Malgré une démocratisation réussie, une économie florissante et un libre accès à Internet, Taïwan reste largement absent de l'espace public international. Cette absence résulte de la politique subtile menée par la Chine. La stratégie de Pékin consiste à concentrer l'attention des acteurs internationaux et dans le même temps à effacer toute trace de Taïwan dans l'espace public en tant que pays indépendant . L'article suggère que Taïwan ne renforcera sa position que par l'intensification des négociations directes avec la Chine continentale. (...) L'exemple taïwanais éclaire un peu plus les stratégies régulatrices des États en réponse aux efforts déployés par les groupes politiques dominés dans leur combat pour se faire entendre à l'heure d'Internet.Despite a successful democratization, a thriving economy and a free internet access, Taiwan remains largely absent from the international public arena. This absence results from the subtle policy led by China. Beijing's strategy is to focus the attention of international actors and at the same time to erase any trace of Taiwan in the public space as an independent country . The article suggests that Taiwan strengthen its position as the intensification of direct negotiations with mainland China. The Taiwanese example illuminates a little more States regulatory strategies in response to efforts by the political groups dominated in their struggle to be heard in today's Internet. (shrink)

TRATA-SE APENAS, NESTE ARTIGO, DE APRESENTAR EM SUAS LINHAS GERAIS O PENSAMENTO DE PHILIPP MAINLÄNDER , FILÓSOFO HOJE COMPLETAMENTE ESQUECIDO, MAS QUE JÁ TEVE LEITORES COMO NIETZSCHE, BORGES E CIORAN, E QUE A HISTÓRIA DA FILOSOFIA RECONHECE APENAS COMO DEFENSOR E PRATICANTE DO SUICÍDIO. MAIS DESCONCERTANTE, PORÉM, QUE AS CONSEQÜÊNCIAS EXTREMAS QUE MAINLÄNDER RETIRA DA FILOSOFIA DE SCHOPENHAUER, É A SUA INTENÇÃO DE CONCILIAR O MAIS EXTREMO PESSIMISMO METAFÍSICO COM UM PENSAMENTO POLÍTICO SOCIALISTA.

In contrast to positivistic assignations of influence in Nietzsche-studies, this article considers the possibility of “conversational” reconstructions of contexts, where the focus is less on “whether” and “when” Nietzsche read a text, and concentrates instead on “how” and “why” he read it. This method is exemplified by the case of Philipp Mainländer, a contemporary about whom Nietzsche says almost nothing of philosophical importance. This article shows that six key leitmotifs of the Zarathustrazeit happen to form direct solutions to dangers (...) entailed by Mainländer’s system: the Death of God, the Übermensch, the Last Man, Will to Power, Eternal Return, and Amor Fati. That each of these tropes serves as a neat solution to Mainländer suggests that Nietzsche was engaged in a sort of competitive intellectual conversation with his philosophy. And as such, Mainländer’s influence on Nietzsche, even if mostly negative, should not continue to be neglected. (shrink)

El presente artículo ha sido pensado como un análisis introductorio que explora la presencia de Schopenhauer en la novela filosófica Rupertine del Fino del filósofo y literato alemán Philipp Mainländer, debido a la exigua investigación que se ha realizado al respecto y a la ineluctable influencia que desplegó el filósofo pesimista en la obra de Mainländer, asimismo, dicho análisis se entreteje con algunos puntos de la Filosofía de la redención de Mainländer. El esquema que se sigue es, primero, desarrollar (...) una reflexión en torno a la búsqueda de sentido, relacionando esto con las diferentes posiciones que asumen los personajes de la novela filosófica ante la vida, los modos en que se desenvuelven en el mundo, entre otros aspectos, centrándonos en el personaje de Rupertine con el propósito de entrever otros aspectos que no se limiten a presentarla simplemente como una mujer apasionada, puesto que nos proponemos resignificar y repensar al personaje. Por último, ahondar en las antípodas de estas filosofías, en las que la constatación de los avatares de la existencia humana y el desenvolvimiento del mundo son el referente principal de este análisis. (shrink)

There are various conceptions of objectivity, a characteristic of the scientific enterprise, the most fundamental being objectivity as faithfulness to facts. A brute fact, which happens independently from us, becomes a scientific fact once we take cognisance of it through the means made available to us by science. Because of the complex, reciprocal relationship between scientific facts and scientific theory, the concept of objectivity as faithfulness to facts does not hold in the strict sense of an aperspectival faithfulness to brute (...) facts. Nevertheless, it holds in the large sense of an underdetermined faithfulness to scientific facts, as long as we keep in mind the complexity of the notion of scientific fact (as theory-laden), and the role of non-factual elements in theory choice (as underdetermined by facts). Science remains our best way to separate our factual beliefs from our other kinds of beliefs. (shrink)

In Richard Bradley’s book, Decision Theory with a Human Face, we have selected two themes for discussion. The first is the Bolker-Jeffrey theory of decision, which the book uses throughout as a tool to reorganize the whole field of decision theory, and in particular to evaluate the extent to which expected utility theories may be normatively too demanding. The second theme is the redefinition strategy that can be used to defend EU theories against the Allais and Ellsberg paradoxes, a strategy (...) that the book by and large endorses, and even develops in an original way concerning the Ellsberg paradox. We argue that the BJ theory is too specific to fulfil Bradley’s foundational project and that the redefinition strategy fails in both the Allais and Ellsberg cases. Although we share Bradley’s conclusion that EU theories do not state universal rationality requirements, we reach it not by a comparison with BJ theory, but by a comparison with the non-EU theories that the paradoxes have heuristically suggested. (shrink)

Farabi et l'école d'Alexandrie, est la première étude consacrée à l'ensemble des thèmes de l'œuvre de celui qui fut l'un des plus grands philosophes arabes.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo explicitar la presencia de determinados con- ceptos de la filosofía alemana del siglo XIX en la ficción de lo extraño de Thomas Ligotti. Por consiguiente, en el texto se sostiene que la voluntad, parte del pensamiento de Arthur Schopenhauer; la voluntad de morir, correspondiente a la metafísica de Philipp Mainländer y el devenir, propio de la filosofía de Nietzsche, se encuentran presentes, respectivamente, en las siguientes narraciones de Ligotti: “La sombra, la oscuridad”, “Dulce (...) velada de expiación” y “El Tsalal”. Así también, se discurre brevemente sobre el pesimismo y se explica que la estructura de tales narraciones está articulada por un problema común: el fatalismo. Estas reflexiones permiten explorar las capacidades que la filosofía y la literatura fantástica poseen para ensamblarse entre sí. (shrink)

2020 CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title In this book, Philipp von Wussow argues that the philosophical project of Leo Strauss must be located in the intersection of culture, religion, and the political. Based on archival research on the philosophy of Strauss, von Wussow provides in-depth interpretations of key texts and their larger theoretical contexts. Presenting the necessary background in German-Jewish philosophy of the interwar period, von Wussow then offers detailed accounts and comprehensive interpretations of Strauss's early masterwork, Philosophy and Law, (...) his wartime lecture "German Nihilism," the sources and the scope of Strauss's critique of modern "relativism," and a close commentary on the late text "Jerusalem and Athens." With its rare blend of close reading and larger perspectives, this book is valuable for students of political philosophy, continental thought, and twentieth-century Jewish philosophy alike. It is indispensable as a guide to Strauss's philosophical project, as well as to some of the most intricate details of his writings. (shrink)

This research investigates 3- and 5-year-olds' relative fairness in distributing small collections of even or odd numbers of more or less desirable candies, either with an adult experimenter or between two dolls. The authors compare more than 200 children from around the world, growing up in seven highly contrasted cultural and economic contexts, from rich and poor urban areas, to small-scale traditional and rural communities. Across cultures, young children tend to optimize their own gain, not showing many signs of self-sacrifice (...) or generosity. Already by 3 years of age, self-optimizing in distributive justice is based on perspective taking and rudiments of mind reading. By 5 years, overall, children tend to show more fairness in sharing. What varies across cultures is the magnitude of young children's self-interest. More fairness (less self-interest) in distributive justice is evident by children growing up in small-scale urban and traditional societies thought to promote more collective values. (shrink)

Si la reprise de la recherche philosophique demande aujourd'hui à être menée d'une manière radicale, il ne suffit pas de compléter une philosophie déjà existante en y intégrant certains problèmes actuels. En effet, c'est l'esprit lui-même qui a été comme cassé. Le primat de la négation est allé si loin que l'intelligence, dans son fondement, dans sa relation même avec l'être, est véritablement brisée. Aussi est-il nécessaire de redécouvrir en premier lieu le point de départ de toute démarche philosophique, au-delà (...) de cette rupture. Chacun aujourd'hui doit s'interroger sur ce qu'il est comme personne humaine. Dépassant les idéologies pour retrouver le réalisme d'une authentique recherche de la vérité, il doit redécouvrir, à partir de ses propres expériences, ce qui donne à sa vie un sens. (shrink)

To what extent do early intuitions about ownership depend on cultural and socio-economic circumstances? We investigated the question by testing reasoning about third party ownership conflicts in various groups of three- and five-year-old children (N = 176), growing up in seven highly contrasted social, economic, and cultural circumstances (urban rich, poor, very poor, rural poor, and traditional) spanning three continents. Each child was presented with a series of scripts involving two identical dolls fighting over an object of possession. The child (...) had to decide who of the two dolls should own the object. Each script enacted various potential reasons for attributing ownership: creation, familiarity, first contact, equity, plus a control/neutral condition with no suggested reasons. Results show that across cultures, children are significantly more consistent and decisive in attributing ownership when one of the protagonists created the object. Development between three and five years is more or less pronounced depending on culture. The propensity to split the object in equal halves whenever possible was generally higher at certain locations (i.e., China) and quasi-inexistent in others (i.e., Vanuatu and street children of Recife). Overall, creation reasons appear to be more primordial and stable across cultures than familiarity, relative wealth or first contact. This trend does not correlate with the passing of false belief theory of mind. (shrink)

The relations between rationality and optimization have been widely discussed in the wake of Herbert Simon's work, with the common conclusion that the rationality concept does not imply the optimization principle. The paper is partly concerned with adding evidence for this view, but its main, more challenging objective is to question the converse implication from optimization to rationality, which is accepted even by bounded rationality theorists. We discuss three topics in succession: (1) rationally defensible cyclical choices, (2) the revealed preference (...) theory of optimization, and (3) the infinite regress of optimization. We conclude that (1) and (2) provide evidence only for the weak thesis that rationality does not imply optimization. But (3) is seen to deliver a significant argument for the strong thesis that optimization does not imply rationality. (shrink)

La revue Dialogue a toujours tenté des ouvertures et des échanges épistémologiques. Chaque clinicien et chaque chercheur s’inscrit dans une filiation qui doit soutenir sa cohérence de pensée sans l’enfermer dans un dogmatisme. Tout en gardant sa référence princeps à l’Inconscient, l’analyse a évolué dans sa confrontation à l’extension de ses champs cliniques. Les couples et les familles ont eux-mêmes changé – tout du moins structurellement – en lien avec les modifications collectives. Tout ceci nécessite des échanges rigoureux ne devant (...) céder ni à la facilité, ni à la confusion. Les effets des changements interrogent également les aspects techniques dans la clinique avec les couples et les familles. (shrink)

La revue Dialogue a toujours tenté des ouvertures et des échanges épistémologiques. Chaque clinicien et chaque chercheur s’inscrit dans une filiation qui doit soutenir sa cohérence de pensée sans l’enfermer dans un dogmatisme. Tout en gardant sa référence princeps à l’Inconscient, l’analyse a évolué dans sa confrontation à l’extension de ses champs cliniques. Les couples et les familles ont eux-mêmes changé – tout du moins structurellement – en lien avec les modifications collectives. Tout ceci nécessite des échanges rigoureux ne devant (...) céder ni à la facilité, ni à la confusion. Les effets des changements interrogent également les aspects techniques dans la clinique avec les couples et les familles. (shrink)

L’objectif de cet article est de laisser entrevoir pourquoi et comment il est possible de faire pivoter une approche esthétique fondée sur des idées vers une autre fondée sur des gestes. Mon point de pivotement sera ce que Kant affirme et présuppose de l’idée esthétique et du geste (dont il ne parle que brièvement et latéralement). Il ne s’agira donc pas d’exposer l’esthétique kantienne mais plutôt faire ressortir pourquoi cette dernière ne peut donner une pleine existence au geste et ce (...) qu’o... (shrink)

Judgment aggregation theory, or rather, as we conceive of it here, logical aggregation theory generalizes social choice theory by having the aggregation rule bear on judgments of all kinds instead of merely preference judgments. It derives from Kornhauser and Sager’s doctrinal paradox and List and Pettit’s discursive dilemma, two problems that we distinguish emphatically here. The current theory has developed from the discursive dilemma, rather than the doctrinal paradox, and the final objective of the paper is to give the latter (...) its own theoretical development along the line of recent work by Dietrich and Mongin. However, the paper also aims at reviewing logical aggregation theory as such, and it covers impossibility theorems by Dietrich, Dietrich and List, Dokow and Holzman, List and Pettit, Mongin, Nehring and Puppe, Pauly and van Hees, providing a uniform logical framework in which they can be compared with each other. The review goes through three historical stages: the initial paradox and dilemma, the scattered early results on the independence axiom, and the so-called canonical theorem, a collective achievement that provided the theory with its specific method of analysis. The paper goes some way towards philosophical logic, first by briefly connecting the aggregative framework of judgment with the modern philosophy of judgment, and second by thoroughly discussing and axiomatizing the ‘general logic’ built in this framework. (shrink)

We investigate the conflict between the ex ante and ex post criteria of social welfare in a new framework of individual and social decisions, which distinguishes between two sources of uncertainty, here interpreted as an objective and a subjective source respectively. This framework makes it possible to endow the individuals and society not only with ex ante and ex post preferences, as is usually done, but also with interim preferences of two kinds, and correspondingly, to introduce interim forms of the (...) Pareto principle. After characterizing the ex ante and ex post criteria, we present a first solution to their conflict that extends the former as much possible in the direction of the latter. Then, we present a second solution, which goes in the opposite direction, and is also maximally assertive. Both solutions translate the assumed Pareto conditions into weighted additive utility representations, and both attribute to the individuals common probability values on the objective source of uncertainty, and different probability values on the subjective source. We discuss these solutions in terms of two conceptual arguments, i.e., the by now classic spurious unanimity argument and a novel informational argument labelled complementary ignorance. The paper complies with the standard economic methodology of basing probability and utility representations on preference axioms, but for the sake of completeness, also considers a construal of objective uncertainty based on the assumption of an exogeneously given probability measure. JEL classification: D70; D81. (shrink)

Following a long-standing philosophical tradition, impartiality is a distinctive and determining feature of moral judgments, especially in matters of distributive justice. This broad ethical tradition was revived in welfare economics by Vickrey, and above all, Harsanyi, under the form of the so-called Impartial Observer Theorem. The paper offers an analytical reconstruction of this argument and a step-wise philosophical critique of its premisses. It eventually provides a new formal version of the theorem based on subjective probability.

The paper analyses economic evaluations by distinguishing evaluative statements from actual value judgments. From this basis, it compares four solutions to the value neutrality problem in economics. After rebutting the strong theses about neutrality (normative economics is illegitimate) and non-neutrality (the social sciences are value-impregnated), the paper settles the case between the weak neutrality thesis (common in welfare economics) and a novel, weak non-neutrality thesis that extends the realm of normative economics more widely than the other weak thesis does.

As stochastic independence is essential to the mathematical development of probability theory, it seems that any foundational work on probability should be able to account for this property. Bayesian decision theory appears to be wanting in this respect. Savage’s postulates on preferences under uncertainty entail a subjective expected utility representation, and this asserts only the existence and uniqueness of a subjective probability measure, regardless of its properties. What is missing is a preference condition corresponding to stochastic independence. To fill this (...) significant gap, the article axiomatizes Bayesian decision theory afresh and proves several representation theorems in this novel framework. (shrink)

Newly edited by Konrad Koerner (University of Ottawa), with an introduction by Clemens Knobloch (Universitat Siegen)The importance of Wegener's Untersuchungen uber die Grundfragen des Sprachlebens can only be compared to that of Karl Buhler's Sprachtheorie. Even now, however, Wegener's work remains virtually unknown to the English speaking world. Wegener's main work was published in 1885. It has its origin in two lectures given in 1883 and 1884 at school teacher meetings held in the Magdeburg area and it still recalls those (...) original occasions and maintains much of the oral style. Part of the volume treats the subject in a systematic and theoretical manner; other sections contain vivid examples and are characterized by a considerable didactic effort. The book is held together by leitmotif-questions, such as 'How do we understand language?' and 'How does language function as a means of everyday communication?'. We witness the experiences of the talented school teacher and the observations of the innovative dialect researcher combined, condensed, and conceptually ordered.In spite of the relatively unsystematic form of presentation, the book remains thoroughly consistent in thought and argument. In the Untersuchungen we have before us the outline of a communicative and functional view of language structure, of the analysis of speech, and of semantics. (shrink)

This article probes the relationship between archives and history by examining the archive policy on historical research in the first modern administration state of the German lands, the kingdom of Bavaria. Given the continuing tradition of the theory and practice of the arcana imperii in the 19th century, state archives served first and foremost the state. As a result, researchers’ interest in archival material was to undergo an administrative vetting procedure, in order to safeguard the interests of the state. By (...) examining comparatively the cases of two petitioners supplicating for the historical use of state archives in Munich, the article showcases the policy of secrecy and the resultant administrative threshold separating the sphere of the arcana from the public. Caution guided the archive politics of state officials and, ultimately, their more or less explicit notions and concerns decided which material was finally to be released, in order to become a ‘source’ for historical study. Historical researchers such as the writer Alessandro Volpi and the historian August Kluckhohn were thus required to meet specific criteria and to overcome political hurdles, in order to gain access to the desired clues guarded by the state. As a result of this, the opportunity to inspect archival material was very much dependent on the political communication between petitioner and government, and its result, the granting or denial of access, was not without ramifications for historical research and the epistemic status of historical knowledge. (shrink)

This article probes the relationship between archives and history by examining the archive policy on historical research in the first modern administration state of the German lands, the kingdom of Bavaria. Given the continuing tradition of the theory and practice of the arcana imperii in the 19thcentury, state archives served first and foremost the state. As a result, researchers’ interest in archival material was to undergo an administrative vetting procedure, in order to safeguard the interests of the state. By examining (...) comparatively the cases of two petitioners supplicating for the historical use of state archives in Munich, the article showcases the policy of secrecy and the resultant administrative threshold separating the sphere of the arcana from the public. Caution guided the archive politics of state officials and, ultimately, their more or less explicit notions and concerns decided which material was finally to be released, in order to become a ‘source’ for historical study. Historical researchers such as the writer Alessandro Volpi and the historian August Kluckhohn were thus required to meet specific criteria and to overcome political hurdles, in order to gain access to the desired clues guarded by the state. As a result of this, the opportunity to inspect archival material was very much dependent on the political communication between petitioner and government, and its result, the granting or denial of access, was not without ramifications for historical research and the epistemic status of historical knowledge. (shrink)

The paper has a twofold aim. On the one hand, it provides what appears to be the first game-theoretic modeling of Napoleon’s last campaign, which ended dramatically on 18 June 1815 at Waterloo. It is specifically concerned with the decision Napoleon made on 17 June 1815 to detach part of his army against the Prussians he had defeated, though not destroyed, on 16 June at Ligny. Military historians agree that this decision was crucial but disagree about whether it was rational. (...) Hypothesizing a zero-sum game between Napoleon and Blücher, and computing its solution, we show that it could have been a cautious strategy on the former's part to divide his army, a conclusion which runs counter to the charges of misjudgement commonly heard since Clausewitz. On the other hand, the paper addresses methodological issues. We defend its case study against the objections of irrelevance that have been raised elsewhere against “analytic narratives”, and conclude that military campaigns provide an opportunity for successful application of the formal theories of rational choice. Generalizing the argument, we finally investigate the conflict between narrative accounts – the historians' standard mode of expression – and mathematical modeling. (shrink)

Ce livre ne présente pas la philosophie de Gilles Deleuze, ni encore moins il ne la résume. Il s'en sert en l'appliquant à des problèmes spécifiques politiques et esthétiques, pour en montrer concrètement, sur des exemples précis, des cas, la pertinence et la fécondité. Ainsi à travers le masochisme de la Vénus à la fourrure, la peinture du Lorrain, l'espace public démocratique du contrat social, et l'étrange athéisme de Sade, on peut voir la force de révélation que détiennent les concepts (...) deleuziens d'espace lisse et de lignes de fuite. Mais en même temps qu'on verra jouer concrètement ces concepts, leur parenté très grande avec ceux de Lacan apparaîtra clairement. Le travail d'analyse, la clinique, quand il est concret et précis, dissout les gros concepts et, au-delà des oppositions d'opinion massives, ouvre et trace des lignes de sens et des perspectives de lecture radicalement nouvelles, où les vieux antagonismes deviennent désuets. D'où la richesse atypique de la philosophie deleuzienne."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

"Die vorliegende Studie versucht aus problemgeschichtlicher Perspektive einige Aspekte Wang Biíschen Denkens vorzustellen, insofern sie in Kontinuität zur song-typischen Abstraktionsleistung des sogenannten Neokonfuzianismus gesehen werden können. Wang Bi (226-249) gilt als einer der prominentesten Vertreter der xuanxue, einer wei-jin-zeitlichen intellektuellen Strömung ausgeprägt spekulativen Charakters. Bereits zu Lebzeiten wurde er als einer der brillantesten Köpfe und als maßgeblicher Kommentator des Yijing (Buch der Wandlungen) und des Daodejing gefeiert. Diese Kommentare wie auch die von ihm verfaßten Auslegungen jener Werke gelangten zu beträchtlicher (...) Fernwirkung innerhalb ideengeschichtlicher Entwicklungen Chinas. Von dem unverkennbar innovativen Argumentationstyp, der die Texte des Wang Bi auszeichnet, sollten entscheidende Impulse für den kulturtraditionellen Diskurs folgender Jahrhunderte ausgehen. Mit Blick auf die songkonfuzianische Konsequenz, die Neubegründungen des Paradigmas einer normativen Kulturtradition, ist die Initialfunktion wei-jin-zeitlichen Denkens kaum zu überschätzen."--Publisher's website. (shrink)

Aborde la question de l'image chrétienne face à la révolution de la modernité, en montrant comment la nature spécifique de l'image conduit à l'exigence d'un discernement en engageant le spectateur à dépasser ses propres limites. Démontre également que le modernisme de la représentation iconographique n'a rien perdu de son actualité.

This book aims to make the pragmatist intellectual framework accessible to organization and management scholars. It presents some fundamental concepts of Pragmatism, their potential application to the study of organizations and the resulting theoretical, methodological, and practical issues.

Qu'est-ce que la musique? A-t-elle un sens, exprime-t-elle des sentiments, des pensées, ou n'est-elle qu'un jeu formel sur les notes? A ces questions, philosophes et esthéticiens n'ont apporté jusqu'à présent que des réponses imprécises et contradictoires. Le présent ouvrage propose donc un détour méthodologique : narrer une vie musicale entière afin qu'on puisse comprendre quels liens concrets la musique entretient avec l'environnement humain, social, physique d'un sujet, et quelle est la relation entre la maturation spirituelle de ce sujet et les (...) différents types de musique qu'il découvre et savoure à chaque étape de son " chemin ". Ce qui permet d'esquisser, dans une seconde partie, une philosophie de la musique où sont analysées les régions de l'être auxquelles la musique nous donne accès : vie, monde, psychologie, grandes questions métaphysiques. La conclusion est que la musique est un logos à part entière ayant vocation à " montrer " ce que, selon Wittgenstein, le langage verbal doit " taire ". La musique est partie intégrante de la pensée humaine. (shrink)