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Evolutionary Biology

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  1. L. A. (2004). Evolution and the Bounds of Human. Law and Philosophy 23 (6):527-591.
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  2. Scott Aaronson, Evolution of Mutating Software.
    We propose using random walks in software space as abstract formal models of biological evolution. The goal is to shed light on biological creativity using toy models of evolution that are simple enough to prove theorems about them. We consider two models: a single mutating piece of software, and a population of mutating software. The fitness function is taken from a well known problem in computability theory that requires an unlimited amount of creativity, the Busy Beaver problem. (Talk given Friday (...)
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  3. Corey Abel (2009). Oakeshottian Modes at the Crossroads of the Evolution Debates. Zygon 44 (1):197-222.
    I examine Michael Oakeshott's theory of modes of experience in light of today's evolution debates and argue that in much of our current debate science and religion irrelevantly attack each other or, less commonly but still irrelevantly, seek out support from the other. An analysis of Oakeshott's idea of religion finds links between his early holistic theory of the state, his individualistic account of religious sensibility, and his theory of political, moral, and religious authority. Such analysis shows that a modern (...)
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  4. Francisco Aboitiz (2001). What Determines Evolutionary Brain Growth? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (2):278-279.
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  5. Francisco Aboitiz (1990). Behavior, Body Types and the Irreversibility of Evolution. Acta Biotheoretica 38 (2).
    A functional approach to evolutionary morphology is emphasized in this paper. This perspective differs from the current structuralist trend, which emphasizes the constraining role of developmental paths. In addition, the present approach agrees with the adaptationist paradigm. It is further argued that three types of phenomena are better understood in this light: i.- the existence of evolutionary trends, ii.- the maintenance of certain structural features within a given taxon, and iii.- the irreversibility of evolution.
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  6. Francisco Aboitiz, Daniver Morales & Juan Montiel (2003). An Interdisciplinary Approach to Brain Evolution: A Long Due Debate. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26 (5):572-576.
    A dorsalization mechanism is a good candidate for the evolutionary origin of the isocortex, producing a radial and tangential expansion of the dorsal pallium (and perhaps other structures that acquired a cortical phenotype). Evidence suggests that a large part of the dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR) of reptiles and birds derives from the embryonic ventral pallium, whereas the isocortex possibly derives mostly from the dorsal pallium. In early mammals, the development of olfactory-hippocampal associative networks may have been pivotal in facilitating the (...)
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  7. Francisco Aboitiz, Daniver Morales & Juan Montiel (2003). The Evolutionary Origin of the Mammalian Isocortex: Towards an Integrated Developmental and Functional Approach. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26 (5):535-552.
    The isocortex is a distinctive feature of mammalian brains, which has no clear counterpart in the cerebral hemispheres of other amniotes. This paper speculates on the evolutionary processes giving rise to the isocortex. As a first step, we intend to identify what structure may be ancestral to the isocortex in the reptilian brain. Then, it is necessary to account for the transformations (developmental, connectional, and functional) of this ancestral structure, which resulted in the origin of the isocortex. One long-held perspective (...)
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  8. Francisco Aboitiz & Carolina G. Schröter (2004). Prelinguistic Evolution and Motherese: A Hypothesis on the Neural Substrates. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27 (4):503-504.
    In early hominins, there possibly was high selective pressure for the development of reciprocal mother and child vocalizations such as proposed by Falk. In this context, temporoparietal-prefrontal networks that participate in tasks such as working memory and imitation may have been strongly selected for. These networks may have become the precursors of the future language areas of the human brain.
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  9. Ralph Abraham (1988). Mathematics and Evolution: A Manifesto. World Futures 23 (4):237-261.
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  10. Marshall Abrams, Implications of Use of Wright's FST for the Role of Probability and Causation in Evolution.
    Sewall Wright’s FST is a mathematical test widely used in empirical applications to characterize genetic and other differences between subpopulations, and to identify causes of those differences. Cockerham and Weir’s popular approach to statistical estimation of FST is based on an assumption sometimes formulated as a claim that actual populations tested are sampled from..
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  11. Marshall Abrams (2007). How Do Natural Selection and Random Drift Interact? Philosophy of Science 74 (5):666-679.
    One controversy about the existence of so called evolutionary forces such as natural selection and random genetic drift concerns the sense in which such “forces” can be said to interact. In this paper I explain how natural selection and random drift can interact. In particular, I show how population-level probabilities can be derived from individual-level probabilities, and explain the sense in which natural selection and drift are embodied in these population-level probabilities. I argue that whatever causal character the individual-level probabilities (...)
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  12. Marshall Abrams (2006). Infinite Populations and Counterfactual Frequencies in Evolutionary Theory. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C 37 (2):256-268.
    One finds intertwined with ideas at the core of evolutionary theory claims about frequencies in counterfactual and infinitely large populations of organisms, as well as in sets of populations of organisms. One also finds claims about frequencies in counterfactual and infinitely large populations—of events—at the core of an answer to a question concerning the foundations of evolutionary theory. The question is this: To what do the numerical probabilities found throughout evolutionary theory correspond? The answer in question says that evolutionary probabilities (...)
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  13. Marshall Abrams (2005). Teleosemantics Without Natural Selection. Biology and Philosophy 20 (1):97-116.
    Ruth Millikan and others advocate theories which attempt to naturalize wide mental content (e.g. beliefs.
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  14. Christian Abry, Louis-Jean Boë, Rafael Laboissière & Jean-Luc Schwartz (1998). A New Puzzle for the Evolution of Speech? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21 (4):512-513.
    We agree with MacNeilage's claim that speech stems from a volitional vocalization pathway between the cingulate and the supplementary motor area (SMA). We add the vocal self- monitoring system as the first recruitment of the Broca-Wernicke circuit. SMA control for “frames” is supported by wrong consonant-vowel recurring utterance aphasia and an imaging study of quasi-reiterant speech. The role of Broca's area is questioned in the emergence of “content,” because a primary motor mapping, embodying peripheral constraints, seems sufficient. Finally, we reject (...)
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  15. Gregory Dale Adamson (1999). Henri Bergson: Evolution, Time and Philosophy. World Futures 54 (2):135-162.
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  16. R. Adamson (1893). Book Review:The Evolution of Religion. Edward Caird. Ethics 4 (1):101-.
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  17. C. J. Adcock (1931). The Evolution of Existence. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 9 (2):134 – 138.
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  18. Mauro Adenzato (2000). Gene-Culture Coevolution Does Not Replace Standard Evolutionary Theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (1):146-146.
    Though the target article is not without fertile suggestions, at least two problems limit its overall validity: (1) the extended gene-culture coevolutionary framework is not an alternative to standard evolutionary theory; (2) the proposed model does not explain how much time is necessary for selective pressure to determine the stabilization of a new aspect of the genotype.
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  19. Elizabeth Adkins-Regan (2006). Brain Evolution: Part I. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29 (1):12-13.
    Striedter's accessible concept-based book is strong on the macroevolution of brains and the developmental principles that underlie how brains evolve on that scale. In the absence of greater attention to microevolution, natural selection, and sexual selection, however, it is incomplete and not fully modern on the evolution side. Greater biological integration is needed.
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  20. Jerry Adler & John Carey, Enigmas of Evolution.
    n 1902, 70 million years after it tripped lightly through the Mesozoic forests in search of meat, the skeleton of a 20-foothightyrannosaurus was dynamited out of a sandstone bluff near Hell Creek, Mont. Wrapped in burlap and plaster and shipped back to New York, the bones were painstakingly reassembled by fossil curator Barnum Brown of the American Museum of Natural History. It was there, one day in 1947, that they happened to scare the bejesus out of 5-year-old Stephen Jay Gould. (...)
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  21. Pieter R. Adriaens (2007). Evolutionary Psychiatry and the Schizophrenia Paradox: A Critique. Biology and Philosophy 22 (4).
    Evolutionary psychiatrists invariably consider schizophrenia to be a paradox: how come natural selection has not yet eliminated the infamous ‘genes for schizophrenia’ if the disorder simply crushes the reproductive success of its carriers, if it has been around for thousands of years already, and if it has a uniform prevalence throughout the world? Usually, the answer is that the schizophrenic genotype is subject to some kind of balancing selection: the benefits it confers would then outbalance the obvious damage it does. (...)
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  22. Pieter R. Adriaens & Andreas Blocdek (2006). The Evolution of a Social Construction: The Case of Male Homosexuality. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 49 (4):570-585.
  23. Mireille Affa'A. Mindzie (2010). Intervention and Protection in African Crisis Situations: Evolution and Ethical Challenges. Criminal Justice Ethics 29 (2):174-193.
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  24. Mireille Affa'A. Mindzie (2010). Intervention and Protection in African Crisis Situations: Evolution and Ethical Challenges. Criminal Justice Ethics 29 (2):174-193.
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  25. Nicholas Agar (2001). Book Review. Beyond Evolution: Human Nature and the Limits of Evolutionary Explanation Anthony O'Hear. Mind 110 (438):534-537.
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  26. Joseph Agassi (1974). Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach. Philosophia 4 (1):163-201.
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  27. Paul S. Agutter & Denys N. Wheatley (1999). Foundations of Biology: On the Problem of “Purpose” in Biology in Relation to Our Acceptance of the Darwinian Theory of Natural Selection. Foundations of Science 4 (1):3-23.
    For many years, biology was largely descriptive (natural history), but with its emergence as a scientific discipline in its own right, a reductionist approach began, which has failed to be matched by adequate understanding of function of cells, organisms and species as whole entities. Every effort was made to explain biological phenomena in physico-chemical terms.It is argued that there is and always has been a clear distinction between life sciences and physical sciences, explicit in the use of the word biology. (...)
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  28. F. Michael Akeroyd (2004). Popper's Evolutionary Epistemology Revamped. Journal for General Philosophy of Science 35 (2):385 - 396.
    In a paper entitled “Revolution in Permanence”, published in the collection “Karl Popper: Philosophy and Problems”, John Worrall (1995) severely criticised several aspects of Karl Popper’s work before commenting that “I have no doubt that, given suffi-cient motivation, a case could be constructed on the basis of such remarks that Popper had a more sophisticated version of theory production......” (p. 102). Part of Worrall’s criticism is directed at a “strawpopper”: in his “Darwinian Model” emphasising the similarities and differences between genetic (...)
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  29. Gerard A. J. M. Jagers Op Akkerhuis & Nico van Straalen (1999). Operators, the Lego-Bricks of Nature: Evolutionary Transitions From Fermions to Neural Networks. World Futures 53 (4):329-345.
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  30. Miri Albahari (1999). Objective Colours and Evolutionary Value: A Reply to Dedrick. Dialogue 38 (01):99-108.
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  31. Candace S. Alcorta, Richard Sosis & Daniel Finkel (2008). Ritual Harmony: Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Music. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31 (5):576-577.
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  32. Hartley B. Alexander (1906). The Evolution of Ideals. International Journal of Ethics 16 (3):311-332.
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  33. J. McKenzie Alexander, Reconciling Morality with the Theory of Rational Choice Via Evolution.
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  34. J. McKenzie Alexander (2006). The Stag Hunt and the Evolution of Social Structure, Brian Skyrms. Cambridge University Press, 2004, 149 Pages. Economics and Philosophy 22 (3):441-448.
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  35. J. McKenzie Alexander, The Stag Hunt and the Evolution of Social Structure [Book Review].
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  36. J. McKenzie Alexander, The Evolutionary Foundations of Human Altruism.
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  37. J. McKenzie Alexander (2003). Random Boolean Networks and Evolutionary Game Theory. Philosophy of Science 70 (5):1289-1304.
    Recent years have seen increased interest in the question of whether it is possible to provide an evolutionary game theoretic explanation for certain kinds of social norms. These explanatory approaches often rely on the fact that, in certain evolutionary models, the basin of attraction of "fair" or "just" strategies occupies a certain percentage of the state space. I sketch a proof of a general representation theorem for a large class of evolutionary game theoretic models played on a social network, in (...)
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  38. J. McKenzie Alexander, Evolutionary Game Theory.
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  39. J. McKenzie Alexander (2000). Evolutionary Explanations of Distributive Justice. Philosophy of Science 67 (3):490-516.
    Evolutionary game theoretic accounts of justice attempt to explain our willingness to follow certain principles of justice by appealing to robustness properties possessed by those principles. Skyrms (1996) offers one sketch of how such an account might go for divide-the-dollar, the simplest version of the Nash bargaining game, using the replicator dynamics of Taylor and Jonker (1978). In a recent article, D'Arms et al. (1998) criticize his account and describe a model which, they allege, undermines his theory. I sketch a (...)
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  40. J. McKenzie Alexander, Marc Ebner & Richard Watson, Co-Evolutionary Dynamics on a Deformable Landscape.
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  41. Jason Alexander & Brian Skyrms, The (Spatial) Evolution of the Equal Split.
    The replicator dynamics have been used to study the evolution of a population of rational agents playing the Nash bargaining game, where an individual's "fitness" is determined by an individual's success in playing the game. In these models, a population whose initial conditions was randomly chosen from the space of population proportions converges to a state of fair division approximately 62% of the time. (Higher rates of convergence to final states of fair division can be obtained by introducing artificial correlations (...)
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  42. S. Alexander (1892). Natural Selection in Morals. International Journal of Ethics 2 (4):409-439.
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  43. S. Alexander (1892). Book Review:Riddles of the Sphinx: A Study in the Philosophy of Evolution Troglodyte. Ethics 2 (2):267-.
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  44. Alexander Alland Jr (1989). Affect and Aesthetics in Human Evolution. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 47 (1):1-14.
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  45. Colin Allen (2000). The Evolution of Rational Demons. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (5):742-742.
    If fast and frugal heuristics are as good as they seem to be, who needs logic and probability theory? Fast and frugal heuristics depend for their success on reliable structure in the environment. In passive environments, there is relatively little change in structure as a consequence of individual choices. But in social interactions with competing agents, the environment may be structured by agents capable of exploiting logical and probabilistic weaknesses in competitors' heuristics. Aspirations toward the ideal of a demon reasoner (...)
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  46. Grant Allen (1880). Æsthetic Evolution in Man. Mind 5 (20):445-464.
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  47. Nicholas B. Allen & Paul B. T. Badcock (2006). Genes for Susceptibility to Mental Disorder Are Not Mental Disorder: Clarifying the Target of Evolutionary Analysis and the Role of the Environment. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29 (4):405-406.
    In this commentary, we critique the appropriate behavioural features for evolutionary genetic analysis, the role of the environment, and the viability of a general evolutionary genetic model for all common mental disorders. In light of these issues, we suggest that the authors may have prematurely discounted the role of some of the mechanisms they review, particularly balancing selection. (Published Online November 9 2006).
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  48. Peter Allen (2000). Knowledge, Ignorance and the Evolution of Complex Systems. World Futures 55 (1):37-70.
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  49. Peter Allen (1992). Modelling Evolution and Creativity in Complex Systems. World Futures 34 (1):105-123.
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  50. Peter M. Allen & Mark Strathern (2003). Evolution, Emergence, and Learning in Complex Systems. Emergence 5 (4):8-33.
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  51. Thomas R. Alley (1982). Competition Theory, Evolution, and the Concept of an Ecological Niche. Acta Biotheoretica 31 (3).
    This article examines some of the main tenets of competition theory in light of the theory of evolution and the concept of an ecological niche. The principle of competitive exclusion and the related assumption that communities exist at competitive equilibrium - fundamental parts of many competition theories and models - may be violated if non-equilibrium conditions exist in natural communities or are incorporated into competition models. Furthermore, these two basic tenets of competition theory are not compatible with the theory of (...)
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  52. Fritz Allhoff (2003). Evolutionary Ethics From Darwin to Moore. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 25 (1):51-79.
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  53. Randall Everett Allsup (2006). Species Counterpoint: Darwin and the Evolution of Forms. Philosophy of Music Education Review 14 (2):159-174.
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  54. R. Alston (1997). Review. Towns in Transition: Urban Evolution in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. N Christie & ST Loseby. The Classical Review 47 (2):370-371.
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  55. Stephen G. Alter (2008). Mandeville's Ship: Theistic Design and Philosophical History in Charles Darwin's Vision of Natural Selection. Journal of the History of Ideas 69 (3):441-465.
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  56. Michael Alvard (2003). Cooperation, Evolution, and Culture. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26 (2):153-154.
    Rejecting evolutionary principles is a mistake, because evolutionary processes produced the irrational human minds for which Colman argues. An evolved cultural ability to acquire information socially and infer other's mental states (mind-reading) evokes Stackelberg reasoning. Much of game theory, however, assumes away information transfer and excludes the very solution that natural selection likely created to solve the problem of cooperation.
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  57. V. A. Ambartsumian & V. V. Kaziutinskii (1981). The Cognitive Dialectics of Evolutionary Processes in the Universe. Russian Studies in Philosophy 20 (3):25-59.
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  58. E. S. Ames (1930). Book Review:Spirit in Evolution: From Amoeba to Saint. Herbert F. Standing. Ethics 41 (1):117-.
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  59. Kevin Scott Amidon (2007). Carrie Chapman Catt and the Evolutionary Politics of Sex and Race, 1885-1940. Journal of the History of Ideas 68 (2):305-328.
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  60. Yuichi Amitani (2008). The Frequency Hypothesis and Evolutionary Arguments. Kagaku Tetsugaku 41 (1):79-94.
    Gerd Gigerenzer's views on probabilistic reasoning in humans have come under close scrutiny. Very little attention, however, has been paid to his evolutionary component of his argument. According to Gigerenzer, reasoning about probabilities as frequencies is so common today because it was favored by natural selection in the past. This paper presents a critical examination of this argument. It will show first, that, _pace_ Gigerenzer, there are some reasons to believe that using the frequency format was not more adaptive than (...)
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  61. Urooj Quezon Amjad (2006). A System of Innovation? Integrated Water Resources Management Complemented with Co-Evolution: Examples From Palestinian and Israeli Joint Water Management. World Futures 62 (3):157 – 170.
    A concept of co-evolution is argued to complement Integrated Water Resource Management's gap in administrative integration. Co-evolution's complement to Integrated Water Resource Management is explored through issues surrounding joint water management arrangements between the Israelis and Palestinians in the late 1990s and early 21st century. How co-evolution contributes to such a water management approach highlights how we might think about what it means to encourage innovation. Conclusions of the article suggest co-evolution provides the language and description for the changing interactions (...)
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  62. S. Amsterdamski (1975). The Evolution of Science: Reformation and Counter-Reformation. Diogenes 23 (89):21-43.
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  63. R. Amundsom (1999). Review. Darwinism's Struggle for Survival: Heredity and the Hypothesis of Natural Selection. J Gayon. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 50 (4):761-767.
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  64. R. Amundson (1998). Review. Monad to Man: The Concept of Progress in Evolutionary Biology. Michael Ruse. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 49 (3):515-521.
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  65. Ron Amundson (2008). Why Don't You Write About Something More Interesting, Lisa? Biology and Philosophy 23 (3).
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  66. Ron Amundson (2002). Phylogenic Reconstruction Then and Now. Biology and Philosophy 17 (5).
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  67. Ron Amundson (1998). Typology Reconsidered: Two Doctrines on the History of Evolutionary Biology. Biology and Philosophy 13 (2).
    Recent historiography of 19th century biology supports the revision of two traditional doctrines about the history of biology. First, the most important and widespread biological debate around the time of Darwin was not evolution versus creation, but biological functionalism versus structuralism. Second, the idealist and typological structuralist theories of the time were not particularly anti-evolutionary. Typological theories provided argumentation and evidence that was crucial to the refutation of Natural Theological creationism. The contrast between functionalist and structuralist approaches to biology continues (...)
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  68. Yanming An (1997). Liang Shuming and Henri Bergson on Intuition: Cultural Context and the Evolution of Terms. Philosophy East and West 47 (3):337-362.
    Liang Shuming once applied the concept of intuition to characterize Chinese culture as a whole. Later, he not only replaced the theoretical position of intuition with the concept of reason, but discarded the term for intuition itself. This essay will answer three questions related to this academic riddle. (1) What does intuition mean to both Bergson and Liang? (2) What does the Chinese cultural heritage contribute to the formation of Liang's intuition? (3) What is the relationship between Liang's intuition and (...)
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  69. Michael Anderson, Evolution, Embodiment and the Nature of the Mind.
    In: B. Hardy-Vallee & N. Payette, eds. Beyond the brain: embodied, situated & distributed cognition. (Cambridge: Cambridge Scholar’s Press), in press. Abstract: In this article, I do three main things: 1. First, I introduce an approach to the mind motivated primarily by evolutionary considerations. I do that by laying out four principles for the study of the mind from an evolutionary perspective, and four predictions that they suggest. This evolutionary perspective is completely compatible with, although broader than, the embodied cognition (...)
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  70. Michael L. Anderson (2005). Representation, Evolution and Embodiment. Theoria et Historia Scientarum.
    As part of the ongoing attempt to fully naturalize the concept of human being--and, more specifically, to re-center it around the notion of agency--this essay discusses an approach to defining the content of representations in terms ultimately derived from their central, evolved function of providing guidance for action. This 'guidance theory' of representation is discussed in the context of, and evaluated with respect to, two other biologically inspired theories of representation: Dan Lloyd's dialectical theory of representation and Ruth Millikan's biosemantics.
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  71. Nicole Anderson (2010). Supplementing Claire Colebrook: A Response to “Creative Evolution and the Creation of Man”. Southern Journal of Philosophy 48:133-146.
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  72. Eugenio Andrade (2004). On Maxwell's Demons and the Origin of Evolutionary Variations: An Internalist Perspective. Acta Biotheoretica 52 (1).
    This paper defends an internalist perspective of selection based on the hypothesis that considers living evolutionary units as Maxwell's demons (MD) or Zurek's Information Gathering and Using Systems (IGUS). Individuals are considered as IGUS that extract work by means of measuring and recording processes. Interactions or measurements convert uncertainty about the environment (Shannon's information, H) into internalized information in the form of a compressed record (Chaitin's algorithmic complexity, K). The requirements of the model and the limitations inherent to its formalization (...)
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  73. Victor Manoel Andrade (2003). Affect, Thought, and Consciousness: The Freudian Theory of Psychic Structuring From an Evolutionary Perspective. Neuro-Psychoanalysis 5 (1):71-80.
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  74. E. Angner (2002). The History of Hayek's Theory of Cultural Evolution. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C 33 (4):695-718.
    This paper traces the historical origins of Friedrich A. Hayek's theory of cultural evolution, and argues that Hayek's evolutionary thought was significantly inspired by Alexander M. Carr-Saunders and Oxford zoology. While traditional Hayek scholarship emphasizes the influence of Carl Menger and the British eighteenth-century moral philosophers, I claim that these sources underdetermine what was most characteristic of Hayek's theory, viz. the idea that cultural evolution is a matter of group selection, and the idea that natural selection operates on acquired as (...)
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  75. Erik Angner, The Evolution of Eupathics: The Historical Roots of Subjective Measures of Well-Being.
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  76. Peder Anker (2003). Frank N. Egerton,Hewett Cottrell Watson: Victorian Plant Ecologist and Evolutionist. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2003; Michael Shermer,In Darwin's Shadow: The Life and Science of Alfred Russel Wallace: A Biographical Study on the Psychology of History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Metascience 12 (3):322-324.
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  77. Marian Annett (2003). Myths of First Cause and Asymmetries in Human Evolution. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26 (2):208-209.
    The causes of asymmetries for handedness and cerebral speech are of scientific interest, but is it sensible to try to determine which of these came first? I argue that (1) first causes belong to mythology, not science; (2) much of the cited evidence is weak; and (3) the treatment of individual differences is inadequate in comparison with the right shift theory.
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  78. Keith Ansell-Pearson (1997). The Transhuman Condition: A Report on Machines, Technics, and Evolution. Routledge.
    Evolution is seen to be entering a bio-technological phase. Nietzsche's affirmation that "man is something that must be overcome" no longer has a rhetorical ring given the means at our disposal at the end of the twentieth century. Viroid Life boldly challenges existing explanations of these changes inherited from modernity, arguing that they have exhausted their usefulness and new models are needed to guide us in mapping through the future. Exploring and critically examining the new realities of artificial life that (...)
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  79. G. F. Penn Anthony (1975). Whither Evolution? International Philosophical Quarterly 15 (1):71-82.
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  80. Michael A. Arbib (2005). From Monkey-Like Action Recognition to Human Language: An Evolutionary Framework for Neurolinguistics. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28 (2):105-124.
    The article analyzes the neural and functional grounding of language skills as well as their emergence in hominid evolution, hypothesizing stages leading from abilities known to exist in monkeys and apes and presumed to exist in our hominid ancestors right through to modern spoken and signed languages. The starting point is the observation that both premotor area F5 in monkeys and Broca's area in humans contain a “mirror system” active for both execution and observation of manual actions, and that F5 (...)
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  81. Andre Ariew (2007). Under the Influence of Malthus's Law of Population Growth: Darwin Eschews the Statistical Techniques of Aldolphe Quetelet. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C 38 (1):1-19.
    In the epigraph, Fisher is blaming two generations of theoretical biologists, from Darwin on, for ignoring Quetelet's statistical techniques and hence harboring confusions about evolution and natural selection. He is right to imply that Darwin and his contemporaries were aware of the core of Quetelet's work. Quetelet's seminal monograph, Sur L'homme, was widely discussed in Darwin's academic circles. We know that Darwin owned a copy (Schweber 1977). More importantly, we have in Darwin's notebooks two entries referring to Quetelet's work on (...)
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  82. André Ariew (1998). Are Probabilities Necessary for Evolutionary Explanations? Biology and Philosophy 13 (2).
    Several philosophers of science have advanced an instrumentalist thesis about the use of probabilities in evolutionary biology. I investigate the consequences of instrumentalism on evolutionary explanations. I take issue with Barbara Horan's (1994) argument that probabilities are unnecessary to explain evolutionary change given the underlying deterministic character of evolutionary processes. First, I question Horan's deterministic assumption. Then, I attempt to undermine her Laplacian argument by demonstrating that whether probabilities are necessary depends upon the sort of questions one is asking.
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  83. Brad Armendt (1993). Marinoff on Evolutionarily Stable Strategies. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 44 (4):789-793.
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  84. Rony Armon (2010). Beyond Darwinism's Eclipse: Functional Evolution, Biochemical Recapitulation and Spencerian Emergence in the 1920s and 1930s. Journal for General Philosophy of Science 41 (1).
    During the 1920s and 1930s, many biologists questioned the viability of Darwin’s theory as a mechanism of evolutionary change. In the early 1940s, and only after a number of alternatives were suggested, Darwinists succeeded to establish natural selection and gene mutation as the main evolutionary mechanisms. While that move, today known as the neo-Darwinian synthesis, is taken as signalling a triumph of evolutionary theory, certain critical problems in evolution—in particular the evolution of animal function—could not be addressed with this approach. (...)
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  85. Leslie Armour (1991). Evolution and Consciousness: The Role of Speech in the Origin and Development of Human Nature Leslie Dewart Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989, Xii + 399 P., $50.00. Dialogue 30 (1-2):195-.
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  86. A. C. Armstrong (1912). The Progress of Evolution. Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 9 (13):337-342.
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  87. A. C. Armstrong (1908). The Evolution of Pragmatism. Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 5 (24):645-650.
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  88. Christian Arnsperger, Probing the “Moralization of Capitalism” Problem: Democratic Experimentalism and the Co-Evolution of Norms.
    In what sense can we aim to moralize the very system upon which we rely to formulate our notions of morality? This is the most fundamental issue raised by any discussion around the “moralization of capitalism”. In an even more general manner, one could express the issue in terms of the puzzle of second-order morality: How exactly is it possible to pass a moral judgment on our categories of moral judgment? How can our norms of morality be said to be (...)
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  89. J. -P. Aron (1954). The Problem of Evolution. Diogenes 2 (7):90-103.
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  90. Jay Aronson (2002). 'Molecules and Monkeys': George Gaylord Simpson and the Challenge of Molecular Evolution. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 24 (3-4):441-465.
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  91. Robert Arp, Memetics Does Provide a Useful Way of Understanding Cultural Evolution.
    Imagine a planet on which a self-replicating molecule appears, is copied with variation and selection, and evolves to build itself living creatures that protect and propagate it; those creatures eventually spread all over the planet, changing its atmosphere and environment as they do so. Now imagine that one of those creatures begins to copy behaviours from one individual to another, and this information gets copied with variation and selection. In other words, a second kind of replicator emerges. This transforms the (...)
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  92. Robert Arp (2007). Evolution and Two Popular Proposals for the Definition of Function. Journal for General Philosophy of Science 38 (1):19 - 30.
    In the biological realm, a complete explanation of a trait seems to include an explanation in terms of function. It is natural to ask of some trait, "What is its function?" or "What purpose in the organism does the particular trait serve?" or "What is the goal of its activity?" There are several views concerning the appropriate definition of function for biological matters. Two popular views of function with respect to living things are Cummins' organizational account and the Griffiths/Godfrey-Smith modern (...)
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  93. J. Arthur Thomson (1926). Different Kinds of Evolution. Philosophy 1 (01):50-.
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  94. J. Arthur Thomson (1926). Different Kinds of Evolution. Philosophy 1 (01):50-.
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  95. Robert Artigiani (1993). Social Evolution: Paradigms and Problems. World Futures 38 (1):1-16.
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  96. Robert Artigiani (1992). Chaos and Constitutionalism: Toward a Post-Modern Theory of Social Evolution. World Futures 34 (1):131-156.
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  97. Robert Artigiani (1991). Post-Modernism and Social Evolution: An Inquiry. World Futures 30 (3):149-161.
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  98. Robert Artigiani (1987). Cultural Evolution. World Futures 23 (1):93-121.
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  99. Stefan Artmann (2004). Four Principles of Evolutionary Pragmatics in Jacob's Philosophy of Modern Biology. Axiomathes 14 (4):381-395.
    The French molecular biologist François Jacob outlined a theory of evolution as tinkering. From a methodological point of view, his approach can be seen as a biologic specification of the relation between laws, describing coherently the dynamics of a system, and contingent boundary conditions on this dynamics. From a semiotic perspective, tinkering is a pragmatic concept well-known from the information-theoretic anthropology of Claude Lévi-Strauss. In idealized contrast to an engineer, the tinkerer has to accept the concrete restrictions on his material (...)
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  100. Sebastian Assenza (2010). Ian Hesketh. Of Apes and Ancestors: Evolution, Christianity, and the Oxford Debate. Spontaneous Generations 4 (1):-.
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