à l’aube de la communication politique moderne, Rubens en affronte le problème central : comment authentifier un récit historique parfaitement faux. Il y répond par des moyens purement picturaux, en substituant la vérité de la peinture à la vérité historique. La confrontation avec les textes de Richelieu permet de comprendre à quel point la suite consacrée à Marie de Médicis sert un programme politique dont elle fabrique l’authenticité par sa puissance de persuasion.

This book addresses central issues in the philosophy and metaphysics of science, namely the nature of scientific theories, their partial truth, and the necessity of scientific laws within a moderate realist and empiricist perspective. Accordingly, good arguments in favour of the existence of unobservable entities postulated by our best theories, such as electrons, must be inductively grounded on perceptual experience and not their explanatory power as most defenders of scientific realism claim. Similarly, belief in the reality of dispositions such as (...) causal powers which ground the natural necessity of scientific laws must be based on experience. Hence, this book offers a synthetic presentation of an original metaphysics of science, namely a metaphysics of properties, both categorical and dispositional, while at the same time opposing strong versions of necessitarism according to which laws are true in all possible worlds. The main theses and arguments are clearly presented in a non-technical way. Thus, on top of being of interest to the specialists of the topics discussed, it is also useful as a textbook in courses for third year and more advanced university students. (shrink)

Malgré un lieu commun indéfiniment répété, Aristote n’a pas fondé la théorie littéraire. La notion de littérature est introuvable chez lui et son influence l’a rendue longtemps impensable. Dans la mesure où l’antiquité classique connaissait des pratiques proprement littéraires et une réflexion sur ces pratiques, il faut questionner les obstacles qui en ont bloqué l’émergence. La littérature pourra émerger quand la production textuelle bascule sous la domination de l’écrit, quand la fiction cesse d’être dominée par le vraisemblable, et quand une (...) théorie interprétative de la signification se substitue à une théorie logique du sens. (shrink)

"Next to Sartre's Search for a Method and in direct opposition to it, Foucault's work is the most noteworthy effort at a theory of history in the last 50 years." -- Library Journal.

The second volume in an unprecedented publishing event: the complete College de France lectures of one of the most influential thinkers of the last century Michel Foucault remains among the towering intellectual figures of postmodern philosophy. His works on sexuality, madness, the prison, and medicine are classics his example continues to challenge and inspire. From 1971 until his death in 1984, Foucault gave public lectures at the world-famous College de France. These lectures were seminal events. Attended by thousands, they created (...) benchmarks for contemporary critical inquiry. The lectures comprising Abnormal begin by examining the role of psychiatry in modern criminal justice, and its method of categorizing individuals who "resemble their crime before they commit it." Building on the themes of societal self-defense in the first volume of this series, Foucault shows how and why defining "abnormality" and "normality" were prerogatives of power in the nineteenth century, shaping the institutions--from the prison system to the family--meant to deal in particular with “monstrosity,” whether sexual, phsyical, or spiritual. The College de France lectures add immeasurably to our appreciation of Foucault's thought, and offer a unique window on his singular worldview. (shrink)

La contribution de Michel Troper à la théorie générale du droit et à la théorie constitutionnelle est aujourd'hui reconnue et célébrée un peu partout dans le monde. Un talent d'architecte se tient à l'origine de cette audience rarement égalée dans la sphère francophone : celui qu'il faut pour accommoder toutes les exigences, quel que soit l'ordre de valeur dans lequel on les trouve : originalité, rigueur, souci de la fonction, esthétisme, solidité, adaptation, intelligence, inquiétude, esprit critique, renoncement, réalisme... A ces (...) mérites, on ajoutera une curiosité insatiable, un goût prononcé pour l'échange et le débat, un refus distingué de l'académisme, un sens exigeant de l'amitié et une méfiance profônde pour les adjectifs... C'est cet édifice de qualités que les élèves, collègues et amis de Michel Troper sont heureux de célébrer en lui offrant ces Mélanges. (shrink)

A part of the “return to religion” now evident in European philosophy, this book represents the culmination of the career of a leading phenomenological thinker whose earlier works trace a trajectory from Marx through a genealogy of psychoanalysis that interprets Descartes’s “I think, I am” as “I feel myself thinking, I am.” In this book, Henry does not ask whether Christianity is “true” or “false.” Rather, what is in question here is what Christianity considers as truth, what kind of truth (...) it offers to people, what it endeavors to communicate to them, not as a theoretical and indifferent truth, but as the essential truth that by some mysterious affinity is suitable for them, to the point that it alone is capable of ensuring them salvation. In the process, Henry inevitably argues against the concept of truth that dominates modern thought and determines, in its multiple implications, the world in which we live. Henry argues that Christ undoes “the truth of the world,” that He is an access to the infinity of self-love, to a radical subjectivity that admits no outside, to the immanence of affective life found beyond the despair fatally attached to all objectifying thought. The Kingdom of God accomplishes itself in the here and now through the love of Christ in what Henry calls “the auto-affection of Life.” In this condition, he argues, all problems of lack, ambivalence, and false projection are resolved. (shrink)

This paper examines two influential theoretical frameworks, set forth by Russell Barkley (1997) and Thomas Brown (2005), and argues that important headway in understanding attention deficit hyperactivity disorder can be made if we acknowledge the way in which human cognition and action are essentially embodied and enactive. The way in which we actively make sense of the world is structured by our bodily dynamics and our sensorimotor engagement with our surroundings. These bodily dynamics are linked to an individual's concerns and (...) felt needs, so that what she attends to in perception, decision-making, and action is partially constituted by her cares and concerns. What I call ?affective framing? engages the whole living body, and ordinarily contributes to attentional focusing, working memory, goal-formulation, and action-monitoring. However, due to affective framing deficits, subjects with ADHD find it difficult to focus their attention, kindle their motivation, and systematically simplify cognitive procedures according to considerations of relevance, salience, and context. Thus, what is impaired in ADHD is not simply a set of executive brain functions, but rather a range of bodily dynamics through which subjects engage with their world. For this reason, intensive behavioral intervention that engages the whole living body may be the most effective, lasting treatment for ADHD. (shrink)

Dying serves so often within the narratives of Western popular culture, as an exercise in self-improvement both to the individual dying and to those looking on. It enlightens, ennobles and renders exceptional all those affected by it. Though mainstream cinema's “grammar of dying” is mired in similar myths, film has the potential to do dying differently: it can, instead, connect us, ethically, to the vulnerability of others. The aim of this article is to pursue this potential of film. Using the (...) mainstream grammar of dying as a starting point, I will consider how the moving image, and this ethical potential, is harnessed within two hybrid-media pieces about a loved-one's decline and death: George Saxon's art installation, “A Record of Undying” (2014) and photographer Briony Campbell's short film The Dad Project (2009). While these works will be located within the traditions and transformations of moving image practice, the primary concern here is with how such emotionally resonant pieces navigate our relation to, and responsibility for, our own and others' harsh realities. In this way, the question of ethics is grounded not in the solipsistic circuits of affective modes – whether as the catharsis or betterment of mainstream myths, or what Jane Stadler privileges as the ethical effects of empathy – but in something more inherently, more inevitably, political. (shrink)

Within the Neoplatonic tradition, the absolute transcendence of the First Principle—the One-Good, from which the whole reality in its various articulations derives—plays a crucial role. This philosophical perspective implies, particularly in Plotinus and Proclus, some fundamental philosophical consequences, above all the transcendence of the Principle with respect to being and thought as well. This necessarily implies that the One-Good must be conceived of as beyond the intelligible Beauty itself. In this paper I aim to examine the theoretical implications and consequences (...) of this perspective with specific reference to the conception of God’s absolute transcendence outlined within two texts of the Corpus Areopagiticum, overall characterized by the reworking of some fundamental Neoplatonic concepts in the context of Christian theology: the De divinis nominibus and the De mystica theologia. Indeed, in the De divinis nominibus it is shown that the names/predicates attributed to God in the Sacred Scriptures must be understood only in an allegorical-symbolic meaning, because God is above any possible definition. Not even the character of Beauty can be attributed to him, since he radically transcends it: in fact, God constitutes the absolute foundation and the very first source of Beauty itself. Therefore, God must be understood as ἀκαλλής, that is, “devoid of the connotation of Beauty”, precisely because he completely transcends it. In line with this theological and theoretical perspective, in the De mystica theologia a form of radical and absolute apophatism is developed, which in turn must ultimately lead to its own overcoming for the sake of the henosis, the mystical union with God. (shrink)

First published: 2010; Previous edition: 2012..

This title considers whether any generalisations can be made about word order in language. The chapters, written by international scholars, draw on data from several 'disharmonic' and typologically distinct languages, including Mandarin Chinese, Basque, French, English, Hixkaryana (a Cariban language), Khalkha Mongolian, Uyghur Turkic, and Afrikaans.

Prenatal genetic testing is becoming available for an increasingly broad set of diseases, and it is only a matter of time before parents can choose to test for hundreds, if not thousands, of genetic conditions in their fetuses. Should access to certain kinds of fetal genetic information be limited, and if so, on what basis? We evaluate a range of considerations including reproductive autonomy, parental rights, disability rights, and the rights and interests of the fetus as a potential future child. (...) We conclude that parents should be able to access information that could be useful during pregnancy, but that testing for non-medical information should be limited. Next, we argue that the government lacks a compelling state interest in regulating prenatal genetic testing and propose that regulation should occur through medical professional organizations. Finally, we present a framework for determining what testing physicians should recommend, offer neutrally, or not offer at all. (shrink)

Si Ebehrard a forcé la note en lisant chez Leibniz une critique de la raison rendant superflue la critique kantienne, il a probablement vu juste en voyant chez le premier une pensée de la phénoménalité anticipant celle du second ainsi que sa problématique de l’objectivité.

An examination of the relation between war and politics, by one of the twentieth century’s most influential thinkers From 1971 until 1984 at the College de France, Michel Foucault gave a series of lectures ranging freely and conversationally over the range of his research. In Society Must Be Defended , Foucault deals with the emergence in the early seventeenth century of a new understanding of war as the permanent basis of all institutions of power, a hidden presence within society that (...) could be deciphered by an historical analysis. Tracing this development, Foucault outlines the genealogy of power and knowledge that had become his dominant concern. (shrink)

Trois voix évoquent les multiples facettes de l’œuvre philosophique et de l’engagement politique de André Tosel, à travers ses travaux sur Spinoza et sur l’actualité de la question théologico-politique, son rôle dans l’essor des nouvelles études gramsciennes et sa relance du problème de la construction d’une unité populaire, ses développements sur les nouvelles figures des solidarités transnationales et des luttes émancipatrices à l’âge d’une globalisation combinant « fluidité » du capital et renforcement des segmentations communautaires et identitaires.

Si l’inspiration initiale des marxismes conduisait à rendre la religion à sa référence sociale et à briser le bloc théologico-politique, le marxisme stalinien a abouti à l’érection de la doctrine en religion laïque. La dissolution de cette sacralisation conduit à une problématique de la laïcité opposant aux religions du pouvoir, les effets impolitiques des religions.

Si l’effondrement du socialisme réel avait légitimé « l’économie de marché » et par là les théories économiques qui la modélisent, la multiplication et l’approfondissement des crises du capital financier, en particulier depuis 2008, ont au contraire semblé invalider cette double légitimité. Le procès est facile : les économistes n’ont, dans l’ensemble, rien vu venir des crises ni de leur ampleur. Au mieux ils nous les présentent comme une fatalité météorologique. Et quand ils se hasardent à p...

L’intraduisible soumet la traduction à la torture : on doit rendre la non-équivalence ; meilleure est la traduction, moins la compréhension est assurée. Si toute traduction est interprétation, alors moins on traduit, plus on élimine l’arbitraire interprétatif. La relativité des ontologies implique l’absence de véritable synonymie, donc l’impossibilité de la paraphrase. L’intraduisible, c’est le caractère inachevé d’un texte qui peut par là répondre à des problèmes qui n’étaient pas ceux de l’auteur. C’est l’historicité du texte. Mais celle-ci ne naît pas (...) simplement de l’inachèvement du sens des énoncés. Elle naît de l’énonciation et l’intraduisible vient aussi de l’historicité de cette dernière. Le traducteur traduit sur fond d’intraduisible, car il doit rendre des systèmes de différences. (shrink)

Il peut paraître étrange de parler de dimension sociale d’une affectivité qui semble définir ce qu’il y a de plus singulier et de plus privé dans l’individu humain. Il convient donc de préciser le sens que je donne à l’expression. Les dimensions sociales de l’affectivité sont des relations irréductibles aux modalités de l’affectivité individuelle, mais qui pour autant ne définissent en rien l’affectivité de groupes, ou de foules indépendamment des individus qui les composent. Je refuse donc l..

Si les sociétés occidentales vivent sous la pathos d’une authenticité définie par l’originalité et la singularité d’une subjectivité, elles n’en sont pas moins des sociétés où cette subjectivité est codifiée, où sa liberté est encapsulée dans une méta contrainte. Dans le champ de l’art, le kitsch apparaît comme un lieu essentiel de cette combinaison. Les tenants du Kitsch en ont fait la vérité de l’art, à partir du moment où il était supposé devenir la vérité de l’époque. Ils n’ont défini (...) qu’un conformisme social, à travers même la façon dont le Kitsch se donne comme la vérité et l’authenticité de l’art. (shrink)

Marx a conçu différents scénarios sur l’avenir du capitalisme, en décrivant cet avenir comme une actualisation de plus en plus fidèle de l’essence du capitalisme. Si ce système social est une production privée médiée par le marché, on s’attendrait donc à ce que le capitalisme marche vers toujours plus de privatisation, toujours plus de marché. Le néolibéralisme serait l’avenir du capitalisme. Certains textes vont dans ce sens. Mais la dialectique de la concurrence induit un schéma inverse : la concentration capitaliste (...) conduit à la formation de monopoles et à l’intervention de l’État. Ce schéma étaye le catastrophisme de Marx qui condamne le capitalisme à sa chute et il fait du capitalisme d’État la transition vers ce que la vulgate nommera socialisme, qui s’incarne dans une économie organisée, transparente. (shrink)

Under the banner of the rationalisation of production, the figure of the manager has been presented as the incarnation of productive efficiency and social progress. Such an image, heir to the type of the « captain of industry » which was still prevalent in the Fordist paradigm, has proven to be totally illusory. The manager is henceforth the mere agent of financial profitability. Management is a mode of subsumption of labour by capital, one which attempts to control that component of (...) autonomy in work that is a requirement in the processes of post-Fordist production. Class struggle, in its current aspects, is thus enacted by way of the modalities of capital’s hegemony, which seeks to elicit labour’s consent in the process of its own exploitation. It does so by way of paradoxical injunctions and a modification of the representations of social agents. However by breaking collective solidarities and replacing cooperation by competition, management has deployed an anthropology of simulation, provoking a general crisis of confidence which signals the failure of this Hobbesian paradigm. (shrink)

La raison se constitue comme puissance publique dans l'écart entre le " nous " qui préside à l'interlocution des diverses communautés et le " on " qui incarne l'impersonnalité des rapports sociaux hors de toute inauthenticité, dans l'écart donc entre l'impersonnalité des rapports sociaux et leur inter-individualité. Universalisation de l'interlocution dans laquelle elle est plongée, elle ne peut se concevoir hors des régimes de sens dans lesquels elle est plongée, et qui lui imposent ses limitations tant formelles que contextuelles. Si (...) elle échappe pourtant comme processus d'auto-rectification à l'engloutissement dans les formes historiques et culturelles où elle se déploie, c'est par une rhétorique constitutive de son caractère politique. (shrink)

Les comportements paradoxaux des agents économiques semblent témoigner d’une opposition entre rationalité des structures et rationalité de l’action. Une fois reconsidérés dans leur caractère réflexif, ils apparaissent au contraire structurellement rationnels et témoignent des limites et antagonismes internes des rationalités économiques. Ces limites et contradictions rendent les modèles centraux de la science économique ininterprétables empiriquement et impliquent une refonte générale de la raison économique.

Résumé Réduire l’art à une métaphysique du beau semble impliquer, ce que développe Winckelmann, un principe de continuité du corps, avec comme conséquence un principe d’invisibilité de ses saillies et de ses orifices, qui bannit toute représentation sexuelle autre que frivole. Le traitement du corps en saillies et en orifice, dont Goya fournirait l’exemple, implique l’intégration du laid à sa définition, dont Rosenkranz essaie de rendre compte. Mais une esthétique du trouble aussi bien que l’éclatement total des normes dans les (...) pratiques esthétiques contemporaines abolissent les limites que cet héritier de Hegel voulait fixer à la production artistique. Il y a peut-être pourtant une limite interne aux pratiques esthétiques : quand elles s’en prennent directement à l’intégrité physique des individus, comme c’est le cas parfois aujourd’hui, elles abolissent toute symbolisation, toute distance du symbole et du symbolisé, et l’on assiste ainsi à la véritable mort de l’art. (shrink)

La barbarie est une notion à la fois descriptive et normative, comme celle de cruauté. Ce double statut bouscule l’opposition du fait et de la norme, et la loi de Hume qui la codifie, parce qu’il décrit non seulement une action, le fait de l’agir, mais la socialité de cet agir, comme quand on dit aux enfants : « cela ne se fait pas ». Cette expression décrit un comportement comme contraire aux relations interindividuelles à l’œuvre dans une société, donc (...) l’interindividualité des rapports soci... (shrink)

Rorty's relationship with Nietzsche is complicated. On the one hand, Rorty endorses Nietzsche's break with Platonic philosophy and its quest for truth, even if he sometimes finds it inadequate. He also sees Nietzsche as a superlative private philosopher, who models the virtues of literary creation, a tact he borrows from Nehamas. On the other hand, Rorty tends to minimize key elements of Nietzsche's teaching, including his clearly illiberal morality and what he sees as democracy's inherent shortcomings. Rather than seeing Nietzsche (...) as the philosopher of the will to power and would‐be founder of civilizations, Rorty's Nietzsche is a pragmatist and poet who is devoid of any proper public teaching. (shrink)

This paper tackles the problem of defining what a cognitive expert is. Starting from a shared intuition that the definition of an expert depends upon the conceptual function of expertise, I shed light on two main approaches to the notion of an expert: according to novice-oriented accounts of expertise, experts need to provide laypeople with information they lack in some domain; whereas, according to research-oriented accounts, experts need to contribute to the epistemic progress of their discipline. In this paper, I (...) defend the thesis that cognitive experts should be identified by their ability to perform the latter function rather than the former, as novice-oriented accounts, unlike research-oriented ones, fail to comply with the rules of a functionalist approach to expertise. (shrink)

This paper focuses on extant approaches to counteract the consumption of fake news online. Proponents of structural approaches suggest that our proneness to consuming fake news could only be reduced by reshaping the architecture of online environments. Proponents of educational approaches suggest that fake news consumers should be empowered to improve their epistemic agency. In this paper, we address a question that is relevant to this debate: namely, whether fake news consumers commit mistakes for which they can be criticized and (...) that they could easily avoid by reforming their doxastic conduct. Proponents of structural approaches, like R. Rini and B. Millar, have defended in different ways a negative answer to this question. In this paper, we criticize their views and suggest that individual users could improve on their epistemic practice by widening their information diet. (shrink)

This article introduces an account of moral education grounded in Zagzebski’s recent Exemplarist Moral Theory and discusses two problems that have to be solved for the account to become a realistic alternative to other educational models on the market, namely the limited-applicability problem and the problem of indoctrination. The first problem raises worries about the viability of the account in ordinary circumstances. The second charges the proposed educational model with indoctrinating students. The main goal of this article is to show (...) how an exemplar-based account of moral education can handle both problems without compromising its structure and upshot. (shrink)

Translator's preface -- Introduction: The question of phenomenology -- Hyletic phenomenology and material phenomenology -- The phenomenological method -- Pathos-with reflections on Husserl's Fifth cartesian meditation -- For a phenomenology of community.

According to a recent account of epistemic authority proposed by Linda Zagzebski (2012), it is rational for laypersons to believe on authority when they conscientiously judge that the authority is more likely to form true beliefs and avoid false ones than they are in some domain. Christoph Jäger (2016) has recently raised several objections to her view. By contrast, I argue that both theories fail to adequately capture what epistemic authority is, and I offer an alternative account grounded in the (...) abilities that different kinds of authorities are required to possess. (shrink)

While social geographers have convincingly made the case that space is not an external constant, but rather is produced through inter-relations, anthropologists and sociologists have done much to further an understanding of time, as itself constituted through social interaction and inter-relation. Their work suggests that time is not an apolitical background to social life, but shapes how we perceive and relate to others. For those interested in exploring issues such as identity, community and difference, this suggests that attending to how (...) temporal discourses are utilised in relation to these issues is a key task. This article seeks to contribute to an expansion of the debate about time and sociality by contributing an analysis of a variety of ways in which Gloria Anzaldúa utilises temporal concepts as part of her work of rethinking social identity and community. In particular, I suggest that in contesting homogeneous identity, Anzaldúa also implicitly contests linear temporal frameworks. Further, in creating new frameworks for identity, I suggest the possibility of discerning an alternative approach to time in her work that places difference at the heart of simultaneity. I suggest that the interconnection between concepts of time and community within Anzaldúa’s work indicates, more broadly, that attempts to rework understandings of relationality must be accompanied by reworked accounts of temporality. (shrink)

Michelle Kosch examines the conceptions of free will and the foundations of ethics in the work of Kant, Schelling, and Kierkegaard. She seeks to understand the history of German idealism better by looking at it through the lens of these issues, and to understand Kierkegaard better by placing his thought in this context. Kosch argues for a new interpretation of Kierkegaard's theory of agency, that Schelling was a major influence and Kant a major target of criticism, and that both the (...) theory and the criticisms are highly relevant to contemporary debates. (shrink)

The human species is more reliant on cultural adaptation than any other species, but it is unclear how observational learning can give rise to the faithful transmission of cultural adaptations. One possibility is that teaching facilitates accurate social transmission by narrowing the range of inferences that learners make. However, there is wide disagreement about how to define teaching, and how to interpret the empirical evidence for teaching across cultures and species. In this article I argue that disputes about the nature (...) and prevalence of teaching across human societies and nonhuman animals are based on a number of deep-rooted theoretical differences between fields, as well as on important differences in how teaching is defined. To reconcile these disparate bodies of research, I review the three major approaches to the study of teaching – mentalistic, culture-based, and functionalist – and outline the research questions about teaching that each addresses. I then argue for a new, integrated framework that differentiates between teaching types according to the specific adaptive problems that each type solves, and apply this framework to restructure current empirical evidence on teaching in humans and nonhuman animals. This integrative framework generates novel insights, with broad implications for the study of the evolution of teaching, including the roles of cognitive constraints and cooperative dilemmas in how and when teaching evolves. Finally, I propose an explanation for why some types of teaching are uniquely human, and discuss new directions for research motivated by this framework. (shrink)

Epistemic paternalism is the thesis that in some circumstances we are justified in interfering with the inquiry of another for their own epistemic good without consulting them on the issue. In this paper, I address the issue of who is rationally entitled to undertake paternalistic interferences, and in virtue of which features one has this entitlement. First, I undermine the view according to which experts are the most apt people to act as paternalist interferers. Then, I argue that epistemic authorities (...) are in a better position to satisfy the requirements of justified epistemic paternalism, when conceived according to the service model of epistemic authority. Finally, I offer a virtue-based account of paternalist interferers and show how it can apply to cases in which the interferer is a group or an institution. (shrink)

ABSTRACTCommerce changes the production of wealth in a society as well as its ethics. What is appropriate in a non-commercial society is not necessarily appropriate in a commercial one. Adam Smith criticizes Stoic self-command in commercial societies, rather than embracing it, as is often suggested. He argues that Stoicism, with its promotion of indifference to passions, is an ethic appropriate for savages. Savages live in hard conditions where expressing emotions is detrimental and reprehensible. In contrast, the ease of life brought (...) about by commerce fosters the appropriate expressions and sharing of emotions. Imposing Stoicism on a commercial society is therefore imposing an ethic for savages onto a refined society – something to abhor. Smith’s rejection of Stoicism in commercial societies can thus be seen as a defence of commerce. (shrink)