"Chacun se proclame si facilement héros qu'on serait presque prêt à faire l'éloge du conformisme et de la soumission rien que pour leur dire Non." Jamais dire Non n'aura été aussi à la mode – jamais être anti-conformiste n'aura été aussi répandu. Mais mesure-t-on vraiment l'importance vitale que revêt ce petit mot? Paradoxalement fécond, c'est un mot qui agit plus qu'il ne signifie. Or que se passe-t-il quand je dis Non? Du premier refus de l'enfant à la résistance politique, la (...) révolte ou la destruction, en passant par un délicat "Non merci!" aux pouvoirs insoupçonnés, Non irrigue nos vies et nos sociétés. Mais comment éviter la posture stupide ou le repli stérile, comment en faire bon usage? Vincent Delecroix explore les vertus du refus, déconstruit ses mythologies et propose, enfin, un autre Non. Un Non qui n'est pas simple négation, mais un certain usage de la négativité, du retrait, de l'impertinence ou de l'ironie. Un Non intime, intelligent et indispensable à la vie de l'esprit – et à la vie tout court. (shrink)

La philosophie de la religion n'est pas une discipline parmi d'autres. Sa courte histoire d'à peine trois siècles témoigne des états de la raison moderne et plus généralement de la modernité elle-même, si celle-ci peut se définir par les relations de la pensée à ses enracinements religieux, par les rapports de la raison à la croyance et à l'institution religieuse. Produit des Lumières, mais tout autant première réaction inquiète, romantique ou rétrograde, au projet d'une émancipation radicale par rapport au religieux (...) dont les Lumières semblaient l'achèvement, la philosophie de la religion a représenté le lieu essentiel où la raison moderne est venue se réfléchir, réfléchir son histoire et son opération, ce que la pensée occidentale avait fait de son lien à la religion, ce qu'elle allait ou devait en faire. C'est dire que sa démarche ne procédait pas simplement d'une curiosité intellectuelle à l'égard d'un objet parmi d'autres, fût-il l'objet "suprême" : son enjeu était rien moins que la nature de la modernité elle-même. Elle y traduisait les exigences de la raison occidentale, peut-être son besoin ; elle décidait d'une solution qui lui donne une assise ; elle en montrait le visage, dans ses dimensions épistémologiques, métaphysiques, morales, politiques. Cet enracinement dans les besoins de l'époque, les intérêts premiers de la raison, dans la nécessité aussi d'interpréter ce qui arrive à la modernité occidentale dans son rapport à la religion, continue d'en légitimer, aujourd'hui plus que jamais, l'exercice : c'est sa raison d'être. Or le noeud de cette intrigue, le centre polémique de ces rapports entre raison et religions que veut clarifier et traiter la philosophie de la religion, c'est la question de la vérité. Comme si son exercice était en définitive le prolongement technique et surtout le renouvellement de la question qu'un procurateur romain posait à un individu qui se proclamait lui-même la vérité : "Qu'est-ce que la vérité?" Cette question interroge la religion en deux sens : elle interroge pour savoir si la religion est vraie mais aussi pour savoir ce qu'est le vrai selon elle qui en fait également sa valeur suprême. Mais ce faisant, c'est bien la raison philosophique qui se pose à elle-même cette question : Qu'est-ce que la vérité pour toi, c'est-à-dire pour nous? Pour se poser une telle question, et la poser de manière si décisive à la religion, il faut qu'elle ait gardé un peu de son intérêt. Or cette question nous intéresse-t-elle encore? Dans notre modernité tardive que certains nomment postmoderne, tenons-nous encore à la vérité? C'est cette question qui est au centre de la philosophie de la religion. (shrink)

La « nouvelle pensée », telle que la conçoit Rosenzweig, semble liée au fait que le discours philosophique ferait enfin droit non seulement au sujet singulier, mais aussi à la personne même du philosophe. On ne décèle pourtant pas la trace d’une première personne dans L’Étoile de la Rédemption. En concentrant notre attention sur les premières lignes de L’Étoile de la Rédemption, on se propose d’examiner le sens et la forme originale donnés par Rosenzweig à l’idée d’une philosophie en première (...) personne – du Je criant au Je parlant et au Nous à venir.Le philosophe en personne. The « new thought », as Rosenzweig figures it out, seems to be linked to the fact that philosophical discourse would make finally a place not even for the singular subject but also for the philosopher himself. However no trace of a first singular person can be discovered within The Star of Redemption. By focusing especially on the opening lines of The Star, we propose to examine the signification and the original form given by Rosenzweig to the idea of a philosophical discourse in first person – from the screaming « I » to the speaking « I » and the coming « We ». (shrink)

La place généralement attribuée à Kierkegaard dans l'histoire de la philosophie témoigne toujours d'un certain embarras. Lui qui, ironiquement, prétendait avoir, au moment même où il écrivait, une place déjà réservée dans la grande nécropole des philosophies disparues, il n'a cessé d'importuner ceux qui ont voulu l'enterrer. Qu'était-il? Philosophe anti-hégélien, incarnant la réaction de la subjectivité concrète contre le système abstrait de la métaphysique à son achèvement? Père de l'existentialisme? Chrétien torturé? Ironiste et " penseur privé "? Polémiste? " Poète (...) du religieux "? Simplement écrivain? Cet essai voudrait montrer que cette incertitude tient au fait que Kierkegaard ne construit pas seulement des catégories philosophiques qui vont marquer l'histoire de la philosophie au XXe siècle, de Heidegger à Gadamer ou Wittgenstein, mais qu'il invente surtout une nouvelle manière de philosopher. Car la " pensée existentielle ", une philosophie qui veut penser le fait même de l'existence dans ce qu'il a d'irréductible au Concept, nécessite un autre discours- une autre façon de parler, de bâtir des concepts, mais aussi de s'adresser au lecteur et de se faire comprendre de lui. Et pour remplir cette exigence, la littérature peut venir au secours de la philosophie : elle construit des fictions et installe un philosophe en première personne dans un discours jusqu'alors funestement voué à l'impersonnalité, elle se donne un lecteur singulier et des jeux complexes de représentation qui doivent indiquer ce qui échappe généralement à l'objectivité du discours. Il faut alors moins examiner le contenu de cette philosophie que la forme qui en rend possible la production, cette singulière façon de philosopher, cette manière de philosopher au singulier et pour le singulier- la réinvention de l'acte de philosopher et d'écrire. (shrink)

This is a critical introduction to modern French philosophy, commissioned from one of the liveliest contemporary practitioners and intended for an English-speaking readership. The dominant 'Anglo-Saxon' reaction to philosophical development in France has for some decades been one of suspicion, occasionally tempered by curiosity but more often hardening into dismissive rejection. But there are signs now of a more sympathetic interest and an increasing readiness to admit and explore shared concerns, even if these are still expressed in a very different (...) idiom and intellectual context. Vincent Descombes offers here a personal guide to the main movements and figures of the last forty-five years. He traces over this period the evolution of thought from a generation preoccupied with the 'three H's' - Hegel, Husserl and Heidegger, to a generation influenced since about 1960 by the 'three masters of suspicion' - Marx, Nietzsche and Freud. In this framework he deals in turn with the thought of Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, the early structuralists, Foucault, Althusser, Serres, Derrida, and finally Deleuze and Lyotard. The 'internal' intellectual history of the period is related to its institutional setting and the wider cultural and political context which has given French philosophy so much of its distinctive character. (shrink)

How do people make sense of their experiences? How do they understand possibility? How do they limit possibility? These questions are central to all the human sciences. Here, Vincent Crapanzano offers a powerfully creative new way to think about human experience: the notion of imaginative horizons. For Crapanzano, imaginative horizons are the blurry boundaries that separate the here and now from what lies beyond, in time and space. These horizons, he argues, deeply influence both how we experience our lives (...) and how we interpret those experiences, and here sets himself the task of exploring the roles that creativity and imagination play in our experience of the world. (shrink)

Holism maintains that a phenomenon is more than the sum of its parts. Yet analysis--a mental process crucial to comprehension--involves dismantling the whole to grasp it piecemeal and relationally. Wading through such quandaries, Vincent Descombes guides readers to a deepened appreciation of the entity that enables understanding: the human mind.

Invariance of the class of algorithms expressible with respect to changes in computational formalism have provided extremely stable foundations for the Church-Turing thesis, according to which a number of—equivalent—computational mechanisms each fully capture the intuitive notion of algorithm. Thanks to the stability and elegance of the Church-Turing thesis, the notion of computation defined by these mechanisms is etched in stone as the theoretical essence of computation. In particular, this notion has been extensively used as an abstract tool to model natural (...) phenomena. (shrink)

En faisant de cet ouvrage une introduction à la philosophie française contemporaine, Vincent Descombes initie surtout au langage et aux enjeux de la discussion dite philosophique.

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Beyond Ratzinger's Republic:Communio's Postliberal TurnSam Zeno Conedera S.J. and Vincent L. Strand S.J.Is the political future of the West a postliberal one? For the past decade, numerous prominent thinkers in America and Europe have been debating this question. Matters that not long ago were merely of historical interest, such as Pope Gelasius I's understanding of the relation between sacral authority and royal power, Thomas Aquinas's thought on monarchy (...) and Robert Bellarmine's theory of the pope's indirect authority in temporal matters are now increasingly studied for their potential answers to contemporary political questions. This development, which would have been nearly unimaginable just a decade earlier, unsurprisingly has been led by Catholics. We say "unsurprisingly" in view of the long pre-modern tradition of Catholic political thought, as well as the Church's long struggle against liberalism during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Some of the current postliberal writers explicitly connect themselves to both of these aspects by using the term "integralist" to describe their position.1 [End Page 889]This "new integralism" represents a radical departure from the mainstream of Catholic political discourse of the last half century, which has largely sought rapprochement with Western liberalism. A group of writers, led by John Courtney Murray, George Weigel, Michael Novak, and Robert George, have held that the American constitutional order is rooted in the natural law tradition, and therefore is basically friendly to Catholic political thought. The Church's role in American life, they say, is upholding the natural law as a public moral philosophy, while embracing the non-establishment clause of the First Amendment as a matter of principle, in accordance with the teachings of the Second Vatican Council. This "Whig Thomism," which for decades represented the predominant outlook of conservative American Catholics, must now face the challenge of a different sort of Thomism represented by the integralists.2While the engagement between Whig Thomists and integralists has received most of the attention from scholars and journalists alike, another postliberal option has emerged in recent years. Its source is a group of Catholic thinkers associated with the Communio theological movement. Their political vision, which has no single name or label, has a complex and subtle relationship with the thought of earlier Communio writers, most of whom shared the Whig Thomist desire for reconciliation with Western liberalism. [End Page 890] The appearance of a Communio postliberalism therefore represents a significant development within this intellectual tradition. The most important representative of the earlier Communio perspective on political questions is Joseph Ratzinger / Pope Benedict XVI, who has recently been lauded as the "most important Catholic thinker of the twentieth century" on matters at the intersection of theology and politics.3In an article titled "Ratzinger's Republic" that appeared in these pages in 2020, we identified a significant tension in his thought about the Church's contribution to political life.4 Exploring Ratzinger's writings on natural law, we demonstrated that two currents are present. In accord with his fundamental theological commitments about nature and grace and about faith and reason, Ratzinger often questioned the effectiveness of arguments from natural law. He claimed that, since reason is historically conditioned, and therefore in the current order marked by sin, reason needs grace and faith to function properly. Yet, on other occasions, Ratzinger strongly endorsed arguments from natural law, highlighting its role as the foundation of a just democratic political order. We traced this ambivalence about natural law back to a dilemma at the heart of Ratzinger's political thought. On the one hand, in accord with his thinking about the relations of nature and grace and faith and reason, Ratzinger argued that the state needs the Church to supply moral values that the state cannot furnish on its own. On the other hand, he believed it belongs to the very nature of the Church to be separate from the state, and he endorsed nonconfessional, religiously pluralistic states.5 In light of these two commitments, Ratzinger argued that the contribution Christians are to make to the state is to supply moral values that were discerned under the influence of grace and divine revelation but... (shrink)

For Thomas Aquinas, the creator of natural law is a personal, substantial, and relational God. For Laozi, it is an impersonal, non-substantial, self-manifesting dao. There are similarities, and this article will consider several of them. For Thomas, the act of creation comes from God, and for Laozi the giving birth of the universe is from the dao’s unconditional generosity. Thus it is possible to compare the way in which the world-originating generosity of God generates the moral law and the way (...) in which the self-manifesting dao generates the moral law. In Thomas’s view the natural law is the rational participation of the human being in God’s eternal law. Laozi’s heavenly dao governs all things in the universe, and for this reason human beings and their techniques should comply with dao. Thomas emphasizes human freedom of will and the responsibility to pursue what is good and to avoid what is evil. Laozi emphasizes the objectivity of heavenly dao without any reference to human freedom of will or individual responsibility. With religious Daoism there develops the idea of collective responsibility and the divinization of dao, a point that invites further comparative study of Thomism and Daoism. (shrink)

A parieto-frontal integration theory (P-FIT) model of human intelligence has been proposed based on a review of neuroimaging literature and lesion studies. The P-FIT model provides an important basis for future research. Future studies involving connectivity analyses and an integrative approach of imaging modalities using the P-FIT model should provide vastly increased understanding of the biological bases of intelligence.

Estudio intertextual del "Llibre d'amic i amat" en los ámbitos de la espiritualidad, de la teología y de la literatura vernacular, sobre todo mediante referencias a la patrística latina, el pensamiento de cistercienses y victorianos, la "legenda" de "Ami et amile", etc. se adopta el método de la filiaciones, pero con rectificaciones notables: no basta con señalar el parentesco de motivos y temas, etapa que debe prolongarse por un estudio de la función y el sentido de dichos elementos en la (...) arquitectura, el sistema de un pensamiento. Se pone de realce, asimismo, la importancia de compaginar filosofía y poética, en torno a lo que pudiera ser una tipología del "exemplum" en el opúsculo luliano. (shrink)

How do people make sense of their experiences? How do they understand possibility? How do they limit possibility? These questions are central to all the human sciences. Here, Vincent Crapanzano offers a powerfully creative new way to think about human experience: the notion of imaginative horizons. For Crapanzano, imaginative horizons are the blurry boundaries that separate the here and now from what lies beyond, in time and space. These horizons, he argues, deeply influence both how we experience our lives (...) and how we interpret those experiences, and here sets himself the task of exploring the roles that creativity and imagination play in our experience of the world. (shrink)

Background Generally, there is unanimity about the value of community engagement in health-related research. There is also a growing tendency to view genetics and genomics research (GGR) as a special category of research, the conduct of which including community engagement (CE) as needing additional caution. One of the motivations of this study was to establish how differently if at all, we should think about CE in GGR. Aim To assess the perspectives of genetics and genomics researchers in Uganda on CE (...) in GGR. Method A cross-sectional qualitative study was conducted at Makerere University and Uganda Virus Research Institute. Twenty-five individuals participated, the majority being male (sixteen). Participants included nineteen genetics and genomics researchers (researchers and research coordinators), two CE officers, three nurses and one nursing counsellor. Data were collected using in-depth interviews and analyzed in a thematic manner using NVivo version 12 Plus. Study findings Thirteen of the respondents had conducted CE in their GGR in either a geographical and disease-specific community. Some respondents said CE principles are the same and there is no need for special consideration for CE in GGR. Others gave ethical issues in GGR that require special consideration for CE in such research and these were categorized into six themes: GGR is new to communities, Difficulty in communicating GGR by the researchers, Genes are shared in communities, Cultural sensitivities against GGR, Community attitude toward GGR, Some GGR studies take long to end, and Negotiation of research benefits. Special considerations for CE when conducting GGR were suggested and categorized into seven themes: creating awareness of GGR in communities, obtaining both community acceptance and individual consent, CE team composition, involve communities in solving GGR challenges, prolong CE in some GGR, develop guidelines for CE in GGR, and legal considerations on GGR. Conclusion GGR was characterized by special issues that require special CE considerations for such research. (shrink)

L'identité, dans les acceptions que ce terme revêt aujourd'hui, est une véritable énigme lexicale : elle désigne tout autant l'objet de contrôles sécuritaires policiers, un retour à la religion de ses parents, que, dans un guide touristique, la spécificité en voie de disparition d'un quartier. Reprenons. «Qui suis-je?», «Qui sommes-nous?», ce sont là ce qu'on appelle précisément des «questions d'identité». Nous comprenons spontanément de quoi il retourne parce que nous disposons d'un modèle : connaître l'identité de quelqu'un, c'est savoir comment (...) il s'appelle. Toutefois, lorsque la question de l'identité est posée à la première personne, mon intention n'est pas d'apprendre quels sont mes nom, prénoms et qualité, comme si je devais passer un «contrôle d'identité». Que signifie le mot dès lors qu'il est utilisé avec le possessif («mon identité», «notre identité») et qu'il ne désigne pas l'énoncé d'un état civil? Jadis le mot voulait dire exclusivement qu'il n'y a qu'une seule et même chose là où on aurait pu penser qu'il y en avait deux. Or, depuis quelques dizaines d'années, le mot a revêtu une signification autre, à savoir qu'il y a une chose ou un être qui possèdent la vertu d'être singulièrement eux-mêmes. Ainsi, que des guerres puissent éclater pour des questions qui ne relèvent pas strictement des intérêts matériels bien compris des antagonistes, nul ne saurait s'en étonner, sinon ceux qui nourrissent une conception utilitariste étriquée de l'être humain. En revanche, pourquoi est-ce le mot «identité» qui se trouve désormais chargé de signifier l'enjeu et l'objet de tels conflits? Tel est donc le point précis soulevé par Vincent Descombes : dans tout cela, que vient faire le mot «identit黠? Et que reste-t-il du concept d'identité? (shrink)

Many apps request access to users’ contacts or photos and many consumers agree to these requests. However, agreeing is ethically questionable as it also gives apps access to others’ data. People thus regularly infringe each other’s information privacy. This behavior is at odds with offline practices and still poorly understood. Introducing a novel application of the theory of neutralization, we explore how people justify the giving away of others’ data and the emerging norms surrounding this behavior. To obtain a deeper (...) understanding of the potentially ambiguous norms surrounding the behavior, we investigate how people justify, i.e., neutralize, the behavior from both offender and victim perspectives. Across four studies, offenders appear more likely to admit to moral wrongdoing than victims assume. This suggests moral disagreement between offenders and victims. The discrepancy appears to be reasonably robust across different samples, apps and whether the other is identified, but diminishes when people learn how easily others’ data could be protected. These insights offer suggestions for businesses, consumers and public policy. (shrink)

The relationship between law and morality has for some years been the object of a new investment by legal doctrine, in search of a new balance between individual freedom on the one hand, and the assertion of rights or values seen as imperative, as well as dignity or the principle of non-discrimination, on the other. In this article is proposed a modelling of the concepts of neutrality attached to the definition of public order, whose potentialities are in a second time (...) tested in the field of the treatment of religion in the enterprise. (shrink)

BackgroundResearch using data from medical care promises to advance medical science and improve healthcare. Academia is not the only sector that expects such research to be of great benefit. The research-based health industry is also interested in so-called ‘real-world’ health data to develop new drugs, medical technologies or data-based health applications. While access to medical data is handled very differently in different countries, and some empirical data suggest people are uncomfortable with the idea of companies accessing health information, this paper (...) aims to advance the ethical debate about secondary use of medical data generated in the public healthcare sector by for-profit companies for medical research (ReuseForPro).MethodsWe first clarify some basic concepts and our ethical-normative approach, then discuss and ethically evaluate potential claims and interests of relevant stakeholders: patients as data subjects in the public healthcare system, for-profit companies, the public, and physicians and their healthcare institutions. Finally, we address the tensions between legitimate claims of different stakeholders in order to suggest conditions that might ensure ethically sound ReuseForPro.ResultsWe conclude that there are good reasons to grant for-profit companies access to medical data if they meet certain conditions: among others they need to respect patients’ informational rights and their actions need to be compatible with the public’s interest in health benefit from ReuseForPro. (shrink)

Dans la foulée des débats de bioéthique en France, l'Ecole Supérieure d'Ethique des Sciences de l'Institut catholique de Toulouse a organisé cinq grands débats éthiques en 2010-2011, en partenariat avec le monde industriel et universitaire, et qui sont ici rapportés. Le livre reprend les interventions des conférenciers et intervenants, présente de manière synthétique et pédagogique les débats qui ont suivi. et en propose une relecture. Cette dernière est faite en termes de défis que l'ensemble de la société est invité à (...) relever pour que les sciences et les techniques soient vraiment au service d'une société toujours plus humaine. Le livre souligne également l'impact des sciences et techniques sur les mentalités de nos contemporains et sur la manière de considérer la place de l'homme et le respect de la vie humaine. (shrink)