Une clinique des radicalités dans le champ de la prévention et du traitement des extrémismes violents amène l’auteur de cet article à rencontrer de nombreux adolescents et jeunes adultes vulnérables. Ils établissent des liens entre violences et souffrances, historiques et actuelles, non prises en compte par le collectif. Les violences subies par les générations précédentes, notamment lors de la guerre d’Algérie, à défaut d’être clairement reconnues, subsistent de nos jours dans un sentiment d’abandon, voire une détresse psychique, qui amène les (...) adolescents à s’identifier aux jeunes de leur quartier de banlieue victimes de violences contemporaines, notamment lors d’affrontements avec la police. Au risque de la mort, la rupture radicale semble émerger, pour ces adolescents, comme seul remède au sentiment de désubjectivation contemporaine, en miroir avec les expériences passées de domination et d’exclusion. (shrink)

Lesdits « radicalisés » ne sont pas exceptionnels. Ce sont principalement des adolescents dont la complexité des trajectoires individuelles et familiales peut entraver la nécessaire séparation d’avec l’enfance pour se construire un devenir adulte. La clinique nous fait découvrir la multiplicité des stratégies possibles de l’adolescent prisonnier de ce dilemme. L’article analyse le cas d’une jeune fille aux prises d’un héritage familial traumatique et de sa propre régression archaïque, qui tente une séparation physique avec le vœu inconscient de parvenir à (...) se séparer enfin psychiquement. Mais les séparations physiques, même radicales, ne favorisent, au contraire, que séparation sans séparation. (shrink)

Une clinique des radicalités dans le champ de la prévention et du traitement des extrémismes violents amène l’auteur de cet article à rencontrer de nombreux adolescents et jeunes adultes vulnérables. Ils établissent des liens entre violences et souffrances, historiques et actuelles, non prises en compte par le collectif. Les violences subies par les générations précédentes, notamment lors de la guerre d’Algérie, à défaut d’être clairement reconnues, subsistent de nos jours dans un sentiment d’abandon, voire une détresse psychique, qui amène les (...) adolescents à s’identifier aux jeunes de leur quartier de banlieue victimes de violences contemporaines, notamment lors d’affrontements avec la police. Au risque de la mort, la rupture radicale semble émerger, pour ces adolescents, comme seul remède au sentiment de désubjectivation contemporaine, en miroir avec les expériences passées de domination et d’exclusion. (shrink)

La question posée dans cet article concerne les conduites de l’agir de certaines adolescentes dans le champ de la protection de l’enfance. Ces adolescentes sont accueillies dans des microstructures, unités de vie à effectif réduit, après un long parcours discontinu et jalonné d’accueils en foyers et/ou en familles d’accueil. Elles se sont construites sur la base de graves défaillances de la relation aux objets primaires et des effets dévastateurs de la multiplicité des lieux de placement. Les auteurs, psychologues cliniciennes impliquées (...) dans le secteur de l’enfance, observent leurs passages à l’acte en lien avec la dimension fondatrice et tragique de l’oralité dans sa contradiction amour/haine, afin de penser la clinique du sujet et de proposer des soins articulant soin individuel et accompagnement à la réaffiliation familiale et culturelle. (shrink)

Entre 1962 et 1984, 2 015 enfants réunionnais, dits « de la Creuse », ont été séparés de leurs parents et de leur île. Ils ont été placés dans des structures à La Réunion avant d’être exilés en métropole, dont un certain nombre dans la Creuse. À partir d’une recherche approfondie faisant suite à une première étude exploratoire, les auteures montrent qu’une quête de leur histoire d’enfant s’est imposée à eux à un moment de leur parcours d’adultes. La découverte tardive (...) de leur histoire lacunaire, via leur dossier d’archives de l’ ase, provoque un effet indéniable sur chacun et leur vie prend une autre tournure. Ce dossier devient un témoin clé de fragments douloureux de leur histoire. L’accompagnement d’une adulte à la consultation de son dossier d’archives témoigne de l’indispensable nécessité d’une aide « psycho-historique ». Par un effet loupe, ces découvertes articulées à la notion « d’axe narratif de filiation » (Golse, Moro) aident à penser cet accompagnement comme pouvant être appliqué à tous les enfants placés. (shrink)

La question posée dans cet article concerne les conduites de l’agir de certaines adolescentes dans le champ de la protection de l’enfance. Ces adolescentes sont accueillies dans des microstructures, unités de vie à effectif réduit, après un long parcours discontinu et jalonné d’accueils en foyers et/ou en familles d’accueil. Elles se sont construites sur la base de graves défaillances de la relation aux objets primaires et des effets dévastateurs de la multiplicité des lieux de placement. Les auteurs, psychologues cliniciennes impliquées (...) dans le secteur de l’enfance, observent leurs passages à l’acte en lien avec la dimension fondatrice et tragique de l’oralité dans sa contradiction amour/haine, afin de penser la clinique du sujet et de proposer des soins articulant soin individuel et accompagnement à la réaffiliation familiale et culturelle. (shrink)

Les jeunes « radicalisés » sont confrontés à des mouvements de questionnements internes et externes, comme grand nombre d’adolescents, sur leur filiation, leur identité. Leur engagement dans cet horizon guerrier s’inscrit autour de menaces psychiques inexorables face à des impensés dans leur histoire individuelle et collective. Appuyé par une méthodologie complémentariste, l’article analyse la situation de deux jeunes hommes confrontés à des reviviscences traumatiques de non-dits familiaux et la réactivation de mouvements internes et externes non maîtrisables. Malgré la tentative de (...) maîtriser ces menaces, la radicalité semble renvoyer à une violence sociale et politique menaçante. (shrink)

Artifacts are ubiquitous and influential in our world, but their nature and existence are controversial. Several theories have been proposed to explain the ontology of artifacts. Drawing on Popper's theory of three worlds, this paper suggests a metaphysics for artifacts along the line of a critical rationalist (CR) approach. This theory distinguishes between three realms of reality: the physical world (World 1), the mental world (World 2), and the world of objective knowledge (World 3). The paper argues that artifacts have (...) different ontological components that correspond to these three realms, and that each component is real and causal. The paper shows how this perspective can account for the intentional and functional aspects of artifacts, as well as their dependence on plans that influence different realms of reality. The paper explains how this pluralistic ontology, compared to the rival theories, enables one to explain the relevant ontological problems of artifacts. The paper also explores how this proposal can lead to a research program encompassing a broader range of technologies, such as social artifacts. In sum, the paper suggests that Popper's three worlds theory provides a rich and comprehensive framework for understanding the metaphysics of artifacts. (shrink)

Following on from ecological theories of perception, such as the one proposed by [Gibson, J. J. . The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin] this paper reviews the literature on the multisensory interactions underlying the perception of flavor in order to determine the extent to which it is really appropriate to consider flavor perception as a distinct perceptual system. We propose that the multisensory perception of flavor may be indicative of the fact that the taxonomy currently used to (...) define our senses is simply not appropriate. According to the view outlined here, the act of eating allows the different qualities of foodstuffs to be combined into unified percepts; and flavor can be used as a term to describe the combination of tastes, smells, trigeminal, and tactile sensations as well as the visual and auditory cues, that we perceive when tasting food. (shrink)

For decades, the dominant research paradigm has included trials conducted in clinical settings with little involvement from communities. The move toward community engaged research (CEnR) necessitates the inclusion of diverse perspectives to address complex problems. Using a relationship paradigm, CEnR reframes the context, considerations, practical steps, and outcomes of research.

Sensory substitution devices provide through an unusual sensory modality (the substituting modality, e.g., audition) access to features of the world that are normally accessed through another sensory modality (the substituted modality, e.g., vision). In this article, we address the question of which sensory modality the acquired perception belongs to. We have recourse to the four traditional criteria that have been used to define sensory modalities: sensory organ, stimuli, properties, and qualitative experience (Grice, 1962), to which we have added the criteria (...) of behavioral equivalence (Morgan, 1977), dedication (Keeley, 2002), and sensorimotor equivalence (O’Regan & Noe¨, 2001). We discuss which of them are fulfilled by perception through sensory substitution devices and whether this favors the view that perception belongs to the substituting or to the substituted modality. Though the application of a number of criteria might be taken to point to the conclusion that perception with a sensory substitution device belongs to the substituted modality, we argue that the evidence leads to an alternative view on sensory substitution. According to this view, the experience after sensory substitution is a transformation, extension, or augmentation of our perceptual capacities, rather than being something equivalent or reducible to an already existing sensory modality. We develop this view by comparing sensory substitution devices to other ‘‘mind-enhancing tools’’ such as pen and paper, sketchpads, or calculators. An analysis of sensory substitution in terms of mind-enhancing tools unveils it as a thoroughly transforming perceptual experience and as giving rise to a novel form of perceptual interaction with the environment. (shrink)

Søren Kierkegaard, in his essay "The Present Age," takes a hostile stance towards the press. This is because he maintains that the press prepares the ground for the emergence of nihilism. Hubert Dreyfus extends this idea to other information technologies, especially the Internet. Since Kierkegaard-Dreyfus’ attitude towards various forms of information technology originates from philosophical anthropology and a particular conception of the meaning of life, assessing the viability of the attitude they hold requires further critical scrutiny. This paper aims to (...) show that, although, Kierkegaard’s and Dreyfus' insights are important in understanding the dangers of information technology their approach concerning the meaning of life and human identity is a one-sided analysis of the problem situation; In particular, their reliance on "Unconditional Commitment" could bring about new undesired consequences. This paper emphasizes that an appropriate stance towards information technology needs, among other things, a richer and more effective philosophical anthropology; one that by utilizing religious-moral wisdom in a sensible manner, provides an effective way to safely benefit from various types of technology without falling into the abyss of nihilism. The paper further argues that we also need to provide an institutional control of technology through piecemeal social engineering in a democratic process. (shrink)

Professional institutions are increasingly confronted by fiscal constraints and political pressures to improve and increase their accountability in a competitive consumer-driven market. Accordingly, the need to ensure efficiency and accountability is of strategic importance. This article reports on a qualitative study of medical professionals that assessed the utility of financial incentives and external control methods derived from agency theory to ensure accountability of professionals. The authors argue that approaches derived from stewardship and institutional theories can extend the principal–agent perspective to (...) sustain greater social and ethical accountability. (shrink)

Priya’s situation highlights several important ethical issues in the field of global health work. These can be categorized as issues relevant to her predeparture motivations and preparation, her role as a Western professional working in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and her responsibilities once she returns home, having engaged in a project “in the field.”To consider the ethical issues inherent in global health work, individuals must ask themselves several critical questions . These include questions of motivation: “Why am (...) I doing this work? What do I hope to gain? What are my personal objectives?” . Answering these questions may be an uncomfortable exercise as one realizes that his or her motivations are not as purely altruistic as originally imagined . In Priya’s case, her interests and training suggest a longstanding commitment, but she must be honest with herself in her use of this internship to “build he .. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to point out the equivalence between three notions respectively issued from recursion theory, computational complexity and finite model theory. One the one hand, the rudimentary languages are known to be characterized by the linear hierarchy. On the other hand, this complexity class can be proved to correspond to monadic second‐order logic with addition. Our viewpoint sheds some new light on the close connection between these domains: We bring together the two extremal notions by providing (...) a direct logical characterization of rudimentary languages and a representation result of second‐order logic into these languages. We use natural arithmetical tools, and our proofs contain no ingredient from computational complexity. (shrink)

The Velvet Revolution of Armenia, which took place in 2018, was an important event in the history of Armenia and changed the government peacefully by means of large demonstrations, rallies and marches. This historic event was covered by Armenian news media. Our goal here was to do a Discourse-Historical Analysis of the Armenian Velvet Revolution as covered by two Armenian websites: armenpress.am-the governmental website and 168.am-the non-governmental website. In our analysis we identified how the lexicon related to the Armenian Velvet (...) Revolution was negotiated and legitimized by these media, and which discursive strategies were applied. We concluded that ‘Armenpress’ paid more attention to the government’s speeches, discussions, meetings and tried to impose the opinion of the government upon the people. In contrast, ‘168’ tried to present itself as an independent website with a neutral attitude toward the Velvet Revolution but, in reality, as we can conclude from the negative opinions about the Velvet Revolution in the coverage of ‘168’, it also represented the government’s interests. There was also a discursive struggle over the exact meaning of ‘revolution’ and the sense of ‘velvet’ in politics and the academic field that was to some extent introduced by these media. (shrink)

This article takes up the concept of montage that has defined scholarship on Alfred Döblin’s Berlin Alexanderplatz: Die Geschichte von Franz Biberkopf since its publication. Against interpretations that understand the novel’s technique of montage as related to film and the avant-garde, I show that the novel is more strongly tied to paper objects and practices, above all the nineteenth-century serial novel and its medial environment in the newspaper. Approaching the novel from this perspective directs attention – in opposition to the (...) scholarship that has emphasized the experience of disruption produced by montage – to the significance of the plot and its highly gendered violence.ZusammenfassungSeit seiner Erstveröffentlichung wird Alfred Döblins Berlin Alexanderplatz: Die Geschichte von Franz Biberkopf durchweg unter dem Begriff der Montage verhandelt. Entgegen dieser Lektüre, die die Ästhetik des Montageschnitts mit Praktiken des Films und der Avantgarde verbindet, zeige ich, dass der Roman in einer Geschichte von Papierobjekten und Papierpraktiken zu verorten ist, zu der vor allem der Feuilletonroman des 19. Jahrhunderts mitsamt dessen medialem Umfeld gehört. Im Gegensatz zum Forschungskonsens, der die Erfahrung der Diskontinuität hervorhebt, lenkt eine Annäherung an den Roman aus der Perspektive von Papierpraktiken unsere Aufmerksamkeit auf die Bedeutung der Romanhandlung und die genderspezifische Gewalt, die sie kennzeichnet. (shrink)

For decades, the dominant research paradigm has included trials conducted in clinical settings with little involvement from communities. However, concerns about the relevance and applicability of the processes or outcomes of such research have led to calls for greater community engagement in the research process. As such, there has been a shift in emphasis from simply recruiting research participants from community settings to engaging community members more broadly in all aspects of the research process. The move toward community engaged research (...) is in part driven by the recognition that inclusion of diverse perspectives in multidisciplinary teams is essential to addressing complex problems. Investigators have come to recognize the inherent value of engaging community members as collaborators in multidisciplinary teams that are conducting research on issues of concern to communities. The insider perspective from community members is now recognized as essential in designing effective and well-received recruitment strategies, culturally appropriate measures, and identifying meaningful and broad-reaching venues for dissemination. (shrink)

Any adequate philosophy of technology needs to take a clear stance with regard to the limits of criticizability. While observing the canons of criticizability may appear to be simple, many philosophical approaches (whether towards technology or other topics) abandon comprehensive criticizability by adopting some forms of justificationist or essentialist epistemology. This paper aims to show that criticizability can only be upheld by subscribing to a non-justificationist epistemology and by acknowledging the propositions/standards dichotomy; failing to do so leads to undesirable epistemic (...) consequences. (shrink)

Development in all of its stages, from organizing the vision and strategy to implementing plans, requires policy-making. We show that the division of labor and specialization of sciences and some philosophical doctrines cause the emergence of technocracy in policies. Technocracy makes development not happen in the direction of public welfare. For this reason, for sustainable development, we need institutions, strategies, and philosophical contexts that provide a democratic ground for the possibility of criticizing and reforming policies.

The purpose of this paper is to shed some light on the Philosophical relationship between humanities and technology. It will be explained that most disciplines in humanities are Janus-faced: they are part science/knowledge and part technology. The thesis of the paper is that the relationship between the technological aspect of humanities and other technologies is positive and synergetic, while the relationship between their scientific aspect and technologies is almost entirely critical and negative. The argument of the paper is not that (...) the scientific aspect of humanities has nothing positive to offer to the development of technologies, but rather to clarify the nature of this assistance. It is also hoped that the paper’s analysis could help to explain how the scientific aspect of humanities can partake in the process of rationalisation of the development of technology. (shrink)

The revolution brought about by quantum mechanics in the early 20th century was nothing short of remarkable. It shattered the foundational principles of classical physics, giving rise to a plethora of controversial and intriguing conceptual questions. Questions that still perplex and confound the scientific community today. Is the quantum mechanical description of physical reality complete? Are the objects of nature truly inseparable? And most importantly, do objects not have a specific position before measurement, and are there non-causal quantum jumps? These (...) vital problems continue to garner more attention as time passes, particularly with the fading of positivism. If you're a student seeking to explore the fascinating philosophical foundations of quantum mechanics, this book might be just what you need. Written in Persian, brings you closer to the heart of quantum controversies and the fascinating world of quantum mechanics. (shrink)

What if a blind person could 'see' with her ears? Thanks to Sensory Substitution Devices (SSDs), blind people now have access to out-of-reach objects, a privilege reserved so far for the sighted. In this paper, we show that the philosophical debates have fundamentally been mislead to think that SSDs should be fitted among the existing senses or that they constitute a new sense. Contrary to the existing assumption that they get integrated at the sensory level, we present a new thesis (...) according to which they are not sensory, and get vertically integrated on the top of existing sensory abilities, from which they should be theoretically distinguished. (shrink)

Business Ethics, the Environment &Responsibility, Volume 33, Issue 3, Page 241-250, July 2024.

The extent to which individuals with a variety of cultural backgrounds differ in empathic responsiveness is unknown. This article describes the differences in trait empathy in one independent and one interdependent society (i.e., the US and Iran, respectively). The analysis of data collected from self-reported questionnaires answered by 326 adults indicated a significant difference in the cognitive component of empathy concerning participants’ affiliation to either egocentric or socio-centric society: Iranian participants with interdependent cultural norms, reported higher cognitive empathy compared to (...) American participants who share independent cultural norms. In line with previous studies, gender differences were observed in all subscales of questionnaires, except the Empathy Quotient (EQ). Female participants demonstrated more empathy than males in both samples. Implications for understanding the cross-cultural differences of various components of empathy are discussed. (shrink)

Dans l’objectif d’observer et d’analyser les capacités d’argumentation de jeunes enfants, nous avons mis en place dans les classes des débats ouverts à visée philosophique à partir d’images. Les enfants passent par trois phases : la description de l’image qui consiste à en décrypter le message littéral, l’interprétation du message symbolique et la discussion qui aboutit à la construction collective d’un concept philosophique dont l’image est chargée métaphoriquement. En observant les compétences de problématisation et de conceptualisation des élèves, notre but (...) dans cette étude est de montrer comment les enfants de 5 à 11 ans accèdent à une forme d’implicite sous-jacent à l’image en passant par la métaphore. En nous appuyant sur un corpus recueilli dans 14 classes de différents niveaux scolaires, nous avons identifié dans les interactions des enfants les moments langagiers qui pointent le passage progressif de l’explicite vers l’implicite et dans lequel la production de la métaphore manifeste le cheminement le plus abouti vers le concept philosophique. (shrink)

Die Bildtheorie hat sich jüngst dem Begriff der Form zugewandt. Der interdisziplinäre Band verfolgt das Ziel, den vielfältigen Zusammenhängen von Form und Bild nachzugehen und ihre historischen, theoretischen und methodischen Voraussetzungen zu beleuchten. Das semantische Feld von Formbildung und Formbegriff umreisst einen Gegenstandsbereich, der eine doppelte Herangehensweise nahelegt: eine Untersuchung der theoretischen Implikationen von Formbegriffen der Moderne einerseits und eine historische Analyse spezifischer künstlerischer Positionen andererseits. Hat doch die Bildung konkreter Formen Auswirkungen auf deren begriffliche Reflexion. Der Terminus 'Form' bedeutet (...) ebenso emphatisch Grundform, auf das Wesentliche reduzierte Form, wie er die konkrete anschauliche Form in ihrer Gewordenheit, sinnlichen Fülle und Einbettung in kulturelle und kommunikative Zusammenhänge meint. (shrink)

Ash's functions Nσ ,k count the number of k -equivalence classes of σ -structures of size n . Some conditions on their asymptotic behavior imply the long standing spectrum conjecture. We present a new condition which is equivalent to this conjecture and we discriminate some easy and difficult particular cases.

The aim of this phenomenological research study carried out in Iran was to capture the meaning of patients' rights from the lived experiences of patients and their companions. To achieve this, 12 semistructured interviews were conducted during 2005 in a teaching hospital in Tehran with patients and/or their companions. In addition, extensive field notes were compiled during the interviews. The data were analyzed using Benner's thematic analysis. The themes captured were classified into three main categories, with certain themes identified within (...) each category. The categories were: (1) the concept of patients' rights; (2) barriers to patients' rights; and (3) facilitators of patients' rights. The distinctive themes within each of the categories were identified as: (1a) receiving real care, (1b) focus on the patient, and (1c) equality and accessibility; (2a) dissatisfaction with caregivers, and (2b) specific work environment limitations; (3a) the patient's companion, (3b) a responsible system, and (3c) the public's awareness of rights. Although certain themes identified closely resemble those identified in international patients' bills of rights, the current study focused on themes that are particularly relevant to the Iranian sociocultural context. (shrink)

Bell introduces local beables in contrast to quantum mechanical observables. The present article emphasizes the importance and necessity of introducing local beables in quantum mechanics from the ontological and epistemological points of view. We argue that suggesting beables in the ontology of quantum mechanics is necessary to give an adequate account of its testability.

The current study explored the effects of using digital flashcards and mobile devices on learning academic vocabulary. The participants were 86 university students majoring in Psychology in two experimental conditions and one control group. A list of 361 core academic words frequently used in Psychology was taught to the participants using different materials, and the learning outcomes were compared across the three groups. Accordingly, the participants in the experimental group 1 used a DF application, participants in the experimental group 2 (...) used traditional materials, and those in the control group were given a list of target words with their definitions. Receptive knowledge of the target words was tested before and after the treatment, and the learning outcomes were compared across the groups using one-way between-groups ANOVA. The findings of the study indicated that using DFs enhanced students’ engagement with learning their discipline-specific academic vocabulary and that experimental group 1 outperformed those participants in other learning conditions. The findings add to the existing literature on mobile-assisted vocabulary learning and provide empirical support for the effectiveness of such platforms for learning academic vocabulary. The implications of the study were discussed in terms of the affordances provided by DFs on mobile devices and corpus-based word lists for informing vocabulary learning components in teaching English for Academic Purposes. (shrink)

In 1952, Heinrich Scholz published a question in The Journal of Symbolic Logic asking for a characterization of spectra, i.e., sets of natural numbers that are the cardinalities of finite models of first order sentences. Günter Asser in turn asked whether the complement of a spectrum is always a spectrum. These innocent questions turned out to be seminal for the development of finite model theory and descriptive complexity. In this paper we survey developments over the last 50-odd years pertaining to (...) the spectrum problem. Our presentation follows conceptual developments rather than the chronological order. Originally a number theoretic problem, it has been approached by means of recursion theory, resource bounded complexity theory, classification by complexity of the defining sentences, and finally by means of structural graph theory. Although Scholz' question was answered in various ways, Asser's question remains open. (shrink)

Cultural influences are pervasive throughout human behaviour, and as human–robot interactions become more common, roboticists are increasingly focusing attention on how to build robots that are culturally competent and culturally sustainable. The current treatment of culture in robotics, however, is largely limited to the definition of culture as national culture. This is problematic for three reasons: it ignores subcultures, it loses specificity and hides the nuances in cultures, and it excludes refugees and stateless persons. We propose to shift the focus (...) of cultural robotics to redefine culture as an emergent phenomenon. We make use of three research programmes in the social and cognitive sciences to justify this definition. Consequently, cultural behaviour cannot be explicitly programmed into a robot, rather, a robot must be designed with the capability to participate in the interactions that lead to the arising of cultural behaviour. In the final part of the paper, we explore which capacities and abilities are the most salient for a robot to do this. (shrink)