening as a rupture in the temporal continuum, doesn't deploy an homogeneous and linear time, but rather a bundle of temporalities working according to different paces. In such (...) a perspective the project has less to be meant as an image of a future state of the world, rather than an action orientation. The project can become an opening and a “social experimentation”, beyond the strictly technical and bureaucratic rationale, but also beyond the practice and market boundaries. (shrink)

This article looks at the prevalent view of time in the history of Western philosophy and science and then contrasts it with the emerging new vision of time as ontologically constructive. Throughout Western history, philosophers and scientists attempted to marginalize and anesthetize the role of time by prioritizing being over becoming. But beginning with the Darwinian revolution in biology, the West could no longer deny the constructive role of time in bringing forth new ontological orders. While the 20th century witnessed (...) the split between the reversible time of physics and the developmental time of biology, the time has now come for this divide to be reconciled. Twenty-first century science is already revealing the constructive role of time in cosmology with the likelihood of multiple universes. In conclusion, the authors speculate that our moment in human cultural development is ripe for a complex, multidimensional, and transdisciplinary understanding of time. (shrink)

Segundo Ser e tempo, o cuidado, como ser do ser-aí, é definível pela expressão complexa “ser-já-precedentemente-a-si-em (o mundo) como ser-junto-a (ente intramundano que vem ao en-contro)”, a qual é apresentada deste modo no Parágrafo 41, que trata de “O ser do ser-aí como cuidado”. Nesta expressão, pretende Heidegger indicar cada um dos existenciais (disposição, compreender, fala, assim como também decair e mundo), e condição da correta compreensão do sentido desta estrutura é o entendimento de que há co-originariedade (Gleichursprünglichkeit) entre (...) eles, isto é, de que a abertura de mundo só ocorre como resultado dos existenciais conjuntamente. Sem pretender contestar tal co-originariedade entre os existenciais no que diz respeito à abertura de mundo (e, portanto, do ser), pretendemos apenas chamar a atenção para o fato de que tal condição da abertura não implica necessariamente que os caracteres do ser do ser-aí tenham que ser entendidos como simultaneamente genéticos na abertura, mas apenas da abertura, e que o ser do ser-aí como cuidado tem seu fundamento originário no carecer. Este último constitui os Em-virtude-de-quê? (Worumwillen) que determinam as disposições, a partir das quais vem a ser as totalidades conformativas (Bewandtnisganzheiten) estabelecidas, como significâncias, no compreender interpretativo, sendo ambos, disposição e compreender, articulados pela fala, com o que tem origem, então, abertura de mundo. Sendo assim, já que o ser do ser-aí é disposição compreensiva e falante no mundo, percebe-se por que se afirma aqui que o fundamento do cuidado como ser do ser-aí é o carecer. Contudo, só é possível dizer que o ser do ser-aí é o cuidado caso a angústia, disposição que corresponde ao saber da morte como compreender projetivo, se manifeste, própria ou impropriamente. PALAVRAS-CHAVE – Ser-aí. Disposição. Compreender. Fala. Impessoal. Angústia. Cuidado. ABSTRACT According to Being and Time, care, as the being of Dasein, is definable by the complex expression “ahead-of-itself-Being-already-in-(the world) as Being-alongside (entities encountered within-the-world)”, which is presented this way in Paragraph 41, that approaches “Dasein’s Being as Care”. Through this expression, Heidegger intends to point out each one of the existentialia (state-ofmind, understanding, discourse, as well as falling and world), and as condition to the correct understanding of the meaning of this structure is the understanding of the fact that there is equiprimordiality (Gleichursprünglichkeit) among them, that is, that the world disclosedness only occurs as a result of the existentialia in conjunction. Without intending to contest this equiprimordiality among the existentialia with respect to the disclosedness of world, (and, therefore, of Being) we just intend to call attention to the fact that this condition of the disclosedness does not necessarily mean that the characters of the Being of Dasein have to be understood as simultaneously genetic in the disclosedness, but only for the disclosedness, and that the being of Dasein as care has its original basis in the need. The latter constitutes the for-the-sake-ofwhich (Worumwillen) that determine the state-ofmind, from which the totality of involvements (Bewandtnisganzheiten) are established, as significance, in the interpretative understanding, where both – state-of-mind and understanding – are articulated by discourse, with which there is, therefore, the origin of world disclosedness. This way, as the being of Dasein is a discoursing and understanding state-of-mind in the world, it is possible to realize why it is said here that the basis of care as being of Dasein is the need. However, it is only possible to affirm that the being of beingthere is care if anxiety, the state-of-mind that corresponds to the awareness of death as a projective understanding, manifests itself, either properly or improperly. KEY WORDS – Dasein. State-of-mind. Understanding. Discourse. Anxiety. Care. (shrink)

Heidegger jamais considerou Ser e tempo como uma investigação ética nem dedicou qualquer de suas obras à discussão específica dessa questão, aspecto que vem sendo criticado como sintoma de uma insidiosa precariedade ética instalada no coração de sua reflexão ontológica. A crítica recorrente afirma que, em Ser e tempo, Heidegger teria inviabilizado a reflexão ética ao comprometer-se com o "solipsismo existencial", isto é, com o isolamento do "si-mesmo decidido" em relação aos outros, desconsiderando, ainda, a exigência de uma (...) fundamentação última da ação ética. O argumento deste texto considera que Ser e tempo não configura um tratado ético no sentido metafísico tradicional, mas traz consigo os elementos teóricos para a sua reavaliação pós-metafísica ao dar ensejo a uma ética da precariedade. Uma ética da precariedade é desprovida de fundamentos últimos ou procedimentos intersubjetivos capazes de assegurar critérios transcendentais infalíveis de validação da qualidade ética da conduta humana, pois se assenta no reconhecimento da finitude constitutiva do Dasein. A consideração do "ser-para-a-morte" como o "modo de ser mais próprio" do Dasein não implica a irresponsabilidade ética para com os outros, mas tem como seu aspecto positivo a liberação da amizade como o modo próprio da relação ética, inspirando um agir cauteloso e resistente a quaisquer sistemas teóricos que definam padrões últimos quanto à moralidade do agir.Heidegger did not dedicate his philosophical thinking to ethical questions and explicitly denied considering his major opus, Being and Time, as an ethical inquiry, a fact that has been interpreted by many critics as a symptom of a deep ethical failure at the heart of his ontological thinking. The recurrent criticism is that Heidegger's Being and Time avoids any ethical questioning by committing itself to the "existential solipsism" which isolates the authentically resolute self from the others, and by disregarding the requirement of a last foundation able to assure the ethical character of human actions in the world. This text argues that although Heidegger's Being and Time should not be viewed as an ethical treatise in the sense of metaphysics, it brings forth important ethical implications that may procure a post-metaphysical ethics, an ethics of precariousness. An ethics of precariousness does not depend on having access to first principles, foundations or inter-subjective proceedings aiming at transcendental criteria to evaluate and warrant the ethical character of one's actions in the world, since it is based on the acknowledgment of Dasein's essentially constitutive finitude. The consideration of "being-toward-death" as the most proper way of Dasein's being does not imply ethical irresponsibility toward others, but has as its positive consequence the liberation of friendship, understood as the proper mode of Dasein's ethical relation to otherness. Such a post-metaphysical ethics should inspire a cautious acting in the world as well as resistance against theoretical systems aiming at the foundation of absolute standards of morality. (shrink)

In this paper I consider two related threats to the idea that our beliefs compose a genuine worldview the global skeptic challenge to the clam that our beliefs are somehow grounded and the suspicion that our beliefs have no relation to the world whatsoever I consider these two threats from the point of view of our activity of doubting m order to establish what follows from our capacity to doubt any claim although not at once I argue that the two (...) threats can be dispelled if we attend to a careful consideration of what is involved in doubting Once these threats are dismissed we find ourselves in a Position that enables us to critique both a naturalist conception of our worldviews and the conception of reasons that has been recommended by Brandom. (shrink)

A pós-fenomenologia é um enfoque na filosofia da tecnologia que investiga como as tecnologias influenciam e moldam o mundo e o ego. Embora a pós-fenomenologia tenha expressado desde o início a ambição de oferecer uma estrutura não-essencialista e não-fundacionista, o desenvolvimento estrutural desse aspecto está virtualmente ausente. O pragmatismo peirciano, como será proposto, pode fornecer essa estrutura, bem como os blocos de construção para o desenvolvimento da visão da autoformação em termos de sublimação. Essa visão tenta reconhecer que nosso ambiente, (...) que é cada vez mais um ambiente tecnológico e sujeito à mudança radical, molda consideravelmente quem nós somos e influencia quem deveremos ser. E, ao mesmo tempo, resiste à ideia de que o ego não é mais do que um joguete de influências e forças contingentes. (shrink)

Resumo: Partindo do pressuposto que o Ser é notavelmente o escopo de toda a filosofia de Heidegger, este artigo procura indicar traços pontuais daquela que foi considerada o maior labor intelectual de sua vida: Ser e Tempo. Com o intuito de explorar o projeto da analítica existencial, Heidegger lança mão de dois conceitos, o de manualidade e circunvisão . Trata-se de explicitar, a partir desses conceitos contidos na obra Ser e Tempo a contribuição original do filósofo para o (...) diagnóstico crítico da modernidade e para posteriores aprofundamentos filosóficos sobre a técnica moderna. Por fim, a comunicação indicará à luz da discussão realizada a partir das reflexões de Heidegger, uma alternativa possível para outro modo de lidar com a técnica, não desprezando sua importância para as modificações e desenvolvimento do homem e da natureza, mas tampouco absolutizando o modo como a técnica modifica a interação do homem com o mundo em que habita.: Based on the assumption that Being is notably the scope of the whole philosophy of Heidegger, this article seeks to show occasional traces of what was considered the greatest intellectual labor of his life: Being and Time. In order to exploit the project's existential analytic, Heidegger makes use of two concepts, and to manualidade circumvision. It is explicit from these concepts contained in the book Being and Time the original contribution of the philosopher to the critical diagnosis of modernity and subsequent philosophical insights about the modern technique. Finally, the Notice indicates in the light of the discussion held from the reflections of Heidegger, a possible alternative to otherwise deal with the technique, not disregarding its importance to the changes and development of man and nature, but neither the absolutizando how the technique modifies the interaction of man and the world he inhabits. Keywords : Heidegger; being; modern technique. (shrink)

The purpose of this essay is to present the critique of Hegelian universalism carried out by Franz Fanon’s concept of the zone of non-being, by Enrique Dussel’s zone of the exteriority and by Paulo Freire’s pedagogy of the oppressed. The reading of the Hegelian dialectic operated by the three thinkers helps to understand the substratum of thought that guided the European conception of freedom inscribed in the field of political practice, locating it in time and space. In addition, his proposals (...) for “decolonization of dialectics” renew the imagination and philosophical-political praxis of countries subordinated by the context of power relations in the modern/colonial world, in search of other symbolic-epistemic references necessary for the social transformation of the reality of inequalities of the Latin American continent. The gesture of the three thinkers opens the philosophical text or, more specifically, Hegelian thought, to an infinite, non-totalizable dialogue, to a critique of the metaphysical and/or ontological closure of knowledge, its universalization. (shrink)

This article aims to present how the philosopher Emmanuel Lévinas understands the issues of suffering and evil in the world, hardships frequently considered as obstacles to the belief in God. Breaking away from the logic of theodicies, the French-Lithuanian philosopher developed original and instigating perspectives on these themes, placing them in an eminently ethical domain. It concerns an ethic that escapes reciprocity, in a context of asymmetry, with the granting of absolute priority to the other man. Such reflections are particularly (...) relevant in the dramatic scenario established by the Covid-19 pandemic, which has given rise to suffering, death, and several uncertainties, among which the narrative of God. The new coronavirus has sparked a crisis of global dimensions, which raises the need for a new civilizational paradigm, prioritizing principles such as cooperation, human solidarity and ethical responsibility towards others, a horizon in which Lévinas' conceptions are included. (shrink)

A presente investigação busca ressaltar a contribuição heideggeriana para a questão da alteridade, contrapondo-se às interpretações que enfatizam o "solipsismo existencial" do Dasein resoluto como o sintoma de que Heideggerteria desconsiderado esse problema em sua analítica existencial. Para tanto, discute-se o movimento argumentativo pelo qual Heidegger, partindo da análise do encontro do outro na cotidianidade mediana, chega até o problema do reconhecimento da alteridade que todo Dasein já traz em si mesmo. Segundo a interpretação aqui proposta, a chave para uma (...) possível leitura ética da analítica existencial se encontra na articulação entre as análises fenomenológicas da angústia e do chamado da consciência, pois é justamente nelas que se revela o estranho apelo de uma alteridade que já habita cada um, e que tem de ser pensada como a condição ontológica do reconhecimento de si e do outro enquanto singularidade própria, isto é, como alteridade.By critically departing from current interpretations that stress the "existential solipsism" of the resolute Dasein, the present investigation emphasizes the Heideggerian contribution to the question of otherness. I discuss the main `existentials' through which Heidegger, starting with the question of the encounter of the other in the everyday world, reaches the crucial point where he acknowledges that otherness is already rooted in each Dasein. According to this interpretation, the key to uncover the ethical dimension of Heidegger's existential analytic is to be found in the theoretical articulation established between the phenomenological analysis of anguish and the phenomenological analysis of the call of conscience. This is the locus where Heidegger rends manifest that the resolute Daseinalready carries within itself the strange appeal of otherness, considered as the existential condition for the acknowledgment of the other in his own singularity, that is, as otherness. (shrink)

O filósofo Mircea Eliade, dentre seus ofícios, foi um escritor. Para ele, a literatura busca investigar e compreender os significados universais da criação e dos fenômenos – em especial, em seus romances, os fenômenos religiosos. Herdeiro da tradição literária existencialista que marcou, sobretudo, os grandes filósofos e romancistas franceses (como Jean-Paul Sartre e Albert Camus), sua obra literária possui uma unidade fundamental: a inquietação com o tempo e o sagrado. O objetivo desta pesquisa é apresentar a relação de Mircea (...) Eliade com a literatura, principalmente as ideias e vivências acerca da aproximação entre literatura e religião no pensamento do autor. O método utilizado para esta pesquisa foi, preferencialmente, o analítico, com incidência hermenêutica. Ao analisar os textos e artigos do autor e sobre o autor, conclui-se que a literatura existencial possui um papel fundamental na vida de Eliade e que ela é uma ferramenta entre outras para explorar e apresentar sentidos e significados acerca do ser humano no mundo. Palavras-chave : Mircea Eliade. Literatura. Narrativa. Mundo. Constituição.The philosopher Mircea Eliade was a particularly great writer. According to Eliade, the literature seeks to investigate and understand the universal meanings of creation and phenomena – especially, among his novels, the religious phenomena. Heir to the existential literary tradition that marked, above all, the great French novelists and philosophers (such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus), Eliade’s literary work has a fundamental unit: the concern with time and the sacred. The aim of this research is to present the relationship of Mircea Eliade with the literature, especially the ideas and experiences on the approach between literature and religion in Eliade’s thought. The method used for this research was the analytic method with hermeneutic incidence. After the analysis on Eliade’s texts and articles and texts and articles about the author, we conclude that the existential literature has a fundamental function in Eliade’s life and it is an efficient tool to investigate and present to the world the meanings about the human being within the world. Key words: Mircea Eliade. Literature. Narrative. World. Constitution. (shrink)

'Por um mundo comum' é um ensaio ao mesmo tempo convidativo e provocativo. À luz da intertextualidade, onde imagem e discurso cooperam heuristicamente, Jean Wyllys promove uma conversa entre seus recentes desenhos e montagens e suas reflexões sobre a política. A noção de mundo comum, ou de comum, aparece em sua reflexão como a invenção central da política, ao retomar, por exemplo, o pensamento de Arendt e sua noção de inter homines esse [estar entre os humanos] como um trabalho (...) de constante fundação do lugar/coisa pública. Suas pesquisas recentes sobre as fake news, mobilizadas nos últimos anos sobretudo por uma guinada radical à direita do status quo conservador e neoliberal e que atacam perversamente políticos da esquerda brasileira, procuram sugerir de que modo essa nova estratégia de construção ideológica auxiliada pela tecnologia operam, ao nível humano, uma descaracterização da própria capacidade de distinção e pensamento – algo que reserva, nesse sentido, também relações com a noção arendtiana de banalidade do mal. (shrink)

À luz da secularização da sociedade, que marcou a época moderna e a contemporânea e, sobretudo, com a larga difusão do ateísmo, trata-se de discutir a questão do mal, mostrando, por um lado, que a crença em Deus poderia atribuir uma importância cada vez maior à questão do mal, mas, por outro, poder-se-ia esperar, à luz da influência do ateísmo, que o mal assumisse uma significação inédita, ou seja, o deslocamento da questão do mal, exclusivamente, à perspectiva moral. Neste artigo, (...) fala-se não de um mundo sem religião nem sem divino nem sem divindades. Fala-se de um mundo sem Deus, no singular, limitando-se o autor a tratar de uma só das religiões monoteístas e a filosofia que ela inspirou, a saber, o Cristianismo, ainda que sem fazer distinções entre suas diferentes confissões. Partindo, pois, do pressuposto de que o mal é a única coisa que Deus não criou, o autor mostra que os filósofos, inspirados no Cristianismo, consideraram que não seria possível ser virtuoso e dizer-se ateu ao mesmo tempo, a não ser pagando o preço de uma contradição. (shrink)

Heidegger foi um dos pensadores mais influentes do século pasado. Muitas de suas contribuições conceituais têm sido aplicadas tanto às ciências humanas quanto às naturais. Dasein, ser-no-mundo, facticidade, sentido, cuidado, etc. são familiares a qualquer filósofo. Neste trabalho tento reconstruir duas das noções centrais do jovem Heidegger. Analiso parte do camino que leva o jovem Heidegger às noções nucleares da grande obra de 1927: “significatividade” e “mundo”. Meu interesse é duplo: em primeiro lugar buscar uma clarificação progressiva destes conceitos e, (...) em segundo lugar, exibir a gênese de Ser e Tempo. Anima-me a ideia de que o modo de tratamento destes conceitos nestes anos ilumina grande parte do pensamento heideggeriano e, com ele, do século XX. Palavras-chave: Heidegger. Significatividade. Mundo. (shrink)

* Doutora em Educação pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Professora do curso de Dança e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Artes Cênicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia.** Doutor em Educação pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Professor do curso de Filosofia, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. O ano de 2015 marcou os vinte anos da morte de Gilles Deleuze, a data foi celebrada com a realização de eventos promovidos (...) pelos núcleos de pesquisa vinculados à filosofia de Deleuze, cuja obra comporta também os livros escritos em coautoria com Félix Guattari. O Dossiê Artes e Oficinas: incursões na filosofia de Deleuze-Guattari foi concebido no mesmo movimento de discussão do legado do pensamento deleuziano, cujo propósito ultrapassa o ensejo de uma simples homenagem e pretende intensificar as experimentações conceituais para vislumbrar, na criação artística, um disparador de encontros ético-político-estéticos, o que confere ao Dossiê uma abordagem transdisciplinar da filosofia de Deleuze - e também Guattari - com vias a favorecer as interfaces entre a filosofia e as artes, recuperando a junção dos afectos e dos perceptos, tal como foram apresentados pelos autores em muitas dos seus escritos, dentre os quais destacamos Qu'est-ce que la filosophie?.O motivo dos artigos que compõem o presente Dossiê são as artes, considerando que essas manifestações são abordadas conforme dois eixos: das oficinas de criação e da lógica do sentido; ou seja, a poiética é considerada em sua autonomia na produção de experimentações do pensamento, por isso, não se trata de uma leitura estética, aliás, não é a intepretação das obras de arte que estão em discussão, mas, antes, a possibilidade das artes esgotarem as fixações de sentidos do mundo contemporâneo que instauram a crise nas mais variadas esferas da vida. Deleuze e Guattari vislumbram nas artes uma política menor, pertinente a mobilização dos afectos e dos perceptos graças as mobilizações engendradas pelos signos artísticos. Assim, apostamos na articulação da clínica, da crítica, das artes e da política, tendo em vista a abertura de novos espaços, contribuindo para o aparecimento de práticas de liberação dos fluxos que poderão fazer variar o pensamento.O que pode ser esperado das oficinas de criação em artes é a invenção de procedimentos diferentes que potencializem os corpos, mobilizando-os para encontrar nos blocos de perceptos e afectos da criação artística o arrancar "o percepto das percepções do objeto, [...], arrancar o afecto das afecções", provocando fluxos de desejo a abrirem a realidade a novos possíveis. Os pensadores franceses oferecem uma rica abrangência com relação as artes e que acreditamos estar contemplada nos artigos do Dossiê, a saber, que a filosofia como criação de conceitos está conectada - ousamos dizer: acoplada - ao plano de imanência "que deve ser considerado pré-filosófico", porque a atividade conceitual vislumbra a apreensão de uma realidade não conceitual composta pelas criações artísticas, por isso, os pensadores concluíram afirmando que "o não-filosófico está talvez mais no coração da filosofia do que a própria filosofia".A aglutinação dos artigos, que apresentaremos a seguir, propõe a composição de zonas de vizinhança entre conceitos da filosofia em conexões com os perceptos e os afectos com relação as artes, não os confundindo com percepções e sentimentos. Ora, longe da ambição do dogmatismo filosófico, aqui a filosofia é tomada como conceito e devir, permitindo vislumbrar experimentações do pensamento, no encontro com o seu fora, ao entrar na composição de um plano de imanência, que poderá ser construído junto às criações artísticas. As escritas reunias neste Dossiê se processam em meio a produção de um pensar teórico-poiético a partir das artes e das oficinas, traçando divergências convergentes com a filosofia da diferença. [...]. (shrink)

A juventude evangélica brasileira se viu, durante os anos 1970, bombardeada por uma carga considerável de versões fundamentalistas da escatologia e, com isso, essa questão veio a ocupar um lugar secundário dentre os temas teológicos dos evangélicos brasileiros. A introdução de uma perspectiva não disjuntada da escatologia, como a do teólogo George Eldon Ladd, foi o que possibilitou a difusão da Teologia da Missão Integral, indicando o quanto a missiologia é inseparável de escatologia. Posteriormente, as versões fundamentalistas mantiveram um espaço (...) menos popular, mas constante, nas igrejas. O quadro foi acrescido da Teologia da Prosperidade, que trouxe a noção de uma escatologia individualista. Portanto, de um lado temos uma escatologia construída numa perspectiva não disjuntada do tempo, e do outro uma visão escatológica fundamentalista e privatizada. O enfrentamento dessas duas tendências expressa a contínua tensão entre o dualismo e a integralidade na história do cristianismo. No Novo Testamento, as imagens da barraca (João 1.14, Atos 18.1-3) e da cortina (Mateus 27.45-52) servem para compreender a dinâmica do “habitar entre” em contraste com a do fechamento do sagrado no espaço do haram . Esses dois modos de habitar, na linha de pensamento do filósofo Peter Sloterdijk, ilustram essas duas tendências. Palavras-chave: Juventude Evangélica. Escatologia. Fundamentalismo. Teologia da Missão Integral.: Brazilian evangelical youth was, in 1970’s overflowed with a big variety of fundamentalistic versions of eschatology. That’s why this theme came to occupy a secondary place between the others theological themes in Brazilian evangelical Theology. The introduction of a non disjointed version of eschatology, as Georg Eldon Ladd’s, for instance, make possible the diffusion of IMT (Integral Mission Theology), demonstrating how Missiology is inseparable from eschatology. After that, fundamentalistic versions lost their popularity, but kept their presence in churches. Prosperity Theology brought a complete individualistic notion of eschatology. So, we have in one side a eschatology built on a non disjointed notion of time and reality, and in another, the fundamentalistic and privatized version. The clash of these two tendencies expresses the continuous tension between dualism and integrality in the History of Christianity. In the New Testament, the images of the tent (John 1.14, Acts 18.1-3) and of the curtain (Mathews 27.45-52) are useful to understand the logic of “live-between” in opposition with the closeness of the sacred in the haram . These two ways of dwell, following the thought of the philosopher Peter Sloterdijk, exemplify those two tendencies. Key words: Evangelical Youth. Eschatology. Fundamentalism. Integral Mission Theology. (shrink)

O artigo identifica as instâncias subjetivas do que leva o ser humano à busca por experiências de cunho espiritual e religioso. Situa a contemporânea busca religiosa e a crise de sentido que afeta a humanidade como uma busca de realização espiritual e do ser-si-próprio, diante de um mundo onde a potencialidade espiritual se encontra cada vez mais devastada. Viktor Frankl, Karl Jaspers, Paul Tillich, todos originários das contribuições da fenomenologia, são os principais autores a sustentar a reflexão em torno do (...) tema. Frankl sustenta a ideia de um inconsciente espiritual, de uma transcendência da consciência, e Jaspers e Tillich se ocupam com a análise da “situação espiritual do nosso tempo”, uma era cujos reflexos colhemos sobremodo no terceiro milênio. Todos tratam de decifrar a intrínseca relação da não realização espiritual, da busca de um sentido do ser humano para a sua existência com a crise mais generalizada no mundo ocidental. A conclusão do texto segue na perspectiva de que a busca espiritual é inerente ao ser humano, pois se trata da realização do ser humano como ser-si-próprio no mundo. A impossibilidade de realização desta dimensão leva a uma profunda frustração existencial cujas consequências são patentes no modo de vida da humanidade na contemporaneidade. Palavras-chave: Espiritual. Busca de vida. Psicologia da religião. Viktor Frankl. Karl Jaspers. Paul Tillich.The article identifies the subjective instances of what makes humans to search for experiences of spiritual and religious nature. It places the contemporary religious quest and the crisis of meaning that affects humanity as a search of spiritual fulfillment and of the being-oneself, facing a world where spiritual potentiality is increasingly devastated. Viktor Frankl, Karl Jaspers, Paul Tillich, all originating from the contributions of Phenomenology, are the main authors that sustain the reflection around the topic. Frankl holds the idea of an spiritual unconscious, a transcendence of consciousness, and Jaspers and Tillich deal with the analysis of the "spiritual situation of our time", an era whose reflexes we mostly reap in the third millennium. All of them try to decipher the intrinsic relationship of not spiritual realization and of the human being search for a sense of its own existence with the most generalized crisis in the western world. The conclusion of the text follows the perspective that the spiritual quest is inherent in the human being, because it is about the realization of the human being as being-oneself in the world. The impossibility of realization of this dimension leads to a profound existential frustration whose consequences are patent on the way of life of mankind in contemporary times. Keywords: Spiritual. Search for meaning. Psychology of religion. Viktor Frankl. Karl Jaspers. Paul Tillich. (shrink)

Adi Da argues that no solutions currently proposed are sufficient to righten the present unsustainable trajectory of life on Earth, because there is no integrated approach to the ordering of society and use of the planet. The presumption of separateness—manifesting collectively as separate “tribes” vying for control—characterizes human affairs, rather than the prior (“a priori”) unity of existence. The struggle for dominance is the “stave in the wheels” of the Earth-system's inherent capacity to self-correct. A new institution, “the Global Cooperative (...) Forum,” is proposed—invoked by “everybody-all-at-once” (a global populace awakened as a single force, capable of cooperatively effecting global change). (shrink)

A diversidade dos cultos e práticas religiosas afro-brasileiras e a consequente multiplicidade das suas experiências já foram ressaltadas pelos estudiosos do fenômeno principalmente na virada do milênio. Propomos-nos nesse texto a discutir de que forma essas religiões conseguiram preservar traços marcantes das culturas e crenças passadas de geração em geração e ao mesmo tempo, modernizar suas práticas e modos de vivenciar a experiência religiosa uma vez que precisam adaptar-se aos novos tempos e, portanto, a novas expectativas e anseios dos (...) praticantes. O cenário em que estabelecemos este debate é o estado de Pernambuco, mais particularmente as religiões afro-brasileiras nesse estado. O exercício metodológico aqui realizado parte das nossas experiências de campo, juntamente com entrevistas realizadas, somadas as reflexões teóricas a partir das quais chegamos a compreensão que o “Candomblé” em Pernambuco se moderniza tentado conservar as suas tradições. As práticas religiosas estão mais abertas, mais espetacularizadas, agora também fazem parte do patrimônio histórico da sociedade. Palavras-chave: Modernização. Fenômeno religioso. Espetacularização. Cultura. Candomblé.The diversity of Afro-Brazilian cults and religious practices as well as the resulting multiplicity of its experiences has already been highlighted by researchers of the religious phenomenon, mainly in the turning of the millennium. In this text we propose to discuss in which way those religions were able to preserve hallmarks of the cultures and beliefs passed on through generations and at the same time modernize its practices and ways of living the religious experience once they need to adapt to the new times and, therefore, to new expectations and wishes of the believers. The scenario in which we establish this debate is the state of Pernambuco, particularly the Afro-Brazilian religions in this state. The methodological exercise herein fulfilled comes from our field experiences, alongside with interviews made, and added to the theoretical reflections from which we arrive to the comprehension that the “Candomblé” in Pernambuco modernizes itself by trying to preserve its traditions. The religious practices are more open, more spetacularized, and now it is also a part of society’s historical heritage. Keywords: Modernization. Religious Phenomenon. Spetacularization. Culture. Candomblé. (shrink)

orbit and far beyond it. Indeed, the immense, painstaking, indefatigable and ever-improving effort of Husserl to find ever-deeper and more reliable foundations for the philosophical enterprise (as well as his constant critical re-thinking and perfecting of the approach and so called "method" in order to perform this task and thus cover in this source-excavation an ever more far-reaching groundwork) stands out and maintains itself as an inepuisable reservoir for philosophical reflec tion in which all the above-mentioned work has either its (...) core or its source. In fact, in his undertaking to re-think the entire philosophical enterprise as such and to recreate philosophy upon what he sought to be at least a satisfactorily legitimated basis, Husserl, through his already systematised and "authorized" work, and his courses, and later on in his spontaneous reflection (which did not find its way into a definitive corpus but was nevertheless sufficiently coherent with his previously established body of thought to be considered a continuation of it), uncovers perspectives upon the universe of man and projects their new philosophical thematisation that brings together all the attempts by philosophers (e. g., Merleau-Ponty, who drew upon this material and found there his own inspiration) who succeeded him with foundational intentions; it also gives a core of philosophical ideas and insights for the youngergenerationofphilosophers today. (shrink)

Wild Ideas is a collection of essays that brings a fresh and refreshing perspective to the wilderness paradoxically at the center of our civilization.

This collection is the final volume of a four book survey of the state of phenomenology fifty years after the death of Edmund Husserl. Its publication represents a landmark in the comprehensive treatment of contemporary phenomenology in all its vastness and richness. The diversity of the issues raised here is dazzling, but the main themes of Husserl's thought are all either explicitly treated, or else they underlie the ingenious approaches found here. Time, historicity, intentionality, eidos, meaning, possibility/reality, and teleology are (...) the main concerns of this collection devoted to studies in aesthetics, metaphysics and literary interpretation, written by such authors as, among others, R. Cobb-Stevens, C. Moreno Marquez, J. Swiecimski, Sitansu Ray and M. Kronegger. These original studies of phenomenological aesthetics and literary theory by scholars from all parts of the world were gathered by the World Institute for Advanced Phenomenological Research and Learn ing during the year 1988/89 during its assessment of the phenomeno logical movement, fifty years after Husserl's death. IX A -T. Tymieniecka (ed.), Analecta Husserliana, Vol. XXXVII, ix. (shrink)