Results for 'Eli Shupe'

997 found
Order:
  1. Transformative experience and the limits of revelation.Eli Shupe - 2016 - Philosophical Studies 173 (11):3119-3132.
    In her recent book, L. A. Paul presses a serious problem for normative decision theory. Normative decision theory seems to be inapplicable when the values of potential outcomes are unknown, or when our preferences may change as a result of our choice. Paul then offers a framework for overcoming these problems, known as therevelation approach. I argue that, contrary to what Paul suggests, this approach is unhelpful in the large class of cases where the decision at hand centrally concerns persons (...)
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   4 citations  
  2. Instrumental Reasoning in Nonhuman Animals.Elisabeth Camp & Eli Shupe - 2017 - In Kristin Andrews & Jacob Beck (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Animal Minds. Routledge. pp. 100-118.
  3. Perceiving deviance.Eli Shupe - 2019 - Synthese 198 (8):6955-6967.
    I defend the claim that we have the capacity to perceptually represent objects and events in experience as deviating from an expectation, or, for short, as deviant. The rival hypothesis is that we may ascribe the property of deviance to a stimulus at a cognitive level, but that property is not a representational content of perceptual experience. I provide empirical reasons to think that, contrary to the rival hypothesis, we do perceptually represent deviance.
    Direct download (3 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  4.  30
    Punishing Moral Animals.Eli Shupe - 2021 - Canadian Journal of Philosophy 51 (5):351-366.
    There has been recent speculation that some animals are moral agents. Using a retributivist framework, I argue that if some animals are moral agents, then there are circumstances in which some of them deserve punishment. But who is best situated to punish animal wrongdoers? This paper explores the idea that the answer to this question is humans.
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  5.  14
    The Concept of Criticism. By F. E. Sparshott. London and Toronto, Oxford University Press. 1967, pp. 215. $5.95.Eli Mandel - 1968 - Dialogue 7 (2):292-296.
    No categories
    Direct download (3 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  6.  8
    Xue hou hong mei: zhe xue jia Sun Shuping.Shuping Sun & Sha Shan (eds.) - 2000 - Nanjing: Nanjing da xue chu ban she.
    本书简要介绍了心理学一代宗师高觉敷先生的生活与工作经历,收录了对高觉敷先生的纪念文章和心理学思想研究文章,以及高觉敷先生的代表作精选.
    Direct download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  7. C'hız ve Antikite: Yunan Zoolojisinin Alımlanışı.Veysel Eliş - 2024 - Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 26 (49):183-211.
    Mu‘tezilî düşünür Amr b. Bahr el-Câhız’ın (ö. 255/869) tercüme faaliyetleri sonucu Antikite (Antik Çağ) Yunanca metinlerden yaptığı aktarımlar canlılar hakkındaki fikirlerini etkilemiştir. Böylece Yunan zoolojisinde ortaya koyulan görüşlere Kitâbü’l-Hayevân eserinde geniş bir şekilde yer vermiştir. Ayrıca diğer eserlerinde az da olsa Yunan düşünürlerin hayvanlar hakkındaki görüşleri mevcuttur. Ancak Yunan zoolojisinden tevarüs eden birikimin Câhız’ın Kitâbü’l-Hayevân eseri olmak üzere hangi bağlamda ve ne düzeyde alımlandığı tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Alımlanan bilgilerin Câhız’ı ne kadar etkilediği ve doğrudan mı yoksa kendi ilmî birikiminin süzgecinden (...)
    No categories
    Direct download (3 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  8. Xian dai jun shi lun li xue gai lun.Shuping Liu, Feng Zhao & Taihong Sun (eds.) - 2005 - Beijing Shi: Guo fang gong ye chu ban she.
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  9.  10
    An Ethical Compass: Coming of Age in the 21st Century : the Ethics Prize of the Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity.Elie Wiesel & Thomas L. Friedman (eds.) - 2010 - Yale University Press.
    In 1986, Elie Wiesel received the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of his victory over “the powers of death and degradation, and to support the struggle of good against evil in the world.” Soon after, he and his wife, Marion, created the Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity. A project at the heart of the Foundation’s mission is its Ethics Prize—a remarkable essay-writing contest through which thousands of students from colleges across the country are encouraged to confront ethical issues of personal (...)
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  10. The concept of identity.Eli Hirsch - 1982 - New York: Oxford University Press.
    In this book, Eli Hirsch focuses on identity through time, first with respect to ordinary bodies, then underlying matter, and eventually persons.
    Direct download (3 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   124 citations  
  11.  4
    Essai d'épistémologie réaliste.Elie Zahar - 2000 - Paris: Libr. philosophique J. Vrin.
    Introduction générale à la philosophie des sciences du 20e siècle.
    No categories
    Direct download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   2 citations  
  12.  41
    Physical‐Object Ontology, Verbal Disputes, and Common Sense.Eli Hirsch - 2007 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 70 (1):67-97.
    Two main claims are defended in this paper: first, that typical disputes in the literature about the ontology of physical objects are merely verbal; second, that the proper way to resolve these disputes is by appealing to common sense or ordinary language. A verbal dispute is characterized not in terms of private idiolects, but in terms of different linguistic communities representing different positions. If we imagine a community that makes Chisholm's mereological essentialist assertions, and another community that makes Lewis's four‐dimensionalist (...)
    No categories
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   110 citations  
  13.  22
    On the person in personal health responsibility.Joar Røkke Fystro, Bjørn Hofmann & Eli Feiring - 2022 - BMC Medical Ethics 23 (1):1-7.
    In this paper, we start by comparing the two agents, Ann and Bob, who are involved in two car crashes. Whereas Ann crashes her car through no fault of her own, Bob crashes as a result of reckless driving. Unlike Ann, Bob is held criminally responsible, and the insurance company refuses to cover the car’s damages. Nonetheless, Ann and Bob both receive emergency hospital treatment that a third party covers, regardless of any assessment of personal responsibility. What warrants such apparent (...)
    Direct download (3 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  14.  6
    Einleitung: Indologie und „Ariertum“: Wissen über Indien in NS-Deutschland – Eine Einladung zur neuen Forschung.Moritz Epple, Maria Framke, Eli Franco, Horst Junginger & Baijayanti Roy - 2023 - NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin 31 (3):219-231.
    ZusammenfassungDie Einleitung zu unserem Themenheft bietet einen kurzen Überblick über bisherige historische Literatur zum Wissen über Indien im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland und skizziert drei verschiedene, aber miteinander verbundene Schichten solchen Kenntnissen: Disziplinäre Kenntnisse der Indologie als akademisches Fachgebiet, Wissen, das den Bedürfnissen staatlicher Stellen gerecht wird, und Allgemeinwissen (und Überzeugungen) über Indien.
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  15.  6
    Bjørn Qviller in Memorian.Drude von der Fehr, Bjørn Thommessen, Eli Moen & Tore Jørgen Hanisch - 2004 - Agora Journal for metafysisk spekulasjon 22 (4):196-208.
    No categories
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  16.  6
    Mapping out the arguments for and against patient non-attendance fees in healthcare: an analysis of public consultation documents.Joar Røkke Fystro & Eli Feiring - 2023 - Journal of Medical Ethics 49 (12):844-849.
    BackgroundPatients not attending their appointments without giving notice burden healthcare services. To reduce non-attendance rates, patient non-attendance fees have been introduced in various settings. Although some argue in narrow economic terms that behavioural change as a result of financial incentives is a voluntary transaction, charging patients for non-attendance remains controversial. This paper aims to investigate the controversies of implementing patient non-attendance fees.ObjectiveThe aim was to map out the arguments in the Norwegian public debate concerning the introduction and use of patient (...)
    Direct download (3 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  17. Articulating a Thought.Eli Alshanetsky - 2019 - Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    Eli Alshanetsky considers how we make our thoughts clear to ourselves in the process of putting them into words and examines the paradox of those difficult cases where we do not already know what we are struggling to articulate.
    Direct download (4 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   3 citations  
  18.  5
    Kʻartʻuli pʻilosopʻiuri azris istoriis narkvevebi.Šalva Xidašeli (ed.) - 19uu - Tʻbilisi: Gamomcʻemloba "Mecʻniereba".
    Direct download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  19. Voprosy gruzinskogo Renessansa.Šalva Xidašeli - 1984 - Tbilisi: Izd-vo "Met︠s︡niereba".
  20.  19
    Chinese Intellectuals and Science A History of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.Shuping Yao - 1989 - Science in Context 3 (2):447-473.
    The ArgumentThe Chinese Academy of Sciences, founded in 1949 – the same year as the People's Republic of China – has attempted to use science to speed up technological, economic, and defense-related development, as well as the entire process of modernization. At' the same time, political structures on the development of science have hampered scientific output and kept it to a level that was far below what might have been expected from the creative potential of China's scientists.Early in this century, (...)
    Direct download (3 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  21. Liang Song Meng xue yan jiu.Shuping Zhou - 2007 - Beijing: Ren min chu ban she.
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  22.  6
    Xian Qin Han Tang Meng xue yan jiu.Shuping Zhou - 2020 - Beijing: Zhonghua shu ju.
    本书探讨了先秦至唐孟学的学术演进,分先秦孟学、两汉孟学、魏晋南北朝隋唐孟学三个阶段,对这三个阶段的孟学作整体性的研究。既有宏观的把握与评判,也有微观的考辨与探析。在梳理孟子思想基础上,分析孟子弟子对孟 子思想的疑惑,探讨告子对孟子的驳难,辨析荀子对思孟学派的批判以及王充“刺孟”,考察汉代孟子传记博士的废立,剖析以赵岐为代表的汉唐学人对《孟子》的解读,分析汉唐经学、文学、宗教等对孟子思想的吸纳与融通, 探寻先秦汉唐孟学升降沉浮的历史动因。.
    Direct download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  23. Revaluing Laws of Nature in Secularized Science.Eli I. Lichtenstein - 2022 - In Yemima Ben-Menahem (ed.), Rethinking the Concept of Law of Nature: Natural Order in the Light of Contemporary Science. Springer. pp. 347-377.
    Discovering laws of nature was a way to worship a law-giving God, during the Scientific Revolution. So why should we consider it worthwhile now, in our own more secularized science? For historical perspective, I examine two competing early modern theological traditions that related laws of nature to different divine attributes, and their secular legacy in views ranging from Kant and Nietzsche to Humean and ‘governing’ accounts in recent analytic metaphysics. Tracing these branching offshoots of ethically charged God-concepts sheds light on (...)
    Direct download (5 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   3 citations  
  24. Caring for Valid Sexual Consent.Eli Benjamin Israel - forthcoming - Hypatia.
    When philosophers consider factors compromising autonomy in consent, they often focus solely on the consent-giver’s agential capacities, overlooking the impact of the consent-receiver’s conduct on the consensual character of the activity. In this paper, I argue that valid consent requires justified trust in the consent-receiver to act only within the scope of consent. I call this the Trust Condition (TC), drawing on Katherine Hawley’s commitment account of trust. TC constitutes a belief that the consent-receiver is capable and willing to act (...)
    Direct download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  25.  6
    Application of Linear Regression Mathematical Model in the Evaluation of Teachers’ Informatization Quality.Shuping Li & Xinlei Yuan - 2021 - Complexity 2021:1-10.
    With the widespread application of information technology and the continuous deepening of my country’s education informatization construction, the educational field has increasingly higher requirements for teachers’ informatization quality. The advancement of the process of education informatization depends to a large extent on the level of teachers’ own level of informatization and has gradually become an important indicator to measure the informatization of education. The main body of education and the decisive factor are teachers. The scientific and reasonable evaluation of informatization (...)
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  26. Quantifier Variance and Realism: Essays in Metaontology.Eli Hirsch - 2010 - New York, US: Oxford University Press.
    A sense of unity -- Basic objects : a reply to Xu -- Objectivity without objects -- The vagueness of identity -- Quantifier variance and realism -- Against revisionary ontology -- Comments on Theodore Sider's four dimensionalism -- Sosa's existential relativism -- Physical-object ontology, verbal disputes, and common sense -- Ontological arguments : interpretive charity and quantifier variance -- Language, ontology, and structure -- Ontology and alternative languages.
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   70 citations  
  27. (Mis)Understanding scientific disagreement: Success versus pursuit-worthiness in theory choice.Eli I. Lichtenstein - 2021 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 85:166-175.
    Scientists often diverge widely when choosing between research programs. This can seem to be rooted in disagreements about which of several theories, competing to address shared questions or phenomena, is currently the most epistemically or explanatorily valuable—i.e. most successful. But many such cases are actually more directly rooted in differing judgments of pursuit-worthiness, concerning which theory will be best down the line, or which addresses the most significant data or questions. Using case studies from 16th-century astronomy and 20th-century geology and (...)
    Direct download (5 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   9 citations  
  28. Why did Einstein's programme supersede lorentz's? (I).Elie Zahar - 1973 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 24 (2):95-123.
  29. Sefer ha-gan.Yitsḥaḳ ben Eliʻezer - 1893 - Yerushalayim: Mekhon Or ha-ṭov. Edited by Avraham ben Yehuda Leyb & Mosheh Kahana.
    sefer ḳeṭan ha-kamut ṿe-rav ha-eikhut kolel ʻinyene musar ṿe-hadrakhah be-ʻavodat ha-shem yitbarakh ṿe-hanhagot ṭovot...be-tosefet tsiyune marʼeh meḳomot mi-tanakh ume-ḥazal.
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  30. Bian zheng wei wu zhu yi he li shi wei wu zhu yi.Shuping Sun (ed.) - 1980 - Shanghai: Xin hua shu dian Shanghai fa xing suo fa xing.
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  31. Li shi wei wu zhu yi gang yao.Shuping Sun - 1980 - Shanghai: Xin hua shu dian fa xing.
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  32. Zhongguo zhe xue jia lun dian hui bian.Shuping Sun & Shuyou Li (eds.) - 1986 - Shanghai: Xin hua shu dian Shanghai fa xing suo fa xing.
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  33. Zhongguo zhe xue shi gao.Shuping Sun - 1980 - Shanghai: Xin hua shu dian Shanghai fa xing suo fa xing.
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  34. Beyond cardboard lawyers in legal ethics.Eli Wald & Russell G. Pearce - 2012 - Legal Ethics 15 (1):147.
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  35.  53
    To infinity and beyond: a cultural history of the infinite.Eli Maor - 1987 - Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Edited by Ian Stewart.
    Eli Maor examines the role of infinity in mathematics and geometry and its cultural impact on the arts and sciences. He evokes the profound intellectual impact the infinite has exercised on the human mind--from the "horror infiniti" of the Greeks to the works of M. C. Escher from the ornamental designs of the Moslems, to the sage Giordano Bruno, whose belief in an infinite universe led to his death at the hands of the Inquisition. But above all, the book describes (...)
    Direct download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   4 citations  
  36.  28
    We are better off without perfect perception.Eli Brenner & Jeroen B. J. Smeets - 2001 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (2):215-216.
    Stoffregen & Bardy's target article is based on the assumption that our senses' ultimate purpose is to provide us with perfect information about the outside world. We argue that it is often more important that information be available quickly than that it be perfect. Consequently our nervous system processes different aspects of information about our surrounding as separately as possible. The separation is not between the senses, but between separate aspects of our surrounding. This results in inconsistencies between judgments: sometimes (...)
    Direct download (7 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   36 citations  
  37. Counterfactuals, indeterminacy, and value: a puzzle.Eli Pitcovski & Andrew Peet - 2022 - Synthese 200 (1):1-20.
    According to the Counterfactual Comparative Account of harm and benefit, an event is overall harmful for a subject to the extent that this subject would have been better off if it had not occurred. In this paper we present a challenge for the Counterfactual Comparative Account. We argue that if physical processes are chancy in the manner suggested by our best physical theories, then CCA faces a dilemma: If it is developed in line with the standard approach to counterfactuals, then (...)
    Direct download (5 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   1 citation  
  38.  80
    Do You Mind Violating My Will? Revisiting and Asserting Autonomy.Eli Benjamin Israel - forthcoming - In Georgi Gardiner & Micol Bez (eds.), The Philosophy of Sexual Violence. Routledge.
    In this paper, I discuss a subset of preferences in which a person desires the fulfillment of a choice they have made, even if it involves the violation of their desires, as in rape fantasies. I argue that such cases provide us with a unique insight into personal autonomy from a proceduralist standpoint. In its first part, I analyze some examples in light of Frankfurt's endorsement theory and argue that even when we cannot endorse a practical decision that involves being (...)
    Direct download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  39. Why did Einstein's programme supersede lorentz's? (II).Elie Zahar - 1973 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 24 (3):223-262.
  40. Dividing reality.Eli Hirsch - 1993 - New York: Oxford University Press.
    The central question in this book is why it seems reasonable for the words of our language to divide up the world in ordinary ways rather than other imaginable ways. Hirsch calls this the division problem. His book aims to bring this problem into sharp focus, to distinguish it from various related problems, and to consider the best prospects for solving it. In exploring various possible responses to the division problem, Hirsch examines series of "division principles" which purport to express (...)
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   58 citations  
  41.  51
    Basic objects: A reply to xu.Eli Hirsch - 1997 - Mind and Language 12 (3-4):406–412.
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   16 citations  
  42. Explaining Harm.Eli Pitcovski - 2022 - Philosophical Studies 180 (2):509-527.
    What determines the degree to which some event harms a subject? According to the counterfactual comparative account, an event is harmful for a subject to the extent that she would have been overall better off if it had not occurred. Unlike the causation based account, this view nicely accounts for deprivational harms, including the harm of death, and for cases in which events constitute a harm rather than causing it. However, I argue, it ultimately fails, since not every intrinsically bad (...)
    No categories
    Direct download (5 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   1 citation  
  43. Ontology and alternative languages.Eli Hirsch - 2009 - In David Chalmers, David Manley & Ryan Wasserman (eds.), Metametaphysics: New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology. Oxford University Press. pp. 231--58.
  44.  16
    Einstein Versus Bohr: The Continuing Controversies in Physics.Elie Zahar - 1988 - Open Court Publishing Company.
    Einstein Versus Bohr is unlike other books on science written by experts for non-experts, because it presents the history of science in terms of problems, conflicts, contradictions, and arguments. Science normally "keeps a tidy workshop." Professor Sachs breaks with convention by taking us into the theoretical workshop, giving us a problem-oriented account of modern physics, an account that concentrates on underlying concepts and debate. The book contains mathematical explanations, but it is so-designed that the whole argument can be followed with (...)
    Direct download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   36 citations  
  45. Physical-object ontology, verbal disputes, and common sense.Eli Hirsch - 2005 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 70 (1):67–97.
    Two main claims are defended in this paper: first, that typical disputes in the literature about the ontology of physical objects are merely verbal; second, that the proper way to resolve these disputes is by appealing to common sense or ordinary language. A verbal dispute is characterized not in terms of private idiolects, but in terms of different linguistic communities representing different positions. If we imagine a community that makes Chisholm's mereological essentialist assertions, and another community that makes Lewis's four-dimensionalist (...)
    Direct download (6 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   125 citations  
  46.  13
    Basic Objects: A Reply to Xu.Eli Hirsch - 1997 - Mind and Language 12 (3-4):406-412.
    Direct download (2 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   14 citations  
  47. Explanation and evaluation in Foucault's genealogy of morality.Eli B. Lichtenstein - 2023 - European Journal of Philosophy 31 (3):731-747.
    Philosophers have cataloged a range of genealogical methods by which different sorts of normative conclusions can be established. Although such methods provide diverging ways of pursuing genealogical inquiry, they typically converge in eschewing historiographic methodology, in favor of a uniquely philosophical approach. In contrast, one genealogist who drew on historiographic methodology is Michel Foucault. This article presents the motivations and advantages of Foucault's genealogical use of such a methodology. It advances two mains claims. First, that Foucault's early 1970s work employs (...)
    Direct download (5 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   1 citation  
  48.  35
    Philosophy and the Modern Mind: A Philosophical Critique of Modern Western Civilization.Elie Maynard Adams - 1975 - University of North Carolina Press.
    In this unique philosophical critique of modern Western civilization, Adams argues that contemporary culture is deranged by false assumptions about the human mind. He sees a growing gap between the subjectivistic culture and the structure of reality which has not only produced Originally published 1975. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered (...)
    Direct download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   2 citations  
  49. The Passions and Disinterest: From Kantian Free Play to Creative Determination by Power, via Schiller and Nietzsche.Eli I. Lichtenstein - 2019 - Ergo: An Open Access Journal of Philosophy 6:249-279.
    I argue that Nietzsche’s criticism of the Kantian theory of disinterested pleasure in beauty reflects his own commitment to claims that closely resemble certain Kantian aesthetic principles, specifically as reinterpreted by Schiller. I show that Schiller takes the experience of beauty to be disinterested both (1) insofar as it involves impassioned ‘play’ rather than desire-driven ‘work’, and (2) insofar as it involves rational-sensuous (‘aesthetic’) play rather than mere physical play. In figures like Nietzsche, Schiller’s generic notion of play—which is itself (...)
    Direct download (5 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   2 citations  
  50. Inconvenient Truth and Inductive Risk in Covid-19 Science.Eli I. Lichtenstein - 2022 - Philosophy of Medicine 3 (1):1-25.
    To clarify the proper role of values in science, focusing on controversial expert responses to Covid-19, this article examines the status of (in)convenient hypotheses. Polarizing cases like health experts downplaying mask efficacy to save resources for healthcare workers, or scientists dismissing “accidental lab leak” hypotheses in view of potential xenophobia, plausibly involve modifying evidential standards for (in)convenient claims. Societies could accept that scientists handle (in)convenient claims just like nonscientists, and give experts less political power. Or societies could hold scientists to (...)
    Direct download (5 more)  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   2 citations  
1 — 50 / 997