About this topic
Summary Most philosophers and laypeople believe that under most conditions human beings, perhaps along with some other animals, possess a power of selecting and implementing actions which is special. This power is very widely held to be a necessary condition of responsibility for actions, for autonomy and for being entitled to take pride in (or to feel shame for) one's achievements. The free will debate in philosophy aims at elucidating the nature of that power as well as at identifying potential threats to it and explaining how it can exist. A major focus of the debate is the compatibility of free will with causal determinism. A minority of philosophers deny that we have free will because free will is incompatible with causal determinism.
Key works The free will debate is ancient in Western philosophy, but was first developed systematically by scholastic thinkers concerning about the relationship free will and God's foreknowledge (eg Ockham 1969). The rise of mechanistic science brought determinism to the forefront and played an important role in the development of compatibilism by philosophers like Hume (Hume 1751). The advent of Frankfurt-style cases (Frankfurt 1969) transformed the late 20th century debate, by allowing compatibilists to dispense with the principle of alternate possibilities (see Widerker & McKenna 2003 for important contributions to this debate). At the same time, important new libertarian views have been developed by thinkers like Robert Kane (Kane 1996) and Timothy O'Connor (O'Connor 2000). Very recently, there has been a revival of free will skepticism (Strawson 1994; Levy 2011).
Introductions O'Connor & Franklin 2018;McKenna 2008; Clarke & Capes 2021
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  1. The premortalist free will defense.James Spiegel - 2024 - International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 95 (1):49-59.
    As a response to the problem of evil, the free will defense proposes that evil might exist as a consequence of God’s endowing human beings with moral freedom which we have tragically misused. Standard versions of the free will defense assume that (1) our moral freedom began in this earthly existence and (2) what explains our suffering in this world must constitute an abuse rather than a right use of our moral freedom. However, there is another variation of the free (...)
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  2. Experimental Philosophy of Free Will and the Comprehension of Determinism.Daniel Lim, Ryan Nichols & Joseph Wagoner - forthcoming - Review of Philosophy and Psychology:1-27.
    The experimental validity of research in the experimental philosophy of free will has been called into question. Several new, important studies (Murray et al. forthcoming; Nadelhoffer et al., Cognitive Science 44 (8): 1–28, 2020 ; Nadelhoffer et al., 2021; Rose et al., Cognitive Science 41 (2): 482–502, 2017 ) are interpreted as showing that the vignette-judgment model is defective because participants only exhibit a surface-level comprehension and not the deeper comprehension the model requires. Participants, it is argued, commit _bypassing_, _intrusion_, (...)
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  3. The Expertise Defense and Experimental Philosophy of Free Will.Kiichi Inarimori - 2024 - Revista de Humanidades de Valparaíso 24:125-143.
    This paper aims to vindicate the expertise defense in light of the experimental philosophy of free will. My central argument is that the analogy strategy between philosophy and other domains is defensible, at least in the free will debate, because philosophical training contributes to the formation of philosophical intuition by enabling expert philosophers to understand philosophical issues correctly and to have philosophical intuitions about them. This paper will begin by deriving two requirements on the expertise defense from major criticisms of (...)
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  4. Free Will and the Rebel Angels in Medieval Philosophy by Tobias Hoffmann (review).Nicholas Ogle - 2023 - Nova et Vetera 21 (1):388-393.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Free Will and the Rebel Angels in Medieval Philosophy by Tobias HoffmannNicholas OgleFree Will and the Rebel Angels in Medieval Philosophy by Tobias Hoffmann (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021), xiv + 292 pp.Modern readers are often perplexed by the frequency and rigor with which angels are discussed in medieval philosophical texts. To the untrained eye, it may seem as if debates concerning the various properties and abilities of (...)
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  5. Efficacious Grace and Free Will: Six Inadequate Arguments.Steven J. Jensen - 2023 - Nova et Vetera 21 (1):115-146.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Efficacious Grace and Free Will:Six Inadequate ArgumentsSteven J. JensenDuring the de auxiliis controversies, the idea of efficacious grace was used extensively as an attempt to explain the manner in which God infallibly achieves his will at the level of supernatural grace. One meaning of efficacious grace has often been considered inconsistent with the idea of free will. The inconsistency—if there is any—depends upon a particular meaning, according to which (...)
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  6. Sibboleth: die Interpretation von Luthers Schrift De servo arbitrio seit Theodosius Harnack.Klaus Schwarzwäller - 1969 - München,: C. Kaiser.
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  7. Review of Ann Whittle’s Freedom & Responsibility in Context (Oxford University Press, 2021). [REVIEW]Gabriel De Marco - forthcoming - Criminal Law and Philosophy:1-8.
    In a recent book, Ann Whittle develops a view of freedom and responsiblity according to which their attribution to agents is sensitive to the speakers' contexts. This review provides a summary of the main argument, and briefly mentions some points that will be of interest in further developing the view.
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  8. Abrahamic Theism, Free Will, and Eternal Torment.Stephen J. Sullivan - 2024 - Athens Journal of Philosophy 3 (1):9-16.
    Atheist philosophers Jean-Paul Sartre and Kurt Baier, though from different philosophical traditions, shared a common concern about the traditional Judeo-Christian-Muslim doctrine that human beings are the creations of a Supreme Being. For Sartre, in “Existentialism is a Humanism” (1946), a God who designed us would thereby detract from our freedom and dignity. For Baier, in “The Meaning of Life” (1957), the idea that God designs us to serve his own purposes was deeply offensive in treating us as artifacts, domestic animals, (...)
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  9. Loss of free will from the perspective of islamic neurolaw: The Iranian criminal justice system.Arian Petoft, Mahmoud Abbasi & Alireza Zali - 2024 - Médecine et Droit 2024 (184):1-10.
  10. What Is the Free Will Debate Even About? in advance.Manuel Vargas - forthcoming - The Harvard Review of Philosophy.
    A satisfactory construal of the subject matter of free will debates must allow for disagreements along two axes. First, it must allow for the possibility of higher order disagreements, or disagreements about what concepts, phenomena, or practices an account of free will is supposed to capture or explain. Second, it must allow for the fact of variation in the extent to which theories are bound by antecedent pre-philosophical thought, talk, and practices. A promising way of accommodating these two thoughts is (...)
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  11. The consequence argument and the possibility of the laws of nature being violated.Pedro Merlussi - forthcoming - Philosophia.
    Brian Cutter objected to the consequence argument due to its dependence on the principle that miracle workers are metaphysically impossible. A miracle worker is someone who has the ability to act in a way such that the laws of nature would be violated. While there is something to the thought that agents like us do not have this ability, Cutter claims that there is no compelling reason to regard miracle workers as metaphysically impossible. However, the paper contends that miracle workers (...)
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  12. Fichte on Free Will and Predestination.Kienhow Goh - 2024 - New York and London: Routledge.
    The book presents Fichte’s position on free will as a form of compatibilism that has not yet been explored in the literature. Due to early rationalist convictions, Fichte is as much concerned with reconciling freedom with a logical and a theological determinism as he is with a causal determinism. He sees in Kant’s novel concept of a pure practical reason a new form of rationalism, one consisting of a system of moral rather than natural necessitating grounds. At the same time, (...)
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  13. Wolność.George Santayana, Adam Grzeliński, Rafał Michalski & Alicja Pietras - 2023 - Studia Z Historii Filozofii 14 (3):147-166.
    Niniejszy esej stanowi piąty rozdział tomu The Realm of Spirit kończącego cykl The Realms of Being. Podstawą przekładu jest pierwsze wydanie dzieła: George Santayana, The Realms of Being (London: Constable and Co., Ltd., Toronto: The Macmillan Company, 1940), 67–89. -/- This essay is the fifth chapter of The Realm of Spirit volume concluding The Realms of Being series. The translation is based on the first edition of the work: George Santayana, The Realms of Being (London: Constable and Co., Ltd., Toronto: (...)
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  14. George Santayana i problem wolności.Adam Grzeliński & Alicja Pietras - 2023 - Studia Z Historii Filozofii 14 (3):123-146.
    This article is a commentary and an introduction to the Polish translation of George Santayana’s work, Freedom, which is a chapter in the fourth volume of his series, The Realms of Being, titled The Realm of Spirit (1940). It provides an overview of his previous works, particularly his series The Life of Reason (1905–1906) and Scepticism and Animal Faith (1926). Additionally, it briefly examines the evolution of Santayana’s standpoint and the meaning of the fundamental categories and concepts of his ontology. (...)
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  15. Free Will, Foreknowledge, and Creation: Further Explorations of Kant’s Molinism.Wolfgang Ertl - 2023 - Kantian Review 28 (4):497-518.
    While Kant’s position concerning human freedom and divine foreknowledge is perhaps the least Molinist element of his multifaceted take on free will, Kant’s Molinism (minimally defined) is undeniable when it comes to the threat ensuing from the idea of creation. In line with incompatibilism and with careful qualifications in place, he ultimately suggests regarding free agents as uncreated. Given the limitations of our rational insight, this assumption is indispensable for granting that finite free agents can acquire their intelligible characters by (...)
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  16. A Critique of Libet and Wegner's Argument Against Free Will.Ferdinard Fosu-Blankson & Husein Inusah - 2023 - Journal of Neurophilosophy 2 (1).
    The research of Benjamin Libet and Daniel Wegner are groundbreaking works in neuropsychology that make arguments against human freedom. However, Libet’s and Wegner’s arguments are marred with some philosophical inconsistencies including; misconceptions, logical errors, and causal fallacies which seems to emanate from the problem of subjecting the concept of free will to an empirical enquiry only. In this essay, it is argued that empirical enquiry alone limits the study of the role of consciousness and its involvement in decision-making. It is (...)
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  17. Determinism, Divine Will, and Free Will: Spinoza, Leibniz, and Maimonides.Jacques J. Rozenberg - 2023 - Australian Journal of Jewish Studies:57-81.
    The question of Spinozist determinism and necessitarianism have been extensively studied by commentators, while the relationship between the notions of divine will and free will still requires elaborate studies. Our article seeks to contribute to such research, by clarifying the analyses of these questions by authors that Spinoza has confronted: Maimonides, as well as other Jewish philosophers, and Leibniz who criticized Spinozist determinism. We will study the consequences of these analyses on two examples that Spinoza gave to refute free will, (...)
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  18. Rejecting Retributivism – Free Will, Punishment, and Criminal Justice, written by Gregg D. Caruso.Daniel Peixoto Murata - forthcoming - Journal of Moral Philosophy:1-4.
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  19. Free Will and Relationality.Aku Visala - 2021 - Philosophy, Theology and the Sciences 8 (2):184.
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  20. Die Semantik des Schicksals: zur Relevanz des Unverfügbaren zwischen Aufklärung und Erstem Weltkrieg.Franziska Rehlinghaus - 2015 - Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
    Warum ist eine moderne, in ihrem Selbstverständnis rationale Gesellschaft auf einen so okkult anmutenden Begriff wie den des Schicksals angewiesen? Franziska Rehlinghaus weist nach, dass der deutsche Schicksalsbegriff seit seiner Etablierung um 1650 ein zentraler Ausdruck epochenspezifischer Problemstellungen war, so dass man von der Neuzeit als einem fatalisierten Zeitalter sprechen kann. Dafür rekonstruiert sie erstmals den semantischen und den funktionalen Wandel sowie die Konjunkturen des Schicksalsbegriffs von der Aufklärung bis zum Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts.
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  21. Christianity and the Problem of Free Will.Leigh Vicens - 2023 - Cambridge University Press.
    Central to the teachings of Christianity is a puzzle: on the one hand, sin seems something that humans do not do freely and so cannot be not responsible for, since it is unavoidable; on the other hand, sin seems something that we must be responsible for and so do freely, since we are enjoined to repent of it, and since it makes us liable to divine condemnation and forgiveness. After laying out the puzzle in more depth, this Element considers three (...)
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  22. Haji and the Indeterministic Weightings Model of Libertarian Free Will.John Lemos - 2023 - Journal of Philosophical Theological Research 25 (3):101-118.
    In recent work, I defend an indeterministic weightings model of libertarian free will. (Lemos, 2018, Ch. 5; 2021; 2023, Ch. 6). On this view, basic free-willed actions are understood as the result of causally indeterminate deliberative processes in which the agent assigns evaluative weight to the reasons for the different choice options under consideration. In basic free-willed actions, the assignment of weights is causally undetermined, and the choices are typically the causal consequence of these assignments of weights in which the (...)
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  23. Immanuel Kant’s idea of radical evil as a systematic and terminological problem.Anna Szyrwińska-Hörig - 2023 - Ethic@ - An International Journal for Moral Philosophy 22 (2).
    The paper investigates the systematic connection between Kantian concept of radical evil and radical indeterministic idea of freedom. According to the presented thesis the systematically relevant interpretation of the radical evil concept requires considering not only philosophical ideas Kant`s but also the historic background in which they were formulated. Particularly the specific situation of German philosophic terminology in the 17th and early 18th Century will be acknowledged as one of the most significant factors influencing the development of the radical evil (...)
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  24. Gedancken von dem Einflusse der göttlichen Vorsehung in die freyen Handlungen der Menschen.Georg Friedrich Meier - 2020 - Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag. Edited by Alexander Aichele.
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  25. Waarom schurken pech hebben en helden geluk: een nieuwe filosofie van de vrije wil.Jurriën Hamer - 2021 - Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij.
    Heeft een miljonair recht op zijn rijkdom? Moeten we zelfs een moordenaar vergeven? En kan een mens ooit zijn lot veranderen? Het hangt allemaal af van ons antwoord op een fundamentele vraag: hebben we een vrije wil? 0Filosofen twijfelen al eeuwen over het antwoord hierop, en sinds decennia roepen biologen en neurologen dat de vrije wil niet bestaat. Ieder jaar stapelt het bewijs tegen de vrije wil zich verder op: we zijn een product van onze genen, van onze geschiedenis en (...)
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  26. Determined: a science of life without free will.Robert M. Sapolsky - 2023 - New York: Penguin Press.
    One of our great behavioral scientists, the bestselling author of Behave, plumbs the depths of the science and philosophy of decision-making to mount a devastating case against free will, an argument with profound consequences Robert Sapolsky's Behave, his now classic account of why humans do good and why they do bad, pointed toward an unsettling conclusion: We may not grasp the precise marriage of nature and nurture that creates the physics and chemistry at the base of human behavior, but that (...)
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  27. Determinismo e giustizia sociale.Giuseppe Ferraro - 2023 - Milano: Mimesis.
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  28. Erasmus and Luther : free will and tradition.Greta Kroeker - 2023 - In Eric MacPhail (ed.), A companion to Erasmus. Brill.
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  29. Losing free will? : Three thought experiments.Kadri Vihvelin - 2023 - In Taylor W. Cyr, Andrew Law & Neal A. Tognazzini (eds.), Freedom, Responsibility, and Value: Essays in Honor of John Martin Fischer. Routledge.
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  30. A simple but powerful idea : actual sequences and free will.Carolina Sartorio - 2023 - In Taylor W. Cyr, Andrew Law & Neal A. Tognazzini (eds.), Freedom, Responsibility, and Value: Essays in Honor of John Martin Fischer. Routledge.
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  31. Respecting the free will, authenticity and autonomy of transgender youth.Leonie Crosse - forthcoming - Nursing Ethics.
    Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth are currently being targeted by global anti-trans legislation that would prevent their access to gender-affirming care even by healthcare providers willing to deliver it and who understand the importance of this support. It has been suggested in some studies that transness in young people is a result of peer contagion. As such their free will, authenticity and autonomy could be brought into question when accessing gender-affirming care. It is important to explore the relevance of (...)
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  32. Wille, determinismus, strafe.Ludwig Traeger - 1895 - Berlin,: Puttkammer & Mühlbrecht.
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  33. Opyt o svobodi︠e︡ voli.Petr Evgenïevich Astafʹev - 1897 - Edited by Vvedenskiıĭ Aleksi︠e︡ĭ Ivanovich.
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  34. The Boundary Theory of Libertarian Free Will.André Juthe - 2023 - Review of Metaphysics 77 (2):327-343.
    The first purpose of this article is to present a new theory of libertarian free will—the boundary theory of libertarian free will—which provides a new framework by means of employing boundaries as a “conceptual scheme” for understanding libertarian free will. This theory consists of two parts. One part suggests that the agent’s will should be viewed as the intermediate boundary between an agent’s reasons and his alternative choices. The second part is a model where the agent’s will is a faculty (...)
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  35. John Cowburn: Free will, Predestination and Determinism.G. Carlos G. Patarroyo - unknown
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  36. Die lehre vom willen bei Anselm von Canterbury.Ernst Lohmeyer - 1914 - Lucka S.-A.,: R. Berger.
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  37. L'idée de liberté morale.Charles Leuridan - 1936 - Paris,: F. Alcan.
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  38. Determinism and Free Will in Hafez and Maari Ideologies.Mohammad Khaghani, Davoud Nejati & Reza Jafari - 2010 - Research on Mystical Literature 4 (2):1-22.
    The subject of ‘Determinism’ and ‘Free will’ is one of the most debatable and abstruse theological arguments. This argument has very old historical roots and has been appeared in different ways in the sayings and thoughts of philosophers, mystics, poets and others. It can be said that the concept of determinism is one of the key and practical concepts in the poetry of Hafez and Abu Ala Maari. Judging from the form of words, some people assume that these two poets (...)
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  39. The Evolution of Consciousness, Free Will, and Morality: The Human Evolution from the Perspective of Daniel Dennett’s Natural Philosophy. 조현우 - 2023 - Journal of the Society of Philosophical Studies 68:49-80.
    데넷에 의하면 인간의 의식, 자유의지, 도덕성은 자신의 복제자를 더욱 많이 퍼트리기 위해 만든 밈의 기생공간이자 정보고속도로인 뇌와 신경계를 진화시킨 결과이다. 본 논문은 데넷 연구의 전체적인 구조를 라카토슈 연구프로그램으로 분석한다. 데넷의 연구프로그램은 이론을 특징지우는 견고한 핵과 이를 보완하는 보호대로 구성되어 있다. 연구프로그램의 핵심 원리인 견고한 핵은 자연선택의 특성을 집약적으로 표현하고 그 적용범위를 확대하는 ‘알고리즘으로서의 자연 선택’, ‘지향성 진화가설’, ‘밈 적응’으로 구성된다. 이들 견고한 핵이 가지는 추상성을 보완하여, 구체적인 가설을 첨부하는 보호대는 ‘만능산과 크레인 비유’, ‘생산과 검증의 탑’, ‘다중원고 모형’으로 구성된다. 궁극적으로 이들 (...)
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  40. Pulganŭng ŭn ŏpta: sinnyŏm ŭi kwahak.Chae-hyo Kim - 1966 - Sŏul: T'op'ik Ch'ulp'ansa.
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  41. Voluntad y libertad jurídicas.Domínguez Devars & María Dolores - 1966 - México:
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  42. Determination und Freiheit.Bernhard Welte - 1969 - Frankfurt am Main,: J. Knecht.
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  43. ha-Yaḥas ben ha-mashmaʻut ha-ontologit shel ha-determinizm le-mashmaʻuto ha-maʻasit.Michael Strauss - 1969
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  44. Experimental Philosophy of Action: Free Will and Moral Responsibility.Thomas Nadelhoffer - 2023 - In Alexander Max Bauer & Stephan Kornmesser (eds.), The Compact Compendium of Experimental Philosophy. De Gruyter. pp. 327-352.
  45. The place of Free Will: the freedom of the prisoner.Paolo Nichelli - forthcoming - Neurological Sciences.
    Debates about the concept of Free Will date back to ancient times. About 40 years ago Benjamin Libet designed an experiment showing that the conscious intention to move is preceded by a specific pattern of brain activation. His finding suggested that unconscious processes determine our decisions. Libet-style experiments have continued to dominate the debate about Free-Will, pushing some authors to argue that the existence of Free Will is a mere illusion. We believe that this dispute is because we often measure (...)
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  46. No Pure Theory of Law without Free Will.Joachim Renzikowski - 2023 - Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie 109 (4):482-496.
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  47. Dualists and physicalists agree, free will is incompatible with determinism.Mark Wulff Carstensen, Stephan Sellmaier, Paul C. J. Taylor & Ophelia Deroy - forthcoming - Philosophical Psychology.
    Belief in substance dualism, the idea that mind and matter are two different kinds of substances, has been found to be a strong predictor of belief in free will. Why? Here, we test whether believing that mind and matter are different kinds of substance correlates with differences in how people think of free will and/or differences in how people interpret the scenarios used to test their conceptions. We provided participants (N = 515) with two hypothetical scenarios where the world was (...)
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  48. Not a Hope in Hell.James Dominic Rooney - forthcoming - Beijing: Routledge.
    [The following is a draft abstract:] -/- This book aims to diagnose and tackle a problem concerning God's action. If God has good reasons for everything He does, then it does not seem as if God could do otherwise than He does. If God were to do otherwise than what He has good reason to do (we might think) God would act arbitrarily. While this general problem has been dealt with in various ways by philosophers, I propose that a specific (...)
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  49. Free will and self expression: A compatibilist garden of forking paths.Robyn Repko Waller - 2023 - Philosophical Issues 33 (1):299-313.
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  50. À propos de Free Will, Causality and Neuroscience.Yves Poullet - 2020 - Archives de Philosophie du Droit 62 (1):565-572.
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