"Lch _ke nur an, dass es gar nicMs Ungewohnliches sei, sowohl im gemeinen Gespriiche, als in den Schriften, durch Vergleichung der Gedanken, welche ein Vertasser aber seinen Gegenstand aussert, ihn sogar besser, u lIerstehen, als er sich selbst lIerstand, indem er seinen Begrilf nicht genugsam be stimmte utJd dadurch bisweilen seiner eigenen Absicht ent gegen redete oder auch dachte." Diesen Sat, aus Kanis "Kritik der, einen Vernunft" hat Husserl aut die Titelseite seines Exemplars lion Kants Hauptwerk geschrieben. Ober die Beziehungen (...) zwischen Husseds Phiinomenologie und der Kantischen und neukantianischen Philosophie ist schon Vieles ge schrieben worden. Dabei wurden die verschiedensten Auffassun gen geaussert; man kann sagen, dass hier die ganze Skala mogli cher Deutungen durchgangen wurde. Am einen Ende dieser Skala steht Hussed als Antipode Kants und jeglichen N eukantianismus, am andem Ende der N eukantianer Hussed; und dazwischen liegen nuanciertere Bilder. Offenbar sind die Beziehungen zwi schen Hussed einerseits und Kant und den Neukantianem an dererseits komplexer Natur; offenbar bestehen hier aber auch innere Beziehungen, seien sie nun positiver oder negativer Art. Es drangte Hussed selbst danach, sich iiber sein Verhaltnis zur Philosophie Kants klar auszusprechen_ Fiir sein letztes Werk, fiir die Krisis, hatte er eine Auseinandersetzung mit Kant geplant.l Bevor er aber diesen Plan ausfiihren konnte, erreichte ihn der Tod. (shrink)

This volume provides a valuable discussion of Husserl's lifelong project of the critique of science which makes no attempt to conflate the pre-World War I ...

Ethisch gutes Handeln ist tätige Liebe, die vom Gewissen geleitet wird - das ist die Einsicht dieses Ethikentwurfs. Worin ein solches Handeln besteht, wird in allen ethisch relevanten Beziehungen untersucht. Ausgangspunkt ist, im Geiste von Husserls Phänomenologie, das erfahrende, wertende und handelnde Subjekt: Die Frage nach dem ethisch guten Handeln wird zur Frage nach dem Selbstverständnis des Ichs und der Bedeutung, welche die Mitmenschen und die Umwelt für es haben. So zeigt der Autor, wie ein ethisch gutes und somit glückliches (...) Leben für den Einzelnen heute möglich ist. Er baut auch auf osteuropäische, chinesische und jüdische Philosophie-Traditionen und wird damit einer Gegenwart gerecht, in der die Menschheit durch neue Wege der Kommunikation zu einem Gefüge geworden ist. (shrink)

The idea of replication is based on the premise that there are permanent laws to be replicated and verified, and the scientific method is adequate for doing so. Scientific truth, however, is not absolute but relative to time and context, and the method used. Time and context are inextricably interwoven, in that time creates different contexts and contexts (e.g., Christmas Day vs. New Year’s Day) create different experiences of time, rendering psychological phenomena inherently variable. This means that internal and external (...) conditions fluctuate and are different in a replication study vs. the original. Thus, a replication experiment is just another empirical investigation that has no special status in the establishment of scientific truth. It is not the final arbiter of whether or not something exists. In their pursuit of homogeneous external conditions, replications have ignored the homogeneity of internal conditions. There is not a single replication reported in the literature that would have shown participants’ feelings and thoughts—both conscious and nonconscious—to be identical to those of the original participants. Experimental instructions can create varying ratios of conscious over nonconscious processing from one study to another. Ironically, every replication is a failure at the fundamentals of human psychology. While patterns can be discovered, they are not permanent or unchangeable laws of human behavior to be proven by the pinpoint statistical verification through replication. As scientific knowledge in physics is temporary and incomplete, should it be any surprise that science can only provide “temporary winners” for psychological knowledge of human behavior? (shrink)

Chinese philosophers, especially Mencius, Wang Yangming and his followers, the pursuit of a "saint." This requires them to conduct a thorough awareness of people's own reflection and fundamental change. They discover and explore some special aspects of consciousness, Husserl's phenomenology of these areas have not been taken into account, and thus made ​​a thought-provoking to the latter question. This paper explores three related issues: one, a person or animal to its direct experience; Second, the moral sense and intention of their (...) own behavior and vivid experience of the direct relationship between consciousness; Third, awareness of the intention to meditate on the silenced of. Chinese philosophers, especially Mencius, Wang Yangming and Wang's followers, pursue the way to become a "holy man", which requires a thorough reflection on, and a radical change of one's own consciousness. Hence they discover and investigate some special aspects of consciousness, which haven't been taken into account by Husserlian Phenomenology, and therefore pose revealing questions to the latter. This article discusses three of them: the first question concerns a direct feeling for other human beings and animals; the second question concerns the relation between the moral conscience and the immediate consciousness of one's own intentional acts or lived-experiences; the third question concerns the intentionality of the meditative, tranquil consciousness. (shrink)

Die Monadologie Husserls, die durch eine Phanomenologie der Intersubjektivitat begrundet ist, weist gegenuber der metaphysischen Monadologie von Leibniz Vorzuge auf. Anderseits fehlt Husserls Monadologie Leibniz' philosophisch radikalste Frage: Warum ist uberhaupt etwas und nicht vielmehr nichts?, ebenso Leibniz' Lehren vom Verhaltnis der Macht und Ohnmacht zwischen den Monaden und der Kraft der Monaden. Den Versuch, die Fragestellungen und die Lehren der beiden zu vereinigen, unternimmt Iso Kern in diesem Band - durch eine Synthese kann die beste Metaphysik der europaischen Philosophiegeschichte (...) entstehen. Sie ist unbegrenzt durch neue Fragen zu bereichern, aber auch zu korrigieren. (shrink)

Was ist Vernunft im Gegensatz zur Sinnlichkeit? Diese Frage erortert der erste Teil dieser Studie, die unterscheidet zwischen Vernunft als Verstehen bzw. Verstand und Vernunft in vollem Sinn: Verstand ist z. B. das Sich-Erinnern an die eigene Vergangenheit, das Vergegenwartigen der Erlebnisse anderer in der Einfuhlung, das Vorausplanen der Zukunft. Vernunft im vollen Sinne dagegen ist Institution des Vergegenwartigens in der Sinnlichkeit oder Kultur, z. B. die menschliche logische Sprache, die Bilder, vergegenwartigende Spiele. Vernunft hat auch mit Erkennen und Wahrheit (...) zu tun, worum es in einem zweiten Teil geht. Hier setzt der Autor sich unter anderem mit tierischem Erleben im Gegensatz zum menschlichen Erkennen, mit naturwissenschaftlichem Erkennen und religiosem Glauben sowie mit Erkennen in den Humanwissenschaften auseinander. An Beispielen aus ganz unterschiedlichen Bereichen, mit vielen Bezugen zur europaischen Philosophie und in sehr personlichem Ton zeigt Iso Kern, was Vernunft ist. (shrink)

In this paper I discuss some significant aspects of Husserl’s phenomenology which could not be adequately known without studying the manuscripts, unpublished during his lifetime and then published gradually since 1950 by Husserl Archives in Leuven founded by Father van Breda in 1939. The aspects I discuss here are listed under 6 subjects: Husserl’s phenomenological analyses of the constituting corporeal subjectivity, Husserl’s phenomenological analysis of the conditions of possibility of representifications, concept of I-consciousness, conception of transcendental subjectivity as intersubjectivity, the (...) development of Husserl’s conception of phenomenological philosophy, and Husserl’s metaphysics. This paper is drawn from, and an extension of, a lecture given at the Catholic University of Louvain in the occasion of 80th anniversary of the foundation of the Husserl Archives. (shrink)

El desafío del cambio climático ha impulsado un cambio de paradigma en las políticas europeas. Uno de los principales pilares de actuación son las políticas de movilidad sostenible enfocadas a la reducción del uso del vehículo privado. Este artículo argumenta que los debates actuales en torno a la movilidad sostenible se centran en lo urbano, relegando a las áreas rurales a una posición secundaria o periférica. Se indaga en los límites que pueden tener las lógicas de movilidad urbana sostenible aplicadas (...) sobre entornos rurales altamente dependientes del vehículo privado y con déficit de servicios públicos de transporte. Para ello se analizan, por un lado, las principales políticas de movilidad y transporte europeas y españolas y, por otro, los discursos y las prácticas de la población local en una ruralidad remota. Una línea de investigación que necesita ser reforzada para diseñar políticas de movilidad ajustadas a las necesidades de las poblaciones rurales. (shrink)

Thema dieses Buchs ist die Religion von fünf Philosophen aus unterschiedlichen Kulturen und Epochen: Konfuzius, Sokrates, Epiktet, Montaigne und Pascal. Anhand der sehr unterschiedlichen Textgrundlagen werden nicht nur ihre Gedanken über ihre Religion dargestellt, sondern auch ihre philosophischen Lehren. Im Blickpunkt steht auch, wie sich das, was diese fünf über Religion sagen, von ihrer religiösen Praxis unterscheidet. Ein Ergebnis des Vergleichs ist die Erkenntnis, dass alle echte Religion, die Gott als Höchstes hat, in fünf voneinander untrennbaren Haltungen besteht, die ausdrücken, (...) was dieses Höchste für sie ist: in der Überzeugung, einen göttlichen Auftrag zu haben und diesen Auftrag erfüllen, d.h. dadurch Gott dienen zu sollen, in der Dankbarkeit gegenüber Gott, in der Güte oder tätigen Liebe gegenüber seinen Mitmenschen, im Vertrauen in den Schutz oder in die Hilfe Gottes und in der Ehrlichkeit und Wahrhaftigkeit sich selbst und seinen Mitmenschen gegenüber. (shrink)

Concerning the foundation of Ethics, three different types of theories may be distinguished inside the Confucian tradition. A first type considers ethical rules as necessary for a harmonious social life and the welfare of man as a social being. A second typesees the foundation of ethics in its correspondence with the cosmical order. For a third type, the original tendencies and demands of the human heart or mind are the roots ofethics. The ethical theory more closely discussed in this paper, (...) and which belongs to the third type, is that of Wang Yangming (1472-1529). In his ethical theory, Wang endorsed first the position of Mencius (fourth and third cent. B.C.) and based ethics on original human tendencies and feelings such as love, sympathy, shame, indignation against injustice, etc. However later he was faced with the problem, of how we are able to distinguish these original good tendencies from egoistic (bad) intentions which also belong to our heart. Wang solves this problem by his new theory oiliang zhi („original knowing”). According to this theory, „original knowing” is a kind of immediate consciousness or awareness present in every intention: In every intention we are more or less aware of the ethical quality of this intention, and in acting according to this awareness, this awareness becomes more and more clear and may attain full enlightenment. (shrink)

Chinese philosophers, especially Mencius, Wang Yangming and his followers, the pursuit of a "saint." This requires them to conduct a thorough awareness of people's own reflection and fundamental change. They discover and explore some special aspects of consciousness, Husserl's phenomenology of these areas have not been taken into account, and thus made ​​a thought-provoking to the latter question. This paper explores three related issues: one, a person or animal to its direct experience; Second, the moral sense and intention of their (...) own behavior and vivid experience of the direct relationship between consciousness; Third, awareness of the intention to meditate on the silenced of. Chinese philosophers, especially Mencius, Wang Yangming and Wang's followers, pursue the way to become a "holy man", which requires a thorough reflection on, and a radical change of one's own consciousness. Hence they discover and investigate some special aspects of consciousness, which haven't been taken into account by Husserlian Phenomenology, and therefore pose revealing questions to the latter. This article discusses three of them: the first question concerns a direct feeling for other human beings and animals; the second question concerns the relation between the moral conscience and the immediate consciousness of one's own intentional acts or lived-experiences; the third question concerns the intentionality of the meditative, tranquil consciousness. (shrink)

PurposeThis study aimed to investigate whether oxygenated hemoglobin generated during a motor imagery task is associated with the motor learning level of the task.MethodsWe included 16 right-handed healthy participants who were trained to perform a ball rotation task. Hemodynamic brain activity was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy to monitor changes in oxy-Hb concentration during the BR MI task. The experimental protocol used a block design, and measurements were performed three times before and after the initial training of the BR task as (...) well as after the final training. The BR count during training was also measured. Furthermore, subjective vividness of MI was evaluated three times after NIRS measurement using the Visual Analog Scale.ResultsThe results showed that the number of BRs increased significantly with training. VAS scores also improved with training. Furthermore, oxy-Hb concentration and the region of interest showed a main effect. An interaction was confirmed, and it was ascertained that the change in oxy-Hb concentrations due to training was different for each ROI. The most significant predictor of subjective MI vividness was supplementary motor area oxy-Hb concentration.DiscussionHemodynamic brain activity during MI tasks may be correlated with task motor learning levels, since significant changes in oxy-Hb concentrations were observed following initial and final training in the SMA. In particular, hemodynamic brain activity in the SMA was suggested to reflect the MI vividness of participants. (shrink)

The vestibulo-ocular reflex plays an important role in controlling the gaze at a visual target. Although patients with vestibular hypofunction aim to improve their VOR function, some retain dysfunction for a long time. Previous studies have explored the effects of direct current stimulation on vestibular function; however, the effects of random noise stimulation on eye–head coordination have not previously been tested. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the effects of high frequency noisy vestibular stimulation on eye–head coordination related to VOR function. (...) Thirteen healthy young adult participants with no serious disease took part in our study. The current amplitude and density used were 0.4 mA and 0.2 mA/cm2, respectively, with a random noise frequency of 100–640 Hz. The electrodes were located on both mastoid processes. The stimulus duration and fade in/out duration were 600 and 10 s, respectively. Subjects oscillated their head horizontally, gazing at the fixation point, at 1 Hz for 30 repetitions. The coordination of eye–head movements was measured by eye-tracking and a motion capture system. Peak-to-peak angles for eye and head movement and deviation of the visual line from the fixation target revealed no significant differences between HF-nVS and sham. The lag time between the eye and head movement with HF-nVS post-stimulation was significantly shorter than that of the sham. We found that HF-nVS can reduce the lag time between eye and head movement and improve coordination, contributing to a clear retinal image. This technique could be applied as a form of VOR training for patients with vestibular hypofunction. (shrink)

In September 2010, the International Organization for Standardization adopted a new International Guidance Standard on Organizational Social Responsibility — ISO 26000. This Article, written by a participant in the process of developing the standard over a five-year period, considers the points of intersection between ISO 26000 and public policy, international law, democracy, and the role of the state. The Article is grounded in an analysis of the standard’s negotiating history. The concluding Part reflects on the implications of these observed facts (...) for the development of appropriate descriptive and normative theoretical frameworks and proposes three innovations that could underpin a less problematic relationship between ISO, public policy and the role of the state. (shrink)

The “Tower of London” puzzle was adapted to tablet PCs to be used as a clinical bedside test. “Iso-problems”, a specific class of problems, require identical moves but ball colours are permuted. Thus difficulty is the same even if the appearance is different. We wanted to determine the impact of these as yet little-studied tasks and hypothesised that there may be a learning effect specific to them (the “iso-effect”). We interspersed a set of six iso-problems within one selection of 22 (...) tasks and analysed problem solving by 81 healthy adults (mean age 41.6 years). Participants showed learning across iso-problems (less time, fewer moves, increasingly efficient solutions). This effect was distinct from general learning, as was obvious from comparison with a series of non-isomorphic tasks. However, participants seem not to be aware of solving such problems. This “iso-effect” may be related to implicit memory, a domain that so far has not been assessed using the Tower of London. (shrink)

Sang. Isŏng 1-chip - 9-chip -- Ha. Isŏng 10-chip - 19-chip.

While a growing body of literature has examined the link between green activities and firm innovation, little attention has been paid to the underlying mechanisms through which green activities take effect. This paper leverages the context of ISO 14001 certification among Chinese listed firms to investigate how the certification of environmental management system to ISO 14001 shapes corporate technological innovation. Drawing from the resource-based view and the resource management perspective, we argue that EMS certification to ISO 14001 facilitates corporate technological (...) innovation through the mediating effects of firms’ internal resource management practices, namely resource utilization, resource accumulation, and resource allocation. A difference-in-differences research design, together with the propensity score matching approach and the instrumental variable technique, provides corroborating evidence for our predictions. The current research not only makes substantial contributions to the literature, but also provides important ethical implications for both policymakers and firm managers. (shrink)

The “Tower of London” puzzle was adapted to tablet PCs to be used as a clinical bedside test. “Iso-problems”, a specific class of problems, require identical moves but ball colours are permuted. Thus difficulty is the same even if the appearance is different. We wanted to determine the impact of these as yet little-studied tasks and hypothesised that there may be a learning effect specific to them (the “iso-effect”). We interspersed a set of six iso-problems within one selection of 22 (...) tasks and analysed problem solving by 81 healthy adults (mean age 41.6 years). Participants showed learning across iso-problems (less time, fewer moves, increasingly efficient solutions). This effect was distinct from general learning, as was obvious from comparison with a series of non-isomorphic tasks. However, participants seem not to be aware of solving such problems. This “iso-effect” may be related to implicit memory, a domain that so far has not been assessed using the Tower of London. (shrink)

It is not easy being green, but it does beg the question: Does being green pay off on the bottom-line? Unfortunately, that question of becoming ISO 14001 to reap financial benefit remains widely unanswered. In particular, corporate practice is interested in how environmental management impacts firms’ finance through top-line impact, bottom-line impact, or both—as this paves the way for an investment of environmental management. As current findings are mixed, our study tracks financial performance of publicly traded US firms between 1996 (...) and 2005 to test whether ISO 14001 leads to improved financial performance. Employing a rigorous event-study approach, we compare certified firms to different control groups based on several matching criteria that include industry, size, and/or ROA. In the short run, ISO 14001 certification makes only a minor impact on the bottom-line, according to our results. However, these same results show a significant financial improvement over the long haul with ISO 14001 certification. Additionally, this long-term improvement also makes a significant improvement in top-line performance. Thus, we conclude that environmental management pays off along both dimensions. (shrink)