Results for 'Animal intelligence History'

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  1.  32
    Animal Intelligence: Experimental Studies. [REVIEW]Margaret Floy Washburn - 1912 - Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 9 (7):193-194.
  2.  42
    On Hans, Zou and the others: wonder animals and the question of animal intelligence in early twentieth-century France.Sofie Lachapelle & Jenna Healey - 2010 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 41 (1):12-20.
    During the second half of the nineteenth century, the advent of widespread pet ownership was accompanied by claims of heightened animal abilities. Psychical researchers investigated many of these claims, including animal telepathy and ghostly apparitions. By the beginning of the twentieth century, news of horses and dogs with the ability to read and calculate fascinated the French public and scientists alike. Amidst questions about the justification of animal cruelty in laboratory experiments, wonder animals came to represent some (...)
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  3.  4
    Animal rationality: later medieval theories, 1250-1350.Anselm Oelze - 2018 - Boston: Brill.
    In Animal Rationality: Later Medieval Theories 1250-1350, Anselm Oelze offers the first comprehensive and systematic exploration of theories of animal rationality in the later Middle Ages.
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  4.  19
    On Hans, Zou and the others: wonder animals and the question of animal intelligence in early twentieth-century France.Sofie Lachapelle & Jenna Healey - 2010 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 41 (1):12-20.
  5.  59
    Animal Automatism and Machine Intelligence.Deborah Brown - 2015 - Res Philosophica 92 (1):93-115.
    Descartes’s uncompromising rejection of the possibility of animal intelligence was among his most controversial theses. That rejection is based on (1) his commitment to the doctrine of animal automatism and (2) two tests that he takes to be sufficient indicators of thought (the action and language tests). Of these two tests, only the language test is truly definitive, and Descartes is firmly of the view that no animal could demonstrate the capacity to use signs to convey (...)
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  6.  4
    The Raccoon: A Study in Animal Intelligence[REVIEW]L. W. Cole - 1908 - Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 5 (13):358-362.
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  7. Expression, Animation, and Intelligibility: Concepts for a Decolonial Feminist Affect Theory.Lauren Guilmette - 2020 - Journal of Speculative Philosophy 34 (3):309-322.
    In this article, I link Lisa Feldman Barrett's theory of constructed emotion1 to decolonial perspectives that also challenge this universality of affect in cross-cultural facial expressions. After first outlining some of the present-day political stakes of these questions, I turn to Sylvia Wynter on the "ethnoclass of Man" in Western modernity, where she asks: how were concepts of not only being, truth, power, and freedom but also affect—the intelligibility of one's feelings toward others—framed by histories of colonial violence and refusals (...)
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  8. Legal Personhood: Animals, Artificial Intelligence and the Unborn.Visa A. J. Kurki & Tomasz Pietrzykowski (eds.) - 2017 - Cham: Springer.
    This edited work collates novel contributions on contemporary topics that are related to human rights. The essays address analytic-descriptive questions, such as what legal personality actually means, and normative questions, such as who or what should be recognised as a legal person. As is well-known among jurists, the law has a special conception of personhood: corporations are persons, whereas slaves have traditionally been considered property rather than persons. This odd state of affairs has not garnered the interest of legal theorists (...)
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  9.  39
    The Intelligible World-Animal in Plato's Timaeus.Richard D. Parry - 1991 - Journal of the History of Philosophy 29 (1):13-32.
  10. Animal minds and human morals: the origins of the Western debate.Richard Sorabji (ed.) - 1993 - Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
  11.  18
    Animal Minds and Human Morals: The Origins of the Western Debate.Richard Sorabji - 1993 - Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
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  12.  46
    Are Animals Just Noisy Machines?: Louis Boutan and the Co-invention of Animal and Child Psychology in the French Third Republic.Marion Thomas - 2005 - Journal of the History of Biology 38 (3):425-460.
    Historians of science have only just begun to sample the wealth of different approaches to the study of animal behavior undertaken in the twentieth century. To date, more attention has been given to Lorenzian ethology and American behaviorism than to other work and traditions, but different approaches are equally worthy of the historian's attention, reflecting not only the broader range of questions that could be asked about animal behavior and the "animal mind" but also the different contexts (...)
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  13. Building a Science of Animal Minds: Lloyd Morgan, Experimentation, and Morgan’s Canon.Grant Goodrich & Simon Fitzpatrick - 2017 - Journal of the History of Biology 50 (3):525-569.
    Conwy Lloyd Morgan (1852–1936) is widely regarded as the father of modern comparative psychology. Yet, Morgan initially had significant doubts about whether a genuine science of comparative psychology was even possible, only later becoming more optimistic about our ability to make reliable inferences about the mental capacities of non-human animals. There has been a fair amount of disagreement amongst scholars of Morgan’s work about the nature, timing, and causes of this shift in Morgan’s thinking. We argue that Morgan underwent two (...)
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  14.  13
    Human & animal cognition in early modern philosophy & medicine.Stefanie Buchenau (ed.) - 2017 - Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press.
    From the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, new anatomical investigations of the brain and the nervous system, together with a renewed interest in comparative anatomy, allowed doctors and philosophers to ground their theories on sense perception, the emergence of human intelligence, and the soul/body relationship in modern science. They investigated the anatomical structures and the physiological processes underlying the rise, differentiation, and articulation of human cognitive activities, and looked for the “anatomical roots” of the specificity of human intelligence (...)
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  15.  3
    La question de l'animal: Les origines du débat moderne.Thierry Gontier - 2011 - Paris: Hermann.
    L'origine des Temps modernes voit la naissance d'un nouveau type de discours sur la nature des animaux, tres eloigne des discours traditionnels, antiques et medievaux. Ces discours ne sauraient simplement etre compris comme le fruit de la nouvelle science. Ils relevent plus generalement d'une anthropologie zoologique, et impliquent en retour une nouvelle definition de l'homme, et de sa relation a sa propre animalite. Ce sont ces enjeux anthropologiques, metaphysiques et ethiques qui sont ici interroges, a travers une serie d'etudes sur (...)
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  16. How to Study Animal Minds.Kristin Andrews - 2020 - Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
    The birth of a new science is long, drawn out, and often fairly messy. Comparative psychology has its roots in Darwin’s Descent of Man, was fertilized in academic psychology departments, and has branched across the universities into departments of biology, anthropology, primatology, zoology, and philosophy. Both the insights and the failings of comparative psychology are making their way into contemporary discussions of artificial intelligence and machine learning (Chollett 2019; Lapuschkin et al. 2019; Watson 2019). It is the right time (...)
  17.  64
    The application of graphic language in animation visual guidance system under intelligent environment.Luning Zhao - 2022 - Journal of Intelligent Systems 31 (1):1037-1054.
    With the continuous development of society, the role of the visual guidance system in animation design has also evolved and evolved in its long history, leading to the changes in the values of modern beauty. In the field of modern social and cultural design, the visual guidance system in animation design has unique regional nature and cultural influence. The visual language should correspond to the visual environment and easy to understand and be known by people. It combines animation conception (...)
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  18. Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions.Martha C. Nussbaum - 2001 - Cambridge University Press.
    Emotions shape the landscape of our mental and social lives. Like geological upheavals in a landscape, they mark our lives as uneven, uncertain and prone to reversal. Are they simply, as some have claimed, animal energies or impulses with no connection to our thoughts? Or are they rather suffused with intelligence and discernment, and thus a source of deep awareness and understanding? In this compelling book, Martha C. Nussbaum presents a powerful argument for treating emotions not as alien (...)
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  19. Animal cognition.Kristin Andrews & Susana Monsó - 2021 - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
    Philosophical attention to animals can be found in a wide range of texts throughout the history of philosophy, including discussions of animal classification in Aristotle and Ibn Bâjja, of animal rationality in Porphyry, Chrysippus, Aquinas and Kant, of mental continuity and the nature of the mental in Dharmakīrti, Telesio, Conway, Descartes, Cavendish, and Voltaire, of animal self-consciousness in Ibn Sina, of understanding what others think and feel in Zhuangzi, of animal emotion in Śāntarakṣita and Bentham, (...)
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  20. The irrelevance of Turing machines to artificial intelligence.Aaron Sloman - 2002 - In Matthias Scheutz (ed.), Computationalism: New Directions. MIT Press.
    The common view that the notion of a Turing machine is directly relevant to AI is criticised. It is argued that computers are the result of a convergence of two strands of development with a long history: development of machines for automating various physical processes and machines for performing abstract operations on abstract entities, e.g. doing numerical calculations. Various aspects of these developments are analysed, along with their relevance to AI, and the similarities between computers viewed in this way (...)
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  21.  16
    Play and Exploration in Animals — A Comparative Analysis.Wojciech Pisula - 2008 - Polish Psychological Bulletin 39 (2):104-107.
    Play and Exploration in Animals — A Comparative Analysis Exploratory behavior and play are very often discussed together. However, despite many similarities they are two distinct forms of behavior. They have different evolutionary histories and they develop in different ways. Both forms of behavior play a crucial role in the development of sophisticated and complex psyche. The paper discusses similarities and differences between exploration and play. The hypothesis of the joint development of exploration, play and animal intelligence is (...)
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  22.  60
    Methodologies of Curiosity: Epistemology, Practice, and the Question of Animal Minds.Yogi Hale Hendlin - 2019 - Biosemiotics 12 (2):349-356.
    Umwelt theory has finally come of age. The paradigm-breaking power of Jakob vonUexküll’s technical term, after decades of inquiry by scholars such as Merleau-Ponty(1962) and Kauffman (1993) has become part of the vernacular of animal studies, psychology, sociology, and other scientific domains (Buchanan 2008; Lahti 2015;Stevens et al. 2018). The newfound fame of the Umwelt frame, however, is as much a boon to the field of biosemiotics as it is a burden, due to the usual serial misinterpretation and cooptation (...)
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  23. Applying Intelligence to the Reflexes: embodied skills and habits between Dreyfus and Descartes.John Sutton, Doris McIlwain, Wayne Christensen & Andrew Geeves - 2011 - Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology 42 (1):78-103.
    ‘There is no place in the phenomenology of fully absorbed coping’, writes Hubert Dreyfus, ‘for mindfulness. In flow, as Sartre sees, there are only attractive and repulsive forces drawing appropriate activity out of an active body’1. Among the many ways in which history animates dynamical systems at a range of distinctive timescales, the phenomena of embodied human habit, skilful movement, and absorbed coping are among the most pervasive and mundane, and the most philosophically puzzling. In this essay we examine (...)
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  24.  25
    Heavenly Animation as the Foundation for Fracastoro’s Homocentrism: Aristotelian-Platonic Eclecticism beyond the School of Padua.Pietro Daniel Omodeo - 2021 - Hopos: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science 11 (2):585-603.
    This essay deals with Girolamo Fracastoro’s ensouled cosmology. His Homocentrica sive de stellis (1538), an astronomy of concentric spheres, was discussed by the Padua School of Aristotelians. Since the polemics over the immortality of the human soul, which had famously opposed Pomponazzi to Nifo, psychological discussions—including those about heavenly spheres’ souls—raised heated controversies. Fracastoro discussed the foundations of his homocentric planetary theory in a dialogue titled Fracastorius, sive de anima (1555). In a 1531 exchange with Gasparo Contarini, Fracastoro discussed celestial (...)
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  25.  38
    History and epistemology of plant behaviour: a pluralistic view?Quentin Hiernaux - 2019 - Synthese 198 (4):3625-3650.
    Some biologists now argue in favour of a pluralistic approach to plant activities, understandable both from the classical perspective of physiological mechanisms and that of the biology of behaviour involving choices and decisions in relation to the environment. However, some do not hesitate to go further, such as plant “neurobiologists” or philosophers who today defend an intelligence, a mind or even a plant consciousness in a renewed perspective of these terms. To what extent can we then adhere to pluralism (...)
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  26.  5
    Thing: inside the struggle for animal personhood.Samuel Machado - 2023 - Washington: Island Press. Edited by Cynthia Sousa Machado & Steven M. Wise.
    Happy the elephant is intelligent, social, and self-aware--and considered a thing in the eye of the law. Led by lawyer Steven M. Wise, the Nonhuman Rights Project has filed cases on behalf of captive nonhuman animals like Happy since 2013, arguing that their autonomy entitles them to certain legal rights. In Thing: Inside the Struggle for Animal Personhood, comic artists Sam Machado and Cynthia Sousa Machado bring together Wise's groundbreaking work and their own illustrations in the first graphic nonfiction (...)
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  27.  31
    Animal Studies in the Language Sciences.Prisca Augustyn - 2018 - Biosemiotics 11 (1):121-138.
    This paper explains how recent changes in the ways we study other animals to better understand the human faculty of language are indicative of changing narratives concerning the intelligence of other animals. Uexküll’s concept of Umwelt as a species-specific model of the world is essential to understanding the semiotic abilities of all organisms, including humans. From this follows the view that human language is primarily a cognitive tool for making models of the world. This view is consistent with the (...)
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  28.  7
    Dogma: instituer l'animal humain: chemins réitérés de questionnement.Pierre Legendre - 2017 - [Paris]: Fayard.
    Ces Lecons X abordent le phenomene humain hors de la conception toute faite repandue par les doctrines de la transparence. Ici, il s'agit de considerer chaque civilisation et ses facades sociales a l'instar d'un Texte, comme montage langagier, et de reconnaitre la condition theatrale de l'espece douee de parole. Dans cette perspective se revelent les structures dogmatiques du sujet et de la societe qui, du fait du langage, s'entre-appartiennent. La rehabilitation d'une tradition de pensee portee par le terme antique de (...)
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  29.  32
    The New Breed: What Our History with Animals Reveals about Our Future with Robots. [REVIEW]Beba Cibralic - 2022 - Essays in Philosophy 23 (1):116-119.
    How should we regard increasingly autonomous and human-like robots? Kate Darling’s monograph New Breed explores this terrain, with an eye to the conceptual, moral, and legal issues informing the debate. Darling’s thesis is simple: by drawing from humankind’s history with animals, we will learn how to incorporate future robots into our social world. Combining personal narrative, legal history, and case-studies, Darling tells a readable story that may just change what we think about when we think about robots. Although (...)
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  30.  20
    Aristotle’s Animalization of Mothers and Motherly Love.Mariska Leunissen - 2023 - Epoché: A Journal for the History of Philosophy 28 (1):87-97.
    This paper argues that Aristotle’s representation of mothers and motherly love in two separate arguments about friendship in his ethical treatises are not to be read as positive valuations of mothering and its associated traits but rather as perpetuating the common Greek animalization of women. For the deep love and the complex care and practical intelligence human mothers exhibit for their children are according to Aristotle rooted in the biological capacities that they share with non-human animals. Importantly, these capacities (...)
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  31.  20
    Portrait de l’animal comme sujet.Dominique Lestel - 1999 - Revue de Synthèse 120 (1):139-164.
    De nombreux philosophes anglo-saxons de tradition analytique nient qu'un animal puisse penser, ou qu'on puisse accéder à sa subjectivité. Nous développons une réponse alternative. La légitimité d'une évaluation de l'intelligence de l'animal repose d'abord sur une familiarité acquise à son contact au cours d'une histoire partagée. Elle est propre à celui qui vit avec un animal mais aussi à l'expert qui a acquis une connaissance de l'animal à la suite d'une pratique professionnelle élaborée. C'est parce (...)
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  32.  10
    Histories of Science in Early Modern Europe: Introduction.Robert Goulding - 2006 - Journal of the History of Ideas 67 (1):33-40.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Histories of Science in Early Modern Europe:IntroductionRobert GouldingIn 1713, Pierre Rémond de Montmort wrote to the mathematician Nicolas Bernoulli:It would be desirable if someone wanted to take the trouble to instruct how and in what order the discoveries in mathematics have come about.... The histories of painting, of music, of medicine have been written. A good history of mathematics, especially of geometry, would be a much more interesting (...)
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  33.  30
    Instinct and intelligence in British natural theology: Some contributions to Darwin's theory of the evolution of behavior.Robert J. Richards - 1981 - Journal of the History of Biology 14 (2):193-230.
    In late September 1838, Darwin read Malthus's Essay on Population, which left him with “a theory by which to work.”115 Yet he waited some twenty years to publish his discovery in the Origin of Species. Those interested in the fine grain of Darwin's development have been curious about this delay. One recent explanation has his hand stayed by fear of reaction to the materialist implications of linking man with animals. “Darwin sensed,” according to Howard Gruber, “that some would object to (...)
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  34.  14
    The restless clock: a history of the centuries-long argument over what makes living things tick.Jessica Riskin - 2016 - Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    A core principle of modern science holds that a scientific explanation must not attribute will or agency to natural phenomena.The Restless Clock examines the origins and history of this, in particular as it applies to the science of living things. This is also the story of a tradition of radicals—dissenters who embraced the opposite view, that agency is an essential and ineradicable part of nature. Beginning with the church and courtly automata of early modern Europe, Jessica Riskin guides us (...)
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  35.  34
    Dogs, history, and agency.Chris Pearson - 2013 - History and Theory 52 (4):128-145.
    Drawing on posthumanist theories from geography, anthropology, and science and technology studies , this article argues that agency is shared unevenly between humans and nonhumans. It proposes that conceptualizing animals as agents allows them to enter history as active beings rather than static objects. Agency has become a key concept within history, especially since the rise of the “new” social history. But many historians treat agency as a uniquely human attribute, arguing that animals lack the cognitive abilities, (...)
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  36.  37
    Evil in Modern Thought: An Alternative History of Philosophy.Susan Neiman - 2015 - Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    A compelling look at the problem of evil in modern thought, from the Inquisition to global terrorism Evil threatens human reason, for it challenges our hope that the world makes sense. For eighteenth-century Europeans, the Lisbon earthquake was manifest evil. Today we view evil as a matter of human cruelty, and Auschwitz as its extreme incarnation. Examining our understanding of evil from the Inquisition to contemporary terrorism, Susan Neiman explores who we have become in the three centuries that separate us (...)
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  37.  25
    Avian architects: Technology, domestication, and animal minds in urban America.Matthew Holmes - forthcoming - History of Science.
    In the mid-nineteenth century, the house sparrow ( Passer domesticus) was introduced to the United States, quickly spreading across the country. For a brief period in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the observation of sparrow behavior was something of an urban pastime. Traits such as intelligence, reason, persistence, and craftsmanship were conferred onto sparrows by American urbanites. This paper argues that sparrow intelligence was often conflated with domestication: the ability of the birds to adapt to living (...)
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  38.  26
    Humankind: a brief history.Felipe Fernández-Armesto - 2004 - New York: Oxford University Press.
    The discovery that the DNA of chimpanzees and humans is incredibly similar, sharing 98% of the same code, suggests that there is very little different--or special--about the human animal. Likewise, advances in artificial intelligence mean that humans no longer have exclusive access to reason, consciousness and imagination. Indeed, the harder we cling to the concept of humanity, the more slippery it becomes. But if it breaks down altogether, what will this mean for human values, human rights, and the (...)
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  39.  62
    The Specter of Speciesism: Buddhist and Christian Views of Animals (review).Christopher Chapple - 2004 - Buddhist-Christian Studies 24 (1):293-295.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:The Specter of Speciesism: Buddhist and Christian Views of AnimalsChristopher Key ChappleThe Specter of Speciesism: Buddhist and Christian Views of Animals. By Paul Waldau. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. xv + 303 pp.At the Parliament of World Religions held in Cape Town in 1999, Dada Vaswani, a leading spiritual voice within India, proclaimed that the nineteenth century brought the liberation of slaves, that the twentieth (...)
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  40.  61
    All Together Now: Developmental and ethical considerations for biologically uplifting nonhuman animals.George Dvorsky - 2008 - Journal of Evolution and Technology 18 (1):129-142.
    As the potential for enhancement technologies migrates from the theoretical to the practical, a difficult and important decision will be imposed upon human civilization, namely the issue as to whether or not we are morally obligated to biologically enhance nonhuman animals and integrate them into human and posthuman society. Precedents for intra-species cultural uplift abound in human history, providing both sobering and edifying episodes showcasing the possibilities for the instigated and accelerated advancement of technologically delayed societies. As a number (...)
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  41.  34
    Nativism and empiricism in artificial intelligence.Robert Long - 2024 - Philosophical Studies 181 (4):763-788.
    Historically, the dispute between empiricists and nativists in philosophy and cognitive science has concerned human and animal minds (Margolis and Laurence in Philos Stud: An Int J Philos Anal Tradit 165(2): 693-718, 2013, Ritchie in Synthese 199(Suppl 1): 159–176, 2021, Colombo in Synthese 195: 4817–4838, 2018). But recent progress has highlighted how empiricist and nativist concerns arise in the construction of artificial systems (Buckner in From deep learning to rational machines: What the history of philosophy can teach us (...)
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  42.  4
    Problématiques animales: théorie de la connaissance, anthropologie, éthique et droit.Jean-Luc Guichet - 2011 - Paris: CNED.
    L’animal (les animaux, l’animalité) impose hors de nous et en nous une présence antérieure au rapport réflexif par lequel nous nous saisissons et approprions. Loin d’être un à-côté accidentel et avant toute figuration philosophique, il incarne cette énergie du donné dans un monde si humainement construit. Il n’est pas vrai que le sujet s’édifie et se vit dans un monde binaire d’objets ou de semblables. Toujours déjà peuplé, diffracté par autant de possibilités réalisées de perception, le monde fut et (...)
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  43. Il Retore Interno. Immaginazioni e Passioni all'alba dell'etá moderna.Francesco Piro (ed.) - 1999 - Napoli: La città del sole.
    this book concerns the debates on the functions of "imagination" (phantasia, imaginatio) in the arousal of passions in the Aristotelian and post-Aristotelian traditions till the XVIIth Century. The simple fact that often a mental representation is followed by pleasure or sorrow and that these emotions can cause actions, became progressively part of a wider theory of animal and human behaviour. In the case of human behaviour, the "force of imagination" became a kind of general justification of all kind of (...)
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  44.  23
    Time of the End? More-Than-Human Humanism and Artificial Intelligence.Massimo Lollini - 2022 - Humanist Studies and the Digital Age 7 (1).
    The first part (“Is there a future?”), discusses the idea of the future in the context of Carl Schmitt’s vision for the spatial revolutions of modernity, and then the idea of Anthropocene, as a synonym for an environmental crisis endangering the very survival of humankind. From this point of view, the conquest of space and the colonization of Mars at the center of futuristic and technocratic visions appear to be an attempt to escape from human responsibilities on Earth. The second (...)
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  45.  8
    A Cosmological Controversy in the Renaissance: Marsilio Ficino’s and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola’s Contrasting Views on the Animation of the Heavens.H. Darrel Rutkin - 2021 - Hopos: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science 11 (2):604-620.
    In the early twenty-first century, we often ask whether there is life (intelligent or otherwise) in the cosmos, but almost never whether the heavens themselves are actually alive or animated, that is, infused somehow with a soul, the anima mundi, or some such entity. This was not the case in the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, or the early modern period. Although Aristotelians normally answered no to this question, Marsilio Ficino (1433–99) took a decidedly Platonic turn when he answered the question (...)
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  46.  31
    Innovation, Choice, and the History of Music.Leonard B. Meyer - 1983 - Critical Inquiry 9 (3):517-544.
    Before going further, it will be helpful to consider briefly the notion that novelty per se is a fundamental human need. Experiments with human beings, as well as with animals, indicate that the maintenance of normal, successful behavior depends upon an adequate level of incoming stimulation—or, as some have put it, of novelty.2 But lumping all novelty together is misleading. At least three kinds of novelty need to be distinguished. Some novel patterns arise out of, or represent, changes in the (...)
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  47. Animal Intelligence.George John Romanes - 1882
  48.  24
    Animal Intelligence: Experimental Studies.Edward L. Thorndike - 1912 - Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 9 (7):193-194.
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  49. Animal intelligence.Edward L. Thorndike - 1899 - Psych Revmonog 8 (2):207-208.
  50.  50
    Who made clever Hans stupid?Vinciane Despret - 2015 - Angelaki 20 (2):77-85.
    The case of Clever Hans is one of the most notorious episodes in the history of animal psychology. The “Clever Hans effect” has since become the name of a cardinal scientific sin, the experimenter effect by which researchers inadvertently give their subjects the answers to their questions. Yet this discrediting accusation is often overstated, and in need of a careful differentiation. In this section from Vinciane Despret's book Hans she digs through the files to reconsider this famous horse (...)
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