Results for 'Simon Jenkins'

(not author) ( search as author name )
1000+ found
Order:
  1.  90
    Stress-Activity Mapping: Physiological Responses During General Duty Police Encounters.Simon Baldwin, Craig Bennell, Judith P. Andersen, Tori Semple & Bryce Jenkins - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10.
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   5 citations  
  2.  4
    A Reasonable Officer: Examining the Relationships Among Stress, Training, and Performance in a Highly Realistic Lethal Force Scenario.Simon Baldwin, Craig Bennell, Brittany Blaskovits, Andrew Brown, Bryce Jenkins, Chris Lawrence, Heather McGale, Tori Semple & Judith P. Andersen - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    Under conditions of physiological stress, officers are sometimes required to make split-second life-or-death decisions, where deficits in performance can have tragic outcomes, including serious injury or death and strained police–community relations. The current study assessed the performance of 122 active-duty police officers during a realistic lethal force scenario to examine whether performance was affected by the officer’s level of operational skills training, years of police service, and stress reactivity. Results demonstrated that the scenario produced elevated heart rates, as well as (...)
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  3.  53
    Polemic.Simon Jenkin - 1997 - The Philosophers' Magazine 1 (1):48-48.
    Direct download (4 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  4.  37
    Who gets the gametes? An argument for a points system for fertility patients.Simon Jenkins, Jonathan Ives, Sue Avery & Heather Draper - 2017 - Bioethics 32 (1):16-26.
    This paper argues that the convention of allocating donated gametes on a ‘first come, first served’ basis should be replaced with an allocation system that takes into account more morally relevant criteria than waiting time. This conclusion was developed using an empirical bioethics methodology, which involved a study of the views of 18 staff members from seven U.K. fertility clinics, and 20 academics, policy-makers, representatives of patient groups, and other relevant professionals, on the allocation of donated sperm and eggs. Against (...)
    Direct download (7 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  5.  7
    Conditional donation: Is it justifiable to have different policies for different kinds of tissue?Simon Paul Jenkins & Greg Moorlock - forthcoming - Clinical Ethics.
    The question of whether donors should be able to set conditions on who can receive their tissue has been discussed by bioethicists, but so far there has been little consideration of whether the answer to this question should be different depending on the type of tissue under discussion. In this article, we compare the donation of organs with the donation of reproductive material such as sperm, eggs, and embryos, exploring possible arguments for allowing donors to set conditions in one case (...)
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  6. Food, welfare, and agriculture: a complex picture.Simon Jenkins - 2017 - In Mary C. Rawlinson & Caleb Ward (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Food Ethics. London: Routledge. pp. 274--283.
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  7.  33
    Ethical challenges experienced by UK military medical personnel deployed to Sierra Leone (operation GRITROCK) during the 2014–2015 Ebola outbreak: a qualitative study. [REVIEW]Heather Draper & Simon Jenkins - 2017 - BMC Medical Ethics 18 (1):77.
    As part of its response to the 2014 Ebola outbreak in west Africa, the United Kingdom government established an Ebola treatment unit in Sierra Leone, staffed by military personnel. Little is known about the ethical challenges experienced by military medical staff on humanitarian deployment. We designed a qualitative study to explore this further with those who worked in the treatment unit. Semi-structured, face-to-face and telephone interviews were conducted with 20 UK military personnel deployed between October 2014 and April 2015 in (...)
    Direct download (6 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   6 citations  
  8.  30
    Ethical challenges experienced by UK military medical personnel deployed to Sierra Leone (operation GRITROCK) during the 2014–2015 Ebola outbreak: a qualitative study. [REVIEW]Heather Draper & Simon Jenkins - 2017 - BMC Medical Ethics 18 (1):1-13.
    Background As part of its response to the 2014 Ebola outbreak in west Africa, the United Kingdom government established an Ebola treatment unit in Sierra Leone, staffed by military personnel. Little is known about the ethical challenges experienced by military medical staff on humanitarian deployment. We designed a qualitative study to explore this further with those who worked in the treatment unit. Method Semi-structured, face-to-face and telephone interviews were conducted with 20 UK military personnel deployed between October 2014 and April (...)
    Direct download (4 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   6 citations  
  9.  34
    Humorous Commitments and Non-Violent Politics: A Response to Simon Critchley's Infinitely Demanding.Fiona Jenkins - 2009 - Critical Horizons 10 (2):257-271.
    This discussion of Infinitely Demanding explores the terms of the paradox with which Critchley is centrally concerned: how an ethico-politics can at once begin in disappointment and yet allow for engagement, the infinite renewal of commitment and optimism. Placing this in critical relation to the paradox Rorty meets with his account of the "private ironist and public liberal" in Contingency, Irony, Solidarity, I argue that Critchley's ethico-politics invokes the possibility of a non-ironical categorical imperative, at the meeting point of finitude (...)
    Direct download (3 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  10.  19
    Free to Say No? Free Will and Augustine's Evolving Doctrines of Grace and Election. By Eric L. Jenkins. Pp. vii, 131, Cambridge, James Clarke, 2013, £15.00. [REVIEW]Simon Heans - 2016 - Heythrop Journal 57 (2):389-390.
  11.  22
    David Hume: A Symposium. Edited by D. F. Pears. (London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd. 1963. Price 16s.).John J. Jenkins - 1965 - Philosophy 40 (153):251-.
  12.  38
    Hume's Philosophy of Belief. By Flew Antony. (London: Routledge & Regan Paul, 1961. Price 30s.).John J. Jenkins - 1964 - Philosophy 39 (147):88-.
    Direct download (5 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  13.  55
    Making Objects and Events: A Hylomorphic Theory of Artifacts, Actions, and Organisms.Simon Evnine - 2016 - Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press UK.
    Simon J. Evnine explores the view that some objects have matter from which they are distinct but that this distinctness is not due to the existence of anything like a form. He draws on Aristotle's insight that such objects must be understood in terms of an account that links what they are essentially with how they come to exist and what their functions are. Artifacts are the most prominent kind of objects where these three features coincide, and Evnine develops (...)
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   64 citations  
  14.  4
    Evaluating the Relative Importance of Wordhood Cues Using Statistical Learning.Elizabeth Pankratz, Simon Kirby & Jennifer Culbertson - 2024 - Cognitive Science 48 (3):e13429.
    Identifying wordlike units in language is typically done by applying a battery of criteria, though how to weight these criteria with respect to one another is currently unknown. We address this question by investigating whether certain criteria are also used as cues for learning an artificial language—if they are, then perhaps they can be relied on more as trustworthy top‐down diagnostics. The two criteria for grammatical wordhood that we consider are a unit's free mobility and its internal immutability. These criteria (...)
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  15.  31
    Feminist Philosophies of Life.Hasana Sharp & Chloë Taylor (eds.) - 2016 - Chicago: Mcgill-Queen's University Press.
    Much of the history of Western ethical thought has revolved around debates about what constitutes a good life, and claims that a good life is achievable only by certain human beings. In Feminist Philosophies of Life, feminist, new materialist, posthumanist, and ecofeminist philosophers challenge this tendency, approaching the question of life from alternative perspectives. Signalling the importance of distinctively feminist reflections on matters of shared concern, Feminist Philosophies of Life not only exposes the propensity of discourses to normalize and exclude (...)
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   4 citations  
  16. Presentism and Truthmaking.Simon Keller - 2004 - In Dean W. Zimmerman (ed.), Oxford Studies in Metaphysics, Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 83-104.
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   86 citations  
  17. Directed Duties.Simon Căbulea May - 2015 - Philosophy Compass 10 (8):523-532.
    Directed duties are duties that an agent owes to some party – a party who would be wronged if the duty were violated. A ‘direction problem’ asks what it is about a duty in virtue of which it is directed towards one party, if any, rather than another. I discuss three theories of moral direction: control, demand and interest theories. Although none of these theories can be rejected out of hand, all three face serious difficulties.
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   45 citations  
  18.  26
    Corporate codes of ethics: necessary but not sufficient.Simon Webley & Andrea Werner - 2008 - Business Ethics: A European Review 17 (4):405-415.
    While most large companies around the world now have a code of ethics, reported ethical malpractice among some of these does not appear to be abating. The reasons for this are explored, using academic studies, survey reports as well as insights gained from the Institute of Business Ethics' work with large corporations. These indicate that there is a gap between the existence of explicit ethical values and principles, often expressed in the form of a code, and the attitudes and behaviour (...)
    Direct download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   39 citations  
  19. Scientific Realism and Empirical Confirmation: a Puzzle.Simon Allzén - 2021 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 90:153-159.
    Scientific realism driven by inference to the best explanation (IBE) takes empirically confirmed objects to exist, independent, pace empiricism, of whether those objects are observable or not. This kind of realism, it has been claimed, does not need probabilistic reasoning to justify the claim that these objects exist. But I show that there are scientific contexts in which a non-probabilistic IBE-driven realism leads to a puzzle. Since IBE can be applied in scientific contexts in which empirical confirmation has not yet (...)
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   6 citations  
  20.  13
    Harnessing the power to bridge different worlds: An introduction to posthumanism as a philosophical perspective for the discipline.Simon Adam, Linda Juergensen & Claire Mallette - 2021 - Nursing Philosophy 22 (3):e12362.
    Although it is argued that social justice is a core concern for the discipline, nursing has not generally played a leadership role in the responses to many of the greatest social problems of our time. These include the accelerated rate of climate change, pandemic threats, systemic racism, growing health and social inequities, and the regulation of new technologies to ensure an equitable future ‘for all.’ In nursing codes of ethics, administration, education, policies, and practice, social justice is often claimed to (...)
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   10 citations  
  21.  31
    A Systematic Review Into the Psychological Causes and Correlates of Plagiarism.Simon A. Moss, Barbara White & Jim Lee - 2018 - Ethics and Behavior 28 (4):261-283.
    Interventions that are designed to stem plagiarism do not always override the motivation of individuals to cheat and, therefore, may not diminish misconduct. To inform more effective approaches, we conducted a systematic review to clarify the psychological causes of plagiarism. This review of 83 empirical papers showed that a specific blend of circumstances may foster plagiarism: an emphasis on competition and success rather than development and cooperation coupled with impaired resilience, limited confidence, impulsive tendencies, and biased cognitions. Fortunately, whenever students (...)
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   15 citations  
  22. Time, quantum mechanics, and decoherence.Simon Saunders - 1995 - Synthese 102 (2):235 - 266.
    State-reduction and the notion of actuality are compared to passage through time and the notion of the present; already in classical relativity the latter give rise to difficulties. The solution proposed here is to treat both tense and value-definiteness as relational properties or facts as relations; likewise the notions of change and probability. In both cases essential characteristics are absent: temporal relations are tenselessly true; probabilistic relations are deterministically true. The basic ideas go back to Everett, although the technical development (...)
    Direct download (8 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   60 citations  
  23. Welfare as success.Simon Keller - 2009 - Noûs 43 (4):656-683.
  24. When is an alternative possibility robust?Simon Kittle - 2019 - European Journal of Philosophy 27 (1):199-210.
    According to some, free will requires alternative possibilities. But not any old alternative possibility will do. Sometimes, being able to bring about an alternative does not bestow any control on an agent. In order to bestow control, and so be directly relevant qua alternative to grounding the agent's moral responsibility, alternatives need to be robust. Here, I investigate the nature of robust alternatives. I argue that Derk Pereboom's latest robustness criterion is too strong, and I suggest a different criterion based (...)
    Direct download (3 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   6 citations  
  25.  64
    Decoherence, relative states, and evolutionary adaptation.Simon Saunders - 1993 - Foundations of Physics 23 (12):1553-1585.
    We review the decoherent histories approach to the interpretation of quantum mechanics. The Everett relative-state theory is reformulated in terms of decoherent histories. A model of evolutionary adaptation is shown to imply decoherence. A general interpretative framework is proposed: probability and value-definiteness are to have a similar status to the attribution of tense in classical spacetime theory.
    Direct download (3 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   48 citations  
  26.  78
    Principled Compromise and the Abortion Controversy.Simon Căbulea May - 2005 - Philosophy and Public Affairs 33 (4):317-348.
    I argue against the claim that there are principled as well as pragmatic reasons for compromise in politics, even within the context of reasonable moral disagreements such as the abortion controversy.
    Direct download (5 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   48 citations  
  27. From Unobservable to Observable: Scientific Realism and the Discovery of Radium.Simon Allzén - 2022 - Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 53 (4):307-321.
    I explore the process of changes in the observability of entities and objects in science and how such changes impact two key issues in the scientific realism debate: the claim that predictively successful elements of past science are retained in current scientific theories, and the inductive defense of a specific version of inference to the best explanation with respect to unobservables. I provide a case-study of the discovery of radium by Marie Curie in order to show that the observability of (...)
    Direct download (4 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   2 citations  
  28.  70
    The Shapelessness Hypothesis.Simon T. Kirchin - 2010 - Philosophers' Imprint 10.
    In this paper I discuss the shapelessnesss hypothesis, which is often referred to and relied on by certain sorts of ethical and evaluative cognitivist, and which they use primarily in arguing against a certain, influential form of noncognitivism. I aim to (i) set out exactly what the hypothesis is; (ii) show that its original and traditional use is left wanting; and (iii) show that there is some rehabilitation on offer that might have a chance of convincing neutrals.
    Direct download (3 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   26 citations  
  29. 1. a problem for presentism.Simon Keller - 2004 - Oxford Studies in Metaphysics 1:83.
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   37 citations  
  30.  56
    Thick Concepts and Thick Descriptions.Simon Kirchin - 2013 - In Thick Concepts. Oxford, GB: Oxford University Press. pp. 60.
    In this article I compare Ryle's notion of a thick description with Williams' notion of a thick concept so as to illuminate our understanding of both. In doing so I suggest lines of thought that show us that the notion of 'evaluation' in play in many people's writings should be broadened. Doing so will help to lessen the credibility of separationist notions of thick concepts.
    Direct download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   19 citations  
  31.  99
    Knowledge-first believing the unknowable.Simon Wimmer - 2019 - Synthese 198 (4):3855-3871.
    I develop a challenge for a widely suggested knowledge-first account of belief that turns, primarily, on unknowable propositions. I consider and reject several responses to my challenge and sketch a new knowledge-first account of belief that avoids it.
    Direct download (7 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   4 citations  
  32.  26
    Review: The Sociobiology Muddle. [REVIEW]Robert L. Simon - 1982 - Ethics 92 (2):327-340.
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   485 citations  
  33.  12
    Understanding Minds in Real-World Environments: Toward a Mobile Cognition Approach.Simon Ladouce, David I. Donaldson, Paul A. Dudchenko & Magdalena Ietswaart - 2017 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 10.
  34.  35
    The use of content and timing to predict turn transitions.Simon Garrod & Martin J. Pickering - 2015 - Frontiers in Psychology 6.
    Direct download (9 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   12 citations  
  35. Against Methodological Continuity and Metaphysical Knowledge.Simon Allzén - 2023 - European Journal for Philosophy of Science 13 (1):1-20.
    The main purpose of this paper is to refute the metaphysicians ‘methodological continuation’ argument supporting epistemic realism in metaphysics. This argument aims to show that scientific realists have to accept that metaphysics is as rationally justified as science given that they both employ inference to the best explanation, i.e. that metaphysics and science are methodologically continuous. I argue that the reasons given by scientific realists as to why inference to the best explanation is reliable in science do not constitute a (...)
    Direct download (11 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   1 citation  
  36.  36
    Can iterated learning explain the emergence of graphical symbols?Simon Garrod, Nicolas Fay, Shane Rogers, Bradley Walker & Nik Swoboda - 2010 - Interaction Studies. Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systemsinteraction Studies / Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systemsinteraction Studies 11 (1):33-50.
    This paper contrasts two influential theoretical accounts of language change and evolution – Iterated Learning and Social Coordination. The contrast is based on an experiment that compares drawings produced with Garrod et al’s ‘pictionary’ task with those produced in an Iterated Learning version of the same task. The main finding is that Iterated Learning does not lead to the systematic simplification and increased symbolicity of graphical signs produced in the standard interactive version of the task. A second finding is that (...)
    No categories
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   18 citations  
  37.  49
    Balancing performance, ethics, and accountability.Simon Zadek - 1998 - Journal of Business Ethics 17 (13):1421-1442.
    Practical mechanisms for aligning performance, ethics, and accountability are urgently needed. The context for this includes the organisational, technological, and regulatory transformations underlying current patterns of globalisation. These factors, combined with the associated emergence of civil action concerned with corporate accountability and deeper value-shifts, make such realignments a practical possibility.Social and ethical accounting, auditing, and reporting provides one of the few practical mechanisms for companies to integrate new patterns of civil accountability and governance with a business success model focused on (...)
    Direct download (5 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   35 citations  
  38.  25
    Corporate Social Responsibility: Exploring Stakeholder Relationships and Programme Reporting across Leading FTSE Companies.Simon Knox, Stan Maklan & Paul French - 2005 - Journal of Business Ethics 61 (1):7-28.
    Although it is now widely recognised by business leaders that their companies need to accept a broader responsibility than short-term profits, recent research suggests that as corporate social responsibility (CSR) and social reporting become more widespread, there is little empirical evidence of the range of stakeholders addressed through their CSR programmes and how such programmes are reported. Through a CSR framework which was developed in an exploratory study, we explore the nature of stakeholder relationships reported across leading FTSE companies and (...)
    Direct download (4 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   27 citations  
  39.  76
    To what physics corresponds.Simon Saunders - 1993 - In S. French & H. Kamminga (eds.), Correspondence, Invariance and Heuristics: Essays in Honour of Heinz Post. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 295--325.
  40.  26
    Infrahuman madness: Mental health nursing and the discursive production of alterity.Simon Adam, Cindy Jiang, Marina Mikhail & Linda Juergensen - 2024 - Nursing Inquiry 31 (1):e12533.
    By examining an exemplar sample of mental health nursing educational policies and related legislation, in this article, we trace the discursive production of madness as an “othered” identity category. We engage in a critical discourse analysis of mental health nursing education in Canada, drawing on provincial and federal policies and legislation as the main sources of data. Theoretically framed by critical posthumanism and mad studies, this article outlines how the mad subjectivity becomes decontextualized out of its identity‐based understanding and recontextualized (...)
    No categories
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   3 citations  
  41. Time, decoherence and quantum mechanics.Simon Saunders - 1995 - Synthese 102 (2):235-266.
  42. Does Everyone Think the Ability to do Otherwise is Necessary for Free Will and Moral Responsibility?Simon Kittle - 2019 - Philosophia 47 (4):1177-1183.
    Christopher Franklin argues that, despite appearances, everyone thinks that the ability to do otherwise is required for free will and moral responsibility. Moreover, he says that the way to decide which ability to do otherwise is required will involve settling the nature of moral responsibility. In this paper I highlight one point on which those usually called leeway theorists - i.e. those who accept the need for alternatives - agree, in contradistinction to those who deny that the ability to do (...)
    Direct download (3 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   3 citations  
  43. Time, quantum mechanics, and tense.Simon Saunders - 1996 - Synthese 107 (1):19 - 53.
    The relational approach to tense holds that the now, passage, and becoming are to be understood in terms of relations between events. The debate over the adequacy of this framework is illustrated by a comparative study of the sense in which physical theories, (in)deterministic and (non)relativistic, can lend expression to the metaphysics at issue. The objective is not to settle the matter, but to clarify the nature of this metaphysics and to establish that the same issues are at stake in (...)
    Direct download (5 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   27 citations  
  44. Indiscernibles, general covariance, and other symmetries.Simon Saunders - 2002 - In Abhay Ashtekar, Jürgen Renn, Don Howard, Abner Shimony & S. Sarkar (eds.), Revisiting the Foundations of Relativistic Physics. Festschrift in Honour of John Stachel. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
    What is the meaning of general covariance? We learn something about it from the hole argument, due originally to Einstein. In his search for a theory of gravity, he noted that if the equations of motion are covariant under arbitrary coordinate transformations, then particle coordinates at a given time can be varied arbitrarily - they are underdetermined - even if their values at all earlier times are held fixed. It is the same for the values of fields. The argument can (...)
    Direct download (4 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   25 citations  
  45.  14
    Institutional review boards: A flawed system of risk management.Simon N. Whitney - 2016 - Research Ethics 12 (4):182-200.
    Institutional Review Boards and their federal overseers protect human subjects, but this vital work is often dysfunctional despite their conscientious efforts. A cardinal, but unrecognized, explanation is that IRBs are performing a specific function – the management of risk – using a flawed theoretical and practical approach. At the time of the IRB system’s creation, risk management theory emphasized the suppression of risk. Since then, scholars of governance, studying the experience of business and government, have learned that we must distinguish (...)
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   5 citations  
  46.  34
    The Application of Stakeholder Theory to Relationship Marketing Strategy Development in a Non-profit Organization.Simon Knox & Colin Gruar - 2007 - Journal of Business Ethics 75 (2):115-135.
    Non-profit (NP) organizations present complex challenges in managing stakeholder relationships, particularly during times of environmental change. This places a premium on knowing which stakeholders really matter if an effective relationship marketing strategy is to be developed. This article presents the successful application of a model, which combines Mitchell’s theory of stakeholder saliency and Coviello’s framework of contemporary marketing practices in a leading NP organization in the U.K. A cooperative enquiry approach is used to explore stakeholder relationships, dominant marketing practices, and (...)
    Direct download (4 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   18 citations  
  47. The negative energy sea.Simon Saunders - 1991 - In Simon Saunders & Harvey R. Brown (eds.), The Philosophy of Vacuum. Oxford University Press.
    No categories
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   22 citations  
  48.  58
    The pasteurization of France.Simon Schaffer - 1991 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 22 (1):174-192.
  49. Introduction: Thick and Thin Concepts.Simon T. Kirchin - unknown
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   10 citations  
  50.  25
    Thinking How to Live.Simon Blackburn - 2006 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 72 (3):729-744.
    No categories
    Direct download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   14 citations  
1 — 50 / 1000