Nosso objetivo no presente artigo é contextualizar as críticas de Rousseau àquilo que posteriormente será designado como ética socioambiental, a partir da qual se analisam as relações dos homens com o meio ambiente e como estas são determinadas e também determinantes de suas ações ético-políticas. Pretende-se ainda verificar em que medida o pensamento de Rousseau pode contribuir para o entendimento dos desastres socioambientais, na atualidade. This paper aims at contextualizing Rousseau's critiques of what would later be called the socio-environmental ethics, (...) which entails analysis not only of the relations of men with the environment and the way these relations are determined, but also of the way the environment determines men's ethical and political actions. We also intend to verify to what extent Rousseau's thought may contribute to the understanding of current socio-environmental disasters. (shrink)

Não há como falar dos Princípios do Direito da Guerra de Rousseau sem falar em seu projeto maior, da obra que coroaria sua carreira de escritor político. Trata-se obviamente do projeto das Instituições Políticas, imaginado por Rousseau durante o período em que trabalhou como secretário da Embaixada da França em Veneza, entre os anos de 1743-1744. Os Princípios do Direito da Guerra integrariam a segunda parte das Instituições Políticas, aquela que trataria do direito das gentes, do comércio, do direito da (...) guerra e das conquistas etc. Entretanto, esse projeto, que deveria “selar a carreira do autor”, após anos de meditação acabou sendo abandonado. Conforme seu relato apresentado nas Confissões, “após ter trabalhado cinco ou seis anos a obra em questão não estava nada adiantada”, fato que o leva a abandonála no ano de 1759. (shrink)

Os objetivos do presente artigo são: apresentar um panorama das discussões modernas acerca dos conflitos internos que ameaçam e enriquecem a vida política das cidades; e de um ponto de vista externo, apresentar algumas das principais ideias construídas no período, para alargar os laços exteriores dos povos, na tentativa de superar ou sobreviver às guerras que ameaçam a independência dos Estados. Para tanto nos serviremos de autores como Maquiavel, Hobbes, Saint-Pierre, Rousseau e Bolívar.

Nosso objetivo é analisar alguns elementos do pensamento do filósofo suíço, sobretudo no que se refere às formulações teóricas que envolvem os conceitos de estado de natureza, desnaturação do homem, responsabilidade ética e participação política.

RESUMO:Nosso objetivo no presente artigo é apresentar algumas das principais críticas dirigidas por Rousseau às ideias acerca do direito “da” e principalmente “na” guerra, tal como aparecem na obra de Hugo Grotius. Rousseau insiste para que seus leitores não esqueçam “de jeito nenhum” que ele não procura “[...] o que torna a guerra vantajosa àquele que o faz, mas o que a torna legítima.” E lembra que “[...] sempre há um custo em ser justo”, mas que isso não é motivo (...) para nos dispensarmos de sê-lo. É preciso estabelecer regras que rejam as ações empreendidas, mesmo no seio dos combates, para que se distingam as guerras das simples pilhagens. ABSTRACT:This paper presents some of Rousseau’s main criticisms of the right “of ” and, principally, “in” war, as they appear in the works of Hugo Grotius. Rousseau asks his readers not to forget, “by any means”, that he doesn’t seek to discover “[...] what makes war advantageous to those who make it, but what makes it legitimate”. He also reminds us that “[...] there is always a cost to being fair”, but that this is not a reason for us to give up being so. It is necessary to establish rules for actions undertaken, even in the middle of combat, in order to distinguish war from mere pillaging. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 No presente artigo, trataremos acerca de algumas similitudes que podem ser percebidas entre as obras de Jean-Jacques Rousseau e Platáo. Pretendemos examinar principalmente as proximidades existentes acerca da eloqüência ou do poder do discurso tendo como fim ações políticas. Visa-se demonstrar que ambos autores possuem tanto uma valoraçáo positiva, quanto uma valoraçáo negativa do discurso e da eloqüência. Para tanto, utilizaremos principalmente as obras: Ensaio sobre a origem das línguas e o Discurso sobre (...) a desigualdade de Rousseau, e Fedro e Górgias , de Platáo. (shrink)

BackgroundNeuroethics describes several interdisciplinary topics exploring the application and implications of engaging neuroscience in societal contexts. To explore this topic, we present Part 3 of a four-part bibliography of neuroethics’ literature focusing on the “ethics of neuroscience.”MethodsTo complete a systematic survey of the neuroethics literature, 19 databases and 4 individual open-access journals were employed. Searches were conducted using the indexing language of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. A Python code was used to eliminate duplications in the final bibliography.ResultsThis bibliography (...) consists of 1137 papers, 56 books, and 134 book chapters published from 2002 through 2014, covering ethical issues in neuroimaging, neurogenetics, neurobiomarkers, neuro-psychopharmacology, brain stimulation, neural stem cells, neural tissue transplants, pediatric-specific issues, dual-use, and general neuroscience research issues. These works contain explanations of recent research regarding neurotechnology, while exploring ethical issues in future discoveries and use. (shrink)

Climate change, pollution, and deforestation have a negative impact on global mental health. There is an environmental justice dimension to this challenge as wealthy people and high-income countries are major contributors to climate change and pollution, while poor people and low-income countries are heavily affected by the consequences. Using state-of-the art data mining, we analyzed and visualized the global research landscape on mental health, climate change, pollution and deforestation over a 15-year period. Metadata of papers were exported from PubMed®, and (...) both relevance and relatedness of terms in different time frames were computed using VOSviewer. Co-occurrence graphs were used to visualize results. The development of exemplary terms over time was plotted separately. The number of research papers on mental health and environmental challenges is growing in a linear fashion. Major topics are climate change, chemical pollution, including psychiatric medication in wastewater, and neurobiological effects. Research on specific psychiatric syndromes and diseases, particularly on their ethical and social aspects is less prominent. There is a growing body of research literature on links between mental health, climate change, pollution, and deforestation. This research provides a graphic overview to mental healthcare professionals and political stakeholders. Social and ethical aspects of the climate change-mental health link have been neglected, and more research is needed. (shrink)

This book argues for adopting a new account of the circumstances of justice ("the habilitation framework") for philosophical theories of basic justice. It proposes a concept of basic health as a metric for such theories, and healthy agency as a target for them. It does not, however, propose a specific distributive rule or set of distributive principles. Nor does it propose a specific type of theory to pursue (e.g., utilitarian, contractarian, etc.). The book is thus meant to be largely theory-independent (...) respect to standard normative theories. (shrink)

This article re-examines Vilém Flusser's philosophy of photography and its relation to what I will name the philosophical question of 'image-thinking'. It places his work on photography in the context of the much discussed 'pictorial' and 'iconic' turns in the study of visual culture and, through this, aims to reveal the depth of Flusser's approach to understanding media culture and to argue for the significance and continuing relevance of his philosophy of photography.

Videoüberwachung ist heute allgegenwärtig. Sie dient dazu, Delikte im Nachhinein aufzuklären, zur Echtzeit-Überwachung oder zur Abschreckung. Darüber hinaus gibt es aber auch wirtschaftliche Interessen für eine Videoüberwachung und automatische Erfassung von Personen – z.B. zur Erstellung von Kundenprofilen und somit zur Analyse von Kaufverhalten. Dem gegenüber stehen Rechtsanspruche sowie ethische und gesellschaftliche Grundnormen, etwa dass Menschen nicht unter Generalverdacht gestellt oder ohne Zustimmung aufgezeichnet werden dürfen. In dieser Arbeit wird ein technischer Lösungsansatz behandelt, der eine flexible Handhabung der Videoüberwachung erlaubt. (...) Es werden in diesem Zusammenhang neben der technischen Umsetzung auch ökonomische, ethische und juristische Fragen betrachtet. Der Lösungsansatz besteht darin, Personen auf Videoaufnahmen durch ein kryptographisches Verfahren unkenntlich zu machen, noch bevor die Aufnahmen die Kamera-Elektronik verlassen. Nur mittels eines geheimen kryptographischen Schlüssels können einzelne Zeit- und Bildbereiche einer Aufnahme wieder deanonymisiert werden, wodurch rechtlichen wie ethischen Bedenken Rechnung getragen werden kann. In kommerziellen Szenarien erlaubt es diese digitale Tarnkappe, dass Kunden z.B. im Rahmen eines Prämien-Programms freiwillig auf Anonymisierung verzichten. Während in der Literatur der Informatik bereits seit längerem Technologien für solche System beschrieben werden, werden in dieser Arbeit Wege gezeigt, wie dessen Einbettung in die Gesellschaft wirklich realisiert werden könnte. (shrink)

Mortality rates for middle-aged whites in the U.S. are rising due to drugs, alcohol, and depression. Unique to our country, these “deaths of despair” disproportionately occur among the under-educated, who are at particular risk for dying young. At one time, less-educated persons aspired to work in the same factory as their parents, at union wages, with benefits. Those jobs, and the sense of community and prosperity and security they allowed, are evaporating. Many former workers suffer from chronic pain, which underlies (...) America's ongoing opioid overdose epidemic. The pain is not only physical. It is psychic, spiritual, and economic. (shrink)

This unique anthology from a seminal period of Germany history contains major writings by nine authors, many never before translated into English. Included in this collection of fifteenth-and sixteenth-century works are Erasmus, Martin Luther, Thomas Muntzer, Johann von Tepl, Sebastian Brant, and Rubianus.

In recent years, experts in geriatric care have increasingly promoted the use of reminiscence museums, collections of period objects that are used to help senior citizens draw on old memories in order to recall and talk about their past. Hands Off Not an Option is a practical guide to making and using such collections, showing how to establish and fill out a museum and illustrating the ways it can be used within senior care facilities and within individual homes. The book (...) will thus be of value both to those practicing in geriatric medical and social care and to individual families working with aged relatives. The book includes 1 DVD. (shrink)