Financing innovative and costly treatments in various therapeutic fields entails a number of problems in countries where costs are covered by public services. Providing these drugs is forcing actors to define the maximum sums of money society is willing to spend for given health improvements. This raises the question of whether maximum financing should vary according individuals’ circumstances, such as the rareness of a disease, lifestyles, social inequalities experienced over a life time, etc. This article examines a particular priority, namely (...) that given to the youngest patients, such prioritising usually refers to the “fair innings argument”. We question what could justify such a prioritization criterion. Three arguments are considered. At first we consider that FIA could be justified by the objective of equalizing the opportunities of well-being. Next, we proposed justifying the fair innings argument with the aim of equalizing the time provided to individuals to achieve their plan of life, in accordance with Rawls’s theory of justice as fairness. Finally, we proposed considering the FIA as being justified because of the goal of equalizing the time provided to individuals to accept death. These three arguments, of course, have many limitations, some of which we have highlighted. This article doesn’t aim to convince about the superiority of one argument over the other ones. We seek to contribute to the discussions which could happen on prioritization criteria regarding health care, by making explicit what could justify one specific criterion: the age criterion. (shrink)

Defense of a non-psychological dynamics of demonstrative thoughts.

This article discusses the common ground between William James and the tradition of philosophical anthropology. Recent commentators on this overlap have characterised philosophical anthropology as combining science and Kantian teleology, for instance in Kant’s seminal definition of anthropology as being concerned with what the human being makes of itself, as distinct from what attributes it is given by nature. This article registers the tension between Kantian thinking, which reckons to ground experience in a priori categories, and William James’s psychology, which (...) begins and ends with experience. It explores overlap between James’s approach and the characteristic holism of 18th-century philosophical anthropology, which centres on the idea of understanding and analysing the human as a whole, and presents the main anthropological elements of James’s position, namely his antipathy to separation, his concerns about the binomial terms of traditional philosophy, his preference for experience over substances, his sense that this holist doctrine of experience shows a way out of sterile impasses, a preference for description over causation, and scepticism. It then goes on to register the common ground with key ideas in the work of anthropologists from around 1800, along with some references to anthropologists who come in James’s wake, in particular Max Scheler and Arnold Gehlen, in order to reconceptualise the connection between James’s ideas and the tradition of anthropological thinking in German letters since the late 18th-century, beyond its characterisation as a combination of scientific positivism and teleology. (shrink)

The history of ideas is an interdisciplinary field that began as an offshoot of the history of philosophy and was transformed by notions of perspective and cultural context drawn from the tradition of historical studies. The result is the practice of intellectual history, which has been carried out between the poles of inquiry commonly known as internalist and externalist, corresponding to mental phenomena and collective behavior in cultural surroundings. These are not opposed but rather complementary methods, and intellectual history may (...) be seen as the inside of cultural history and cultural history as the outside of intellectual history, the intellectual historian's task being to bring the two into alliance. (shrink)

Quantum cognition is an emerging field that uses mathematical principles of quantum theory to help formalize and understand cognitive systems and processes. The topic on the potential of using quantum theory to build models of cognition (Volume 5, issue 4) introduces and synthesizes its new development through an introduction and six core articles. The current issue presents 14 commentaries on the core articles. Five key issues surface, some of which are interestingly controversial and debatable as expected for a new emerging (...) field. (shrink)

Que ce soit sur le plan réglementaire ou à travers un calendrier événementiel qui leur est spécifique, les sports ont partie liée avec différentes formes de temporalités. De ce point de vue, il est possible de classer les compétitions sportives selon trois catégories de rapport au temps : les sports où le temps est systématiquement mesuré mais ne fixe pas les conditions de lʼaccomplissement de lʼépreuve, les...

Our utterances are typically if not always "situated," in the sense that they are true or false relative to unarticulated parameters of the extra-linguistic context. The problem is to explain how these parameters are determined, given that nothing in the uttered sentences indicates them. It is tempting to claim that they must be determined at the level of thought or intention. However, as many philosophers have observed, thoughts themselves are no less situated than utterances. Unarticulated parameters need not be mentally (...) represented. In this paper, I try to make precise the notion of representation at stake here. In one sense of 'representation', something is represented if it is inferentially relevant. In another, less demanding sense, something is represented if it is relevant to the construction of a context-sensitive, ad hoc concept. Ad hoc concepts act as "proxies" for cognitively more demanding representations. They "imitate" the latter's epistemic and pragmatic roles while being inferentially less sophisticated. Thus, there are two senses in which a thought can be said to be situated: (1) its truth-value is relative to a non-represented contextual parameter, (2) its truth-value is not itself relative, but it involves a context-sensitive, ad hoc concept. (shrink)

It is widely assumed, both in philosophy and in the cognitive sciences, that perception essentially involves a relative or egocentric frame of reference. Levinson has explicitly challenged this assumption, arguing instead in favour of the 'neo-Whorfian' hypothesis that the frame of reference dominant in a given language infiltrates spatial representations in non-linguistic, and in particular perceptual, modalities. Our aim in this paper is to assess Levinson's neo-Whorfian hypothesis at the philosophical level and to explore the further possibility that perception may (...) not just use frames of reference other than the relative one but may also, in some cases at least, be perspective-free. (shrink)

This book explores moral questions that go beyond the issues commonly considered in the ethics of action.

Platon, Aristote et les stoïciens ont pensé le monde comme le Tout (to pan ou to holon) sans utiliser les termes abstraits de pantotès ou de holotès. Il n’y a qu’un seul monde, celui dans lequel nous vivons, qui est une réalité éternelle et singulière. Le concept de totalité suppose un écart par rapport à la totalité concrète existante, il apparaît comme celui de totalitas en latin quand la philosophie met en avant la contingence du monde, ou sa secondarité par (...) rapport à un monde plus parfait, le monde intelligible. (shrink)

Derrida n’entend pas simplement hériter de Hegel mais interrompre sa relève, précisant que l’enjeu est ici « énorme ». Pourquoi? Parce qu’il est question ici de la relation entre la vérité et sa transmission, entre l’enseignement et la pratique de la philosophie en Allemagne et en France, entre un système de pensée qui articule la politique, l’art, la religion et sa désarticulation contemporaine. Confronté à un texte « majeur » de la tradition philosophique, Derrida l’interrompt alors en recourant aux textes (...) mineurs, en particulier la correspondance de Hegel, qu’il détourne pour rendre possible une correspondance entre dialectique et déconstruction, mais aussi entre deux philosophes qui s’adressent toujours à un autre et sont hantés par ce tiers, fantôme ou pierre impossibles à relever. (shrink)

Nous sommes des mutants : la science des mutations du vivant reste indissociable des techniques qui rendent nos corps modifiables. Nous sommes des mythants : nous gardons la tendance à nous réapproprier la vie en lui donnant un sens qui la surplombe, si bien que le don de la vie comme celui des organes restent pris dans la logique mythique du don et du sacrifice. Nous sommes dans une mutation, dit J.-L. Nancy : dans une époque où la vie s’exploite (...) ou se transmet, se marchande ou se partage, où elle (se) demande sans s’imposer. C’est ainsi qu’une mutation historique sort de l’histoire. (shrink)

Jean-Luc Nancy est reconnu aujourd’hui comme l’un des plus importants philosophes français contemporains. Ces dernières années, son œuvre a fait l’objet, en France et dans plusieurs pays étrangers, de rencontres suivies de publications. Il était temps qu’un colloque international consacré à son travail ait lieu à l’Université de Strasbourg, où il a enseigné pendant plus de trente ans. Ce colloque s’est tenu en novembre 2015 avec la participation de Jean-Luc Nancy qui l’a accompagné de sa prés...

This essay argues that Freud’s case of Little Hans, while complicated by Hans’ father’s dual role in the analysis and in the Oedipal drama itself, provides valuable insight into the nature of psychoanalytic evidence and argument. The case provides direct, if sometimes ambiguous, evidence concerning primal phantasies and infantile sexuality--issues of universality, the role of experience, and the nature of phantasy are explored. Four strands of Freud’s analysis of Little Hans’ horse phobia are also explored. While the toxicological theory of (...) anxiety is problematical and was subsequently abandoned by Freud himself, the other strands have great explanatory power and offer advantages over behaviorist and other alternative accounts. A kind of theoretical rigor in the concepts employed is argued to be among those advantages. The inevitably theory-laden character of observation is emphasized throughout, and it is argued that psychoanalysis provides a far more powerful theory than certain critiques would allow. (shrink)