resumo: A crítica de Hannah Arendt a Karl Marx perpassa a questão da técnica. Arendt sugerira que Marx contribuíra para a elevação do animal laborans à condição humana moderna quando indicou que a emancipação humana estaria na vitória dos trabalhadores. Empreenderemos uma refutação à crítica de Arendt, indicando que Marx recusa a tradicional cisão entre vida ativa e vida contemplativa, para se opor à alienação do homem no labor, e não o contrário. Indicaremos, assim, que Marx estava mais próximo de (...) Arendt do que ela imaginava, dado ter criticado justamente a redução do homem a uma atividade que acaba por dar a todas as demais atividades uma forma meramente utilitária. Para ambos é preciso evitar empreender uma inversão hierárquica do pensar sobre o agir. abstract: Hannah Arendt’s critique to Karl Marx permeates the question of technique. Arendt suggested that Marx had contributed to elevate the animal laborans to the modern human condition when he indicated that human emancipation would lie in the workers’ victory. This text affords a rebuttal to this criticism of Arendt, indicating that Marx refuses the traditional split between vita activa and vita contemplativa in order to oppose the alienation of man to labor. We will indicate that Marx was closer to Arendt than she imagined, since he rightly criticized the reduction of man to an activity that ends up giving to all other activities a purely utilitarian form. To both of them it is necessary to avoid undertaking a hierarchical reversal of thinking over acting. (shrink)

Resumo: O problema da perversão da comunidade social pela propriedade privada se tornara, para Marx, com o estudo dos socialistas utópicos e especialmente de Proudhon, bastante claro: não sendo um desenvolvimento necessário, e sim casual, a propriedade privada - e a cisão entre interesse particular e interesse geral dela proveniente - poderia ser subsumida. O presente artigo visa a demonstrar como, na busca de um republicanismo de tom rousseauniano e crítico ao liberalismo burguês, Karl Marx flertou com a crítica dos (...) comunistas à propriedade privada. Para tanto, perpassa cinco artigos redigidos para a Gazeta Renana - o artigo de defesa contra o kantiano Hermes, a polêmica com o socialista Moses Hess, a resposta à Gazeta de Augsburg, o artigo de crítica às resoluções da VI Assembleia da Província do Reno e o artigo “Sobre a lei do roubo de lenha” - e, ainda, a crítica de Proudhon à propriedade privada.: Through his study of the utopian socialists, and especially of Proudhon, the problem of the perversion of the social community by private property became quite clear to Marx: if private property - and the split between private interest and general interest originating from it - it is not a necessary development, but an incidental one, it can be subsumed. This article aims to demonstrate how, in search of a Rousseauian republicanism and a critique of bourgeois liberalism, Karl Marx flirted with the communists’ critique of private property. We discuss Proudhon’s critique of private property and five articles Mark wrote for the Rheinische Zeitung: the article against the Kantian Hermes, the controversy with the socialist Moses Hess, the reply to the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung, the critique of the resolutions of the Sixth Rhine Province Assembly, and the “Debates on the Law on the Thefts of Wood”. (shrink)

O engajamento de Marx na filosofia tem desde o início a tentativa de um desenvolvimento mais objetivo do humanismo, na medida em que só adentra em tal disciplina em busca de uma racionalidade cujo desenvolvimento não é seccionado da transformação concreta do mundo. Tal é a sua impressão da filosofia sob a dialética hegeliana: apenas a razão filosófica se perceberia como forma não destacada da realidade, podendo realizar o humanismo que no Direito está dado como um puro idealismo. Nos Cadernos (...) Preparatórios de sua tese de doutorado intitulada Diferença entre as filosofias de Demócrito e Epicuro Marx desenvolveu uma filosofia da história alternativa à de Hegel, indicando que a democracia não sofreu ocaso na Grécia por conta do desenvolvimento da razão filosófica, mas sim por conta da vitória de uma razão filosófica que sofrera viragem para a teologia. (shrink)

As relações de poder em torno das questões de raça, classe e gênero dão lugar a uma combinação característica de opressões que atingem, de modo particular, as mulheres negras. A fim de refletir sobre o conceito de interseccionalidade na obra Quarto de Despejo: diário de uma favelada, abordaremos a questão do contexto colonial no qual se enraízam os alicerces que têm mantido praticamente intactas as estruturas sociais das desigualdades de condições em meio à diversidade de indivíduos. Visamos a destacar no (...) artigo como a autora Carolina Maria de Jesus dialoga com a perspectiva interseccional desenvolvida dentro do feminismo negro, expondo as diferentes opressões e resistências que a obra permite analisar.Palavras-chave: Interseccionalidade. Feminismo negro. Filosofia. Literatura.AbstractThe power relations around the questions of race, class e gender cause a characteristic combination of oppressions that hits, in a particular way, the black women. In order to reflect about the concept of intersectionality in the book Quarto de Despejo: diário de uma favela, we will approach the question of the colonial context in which the foundations that have maintained practically intact the social structures of inequalities of conditions among the diversity of individuals. We are looking to highlight in the article how the author Carolina Maria de Jesus dialogues with the intersectional perspective developed within black feminism, exposing the different oppressions and resistances that the book allows to analyze.Keywords: Intersectionality. Black feminism. Philosophy. Literature. (shrink)

Joel Kupperman’s Value…And What Follows ranges widely over topics in value theory, moral epistemology, normative ethics and political philosophy. Given its breadth, and the generally high quality of the discussion, Kupperman’s work should interest philosophers working in one or more of these areas. The book is divided into three parts, entitled “Axiology”, “Axiology and Conduct”, and “Axiology and Social Choice”. The first part on axiology receives the most attention and consists of five chapters, while the second part consists of three (...) chapters, and the third part of two. Among the views defended are that some things are intrinsically good or good as an end, that we can have justified beliefs about what has this sort of value through various sorts of experiences, that it is sometimes best to do what does not have the best consequences, and that a moderate or limited perfectionism is a defensible social policy compatible with certain forms of political liberalism. (shrink)

Julia Annas offers a new account of virtue and happiness as central ethical ideas. She argues that exercising a virtue involves practical reasoning of the kind we find in someone exercising an everyday practical skill, such as farming, building, or playing the piano. This helps us to see virtue as part of an agent's happiness or flourishing.

This interpretive introduction provides unique insight into Plato's Republic. Stressing Plato's desire to stimulate philosophical thinking in his readers, Julia Annas here demonstrates the coherence of his main moral argument on the nature of justice, and expounds related concepts of education, human motivation, knowledge and understanding. In a clear systematic fashion, this book shows that modern moral philosophy still has much to learn from Plato's attempt to move the focus from questions of what acts the just person ought to perform (...) to the more profound questions of what sort of person the just person ought to be. (shrink)

The predominant view of moral virtue can be traced back to Aristotle. He believed that moral virtue must involve intellectual excellence. To have moral virtue one must have practical wisdom - the ability to deliberate well and to see what is morally relevant in a given context. Julia Driver challenges this classical theory of virtue, arguing that it fails to take into account virtues which do seem to involve ignorance or epistemic defect. Some 'virtues of ignorance' are counterexamples to accounts (...) of virtue which hold that moral virtue must involve practical wisdom. Modesty, for example, is generally considered to be a virtue even though the modest person may be making an inaccurate assessment of his or her accomplishments. Driver argues that we should abandon the highly intellectualist view of virtue and instead adopt a consequentialist perspective which holds that virtue is simply a character trait which systematically produces good consequences. (shrink)

Consequentialism is the view that the rightness or wrongness of actions depend solely on their consequences. It is one of the most influential, and controversial, of all ethical theories. In this book, Julia Driver introduces and critically assesses consequentialism in all its forms. After a brief historical introduction to the problem, Driver examines utilitarianism, and the arguments of its most famous exponents, John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, and explains the fundamental questions underlying utilitarian theory: what value is to be (...) specified and how it is to be maximized. Driver also discusses indirect forms of consequentialism, the important theories of motive consequentialism and virtue consequentialism, and explains why the distinction between subjective and objective consequentialism is so important. Including helpful features such as a glossary, chapter summaries, and annotated further reading at the end of each chapter, Consequentialism is ideal for students seeking an authoritative and clearly explained survey of this important problem. (shrink)

In _Black Sun_, Julia Kristeva addresses the subject of melancholia, examining this phenomenon in the context of art, literature, philosophy, the history of religion and culture, as well as psychoanalysis. She describes the depressive as one who perceives the sense of self as a crucial pursuit and a nearly unattainable goal and explains how the love of a lost identity of attachment lies at the very core of depression's dark heart. In her discussion she analyzes Holbein's controversial 1522 painting "The (...) Body of the Dead Christ in the Tomb," and has revealing comments on the works of Marguerite Duras, Dostoyevsky and Nerval. _Black Sun_ takes the view that depression is a discourse with a language to be learned, rather than strictly a pathology to be treated. (shrink)

Assuming that there is moral progress, and assuming that the abolition of slavery is an example of it, how does moral progress occur? Is it mainly driven by specific individuals who have gained new moral insights, or by changes in the socio‐economic and epistemic conditions in which agents morally judge the norms and practices of their society, and act upon these judgements? In this paper, I argue that moral progress is a complex process in which changes at the level of (...) belief and changes at the level of institutions and social practices are deeply intertwined, and that changes in the socio‐economic and epistemic conditions of moral agency constitute the main motor of moral progress. I develop my view of moral progress by way of grappling with Michelle Moody‐Adams’ prominent philosophical account of it. My view is less intellectualistic and individualistic than hers, does not presuppose meta‐ethical moral realism, and blurs her distinction between moral progress in beliefs and moral progress in social practices. I point out the limits of humans to progress morally, which are partly grounded in our evolutionary history, and argue that moral progress is always of a ‘local’ nature. (shrink)

This paper argues that we should distinguish two different kinds of imaginative vividness: vividness of mental images and vividness of imaginative experiences. Philosophy has focussed on mental images, but distinguishing more complex vivid imaginative experiences from vivid mental images can help us understand our intuitions concerning the notion as well as the explanatory power of vividness. In particular, it can help us understand the epistemic role imagination can play on the one hand and our emotional engagement with literary fiction on (...) the other hand. (shrink)

Recently, macroscopic accounts of chemical kind individuation have been proposed as alternatives to the microstructural essentialist account advocated by Kripke, Putnam, and others. These accounts argue that individuation of chemical kinds is based on macroscopic criteria such as reactivity or thermodynamics, and they challenge the essentialism that grounds the Kripke-Putnam view. Using a variety of chemical examples, I argue that microstructure grounds these macroscopic accounts, but that this grounding need not imply essentialism. Instead, kinds are individuated on the basis of (...) similarity of reactivity between substances, and microstructure explains similarity of reactivity. (shrink)

ABSTRACTWide-ranging semantic flexibility is often considered a magic cure for contextualism to account for all kinds of troubling data. In particular, it seems to offer a way to account for our intuitions regarding embedded perspectival sentences. As has been pointed out by Lasersohn [2009. “Relative Truth, Speaker Commitment, and Control of Implicit Arguments.” Synthese 166 : 359â374], however, the semantic flexibility does not present a remedy for all kinds of embeddings. In particular, it seems ineffective when it comes to embeddings (...) under operators with truth evaluative adverbs such as ‘correctly believes that’ and ‘incorrectly believes that’ and under factive verbs. This paper takes a closer look at the problematic embedding data with respect to predicates of personal taste. It argues that there is indeed no semantic solution for contextualism but a pragmatic way out. (shrink)

While the current philosophical debate surrounding Hegel’s aesthetics focuses heavily on the philosopher’s controversial ‘end of art’ thesis, its participants rarely give attention to Hegel’s ideas on the nature of beauty and its relation to art. This study seeks to remedy this oversight by placing Hegel’s views on beauty front and center. Peters asks us to rethink the common assumption that Hegelian beauty is exclusive to art and argues that for Hegel beauty, like art, is subject to historical development. Her (...) careful analysis of Hegel’s notion of beauty not only has crucial implications for our understanding of the ‘end of art’ and Hegel’s aesthetics in general, but also sheds light on other fields of Hegel’s philosophy, in particular his anthropology and aspects of his ethical thought. (shrink)

Author Julia Annas Aristotle made ​​the German Asia-mile out and fortunately Fuk The arguments related point, and the role of external good fortune Fook in the problems caused. And text analysis and dialectical Happy Stoic school and school for good moral behavior and external point of view. Author argues, Aristotle on the German sub-km behavior regardless of the state with the fortunate Fook, reflecting the hope臘human ethics ideological consensus, and he left to posterity to resolve the discovery. Aristotle on the (...) German sub-km conduct the test volume and fortunately Fook to take the views of ordinary people, and thus for long-term development. We take this to understand the Stoic school and get away with school, behavior and fortunately for Germany Fuk related views and noted against the intentions are. Julia Annas presents Aristotle's view of the relation of virtue and happiness, and the resulting problem of the role of the external goods in happiness. The Stoics and Peripatetic views on virtue and external goods have been analyzed and argued. The writer suggests what Aristotle says about virtue and happiness reflects common sense of Greek ethical thought and leaves the issue. Aristotle's account of virtue and happiness takes ordinary thought on the matter and develops it far. We can see what the Stoics and Peripatetics are going to say on this matter and the opposing tendencies in this article. (shrink)

This paper examines the surprisingly central role of sympathetic love within Margaret Cavendish’s philosophy. It shows that such love fulfils a range of metaphysical functions, and highlight an important shift in Cavendish’s account vis-a-vis earlier conceptions: sympathetic love is no longer given an emanative or mechanistic explanation, but is naturalized as an active emotion. It furthers investigate to what extent Cavendish’s account reveals a rift between the realm of nature and the realm of human sociability, and whether this rift really (...) prompts an inward turn, as some interpreters have suggested. (shrink)

Altered Conditions provides a bold new intervention into existing theories of the human body and its meanings in a variety of cultural contexts. By exploring the history of medical narratives, especially medical case histories, as well as the exciting work that has been done in feminist and lesbian and gay studies, Julia Epstein poses a number of provocative questions about the relations between bodies, selves, and identities. Epstein focuses on a number of diagnoses that shed light on what is at (...) stake when cultures regulate human bodies, including hermaphroditism, birth malformations, and AIDS. She pays special attention to the regulation of sexual minorities and women and looks carefully at the ways in which cultures attempt to define and control behaviors seen as threatening or subversive. (shrink)

This paper argues that a crucial skill needed to empathize with others cannot be trained by reading fiction: the skill of reading the evidence for the other person’s state of mind and, thus, empath...

The indexical thesis says that the indexical terms, “I”, “here” and “now” necessarily refer to the person, place and time of utterance, respectively, with the result that the sentence, “I am here now” cannot express a false proposition. Gerald Vision offers supposed counter-examples: he says, “I am here now”, while pointing to the wrong place on a map; or he says it in a note he puts in the kitchen for his wife so she’ll know he’s home even though he’s (...) gone upstairs for a nap, but then he leaves the house, forgetting to remove the note. The first sentence is false by virtue of “here” not necessarily referring to the place of utterance, the second sentence, by virtue of “now” not necessarily referring to the time of utterance. We argue that these sentences express falsehoods only because the terms are being used demonstratively, not indexically – the distinction pertains not to words simpliciter, but to uses of words. When used indexically, the terms refer in accord with the indexical thesis; but when used demonstratively, their referents depend on how devices of ostension are used with their utterance – pointings, and the like. Thus Vision’s first sentence really says, “I am there now”, referring to the place on the map the finger is pointing to. As for his second sentence, we distinguish the time of utterance or production of a sentence from the time of its uptake. Due to the pragmatics of interpretation, the sentence really says “I” – the person ‘uttering’ the note – “am here” – here where the note is, with the note serving as a kind of proxy ‘finger’ – “now” – where “now” refers to the time of uptake of the note, i.e., when it is read. “I” refers indexically, “here”, demonstratively, and “now”, indexically, but indexically to the time of uptake. Since the sentence is not purely indexical, its falsehood doesn’t threaten the indexical thesis. A similar treatment is given of teletyped messages about the typer’s location. (shrink)

Active shooter incidents have unfortunately become a common occurrence the world over. There is no country, city, or venue that is safe from these tragedies, and healthcare institutions are no exception. Healthcare facilities have been the targets of active shooters over the last several decades, with increasing incidents occurring over the last decade. People who work in healthcare have a professional and moral obligation to help patients. As concerns about the possibility of such incidents increase, how should healthcare institutions and (...) healthcare professionals understand their responsibilities in preparation for and during ASI? (shrink)

Leibniz maintains that even though God’s intellect contains all possibles, some of these possibles are not compossible. This incompossibility of some possibles is supposed to explain which collections of possibles are possible worlds and why God does not actualize the collection of all possibles. In order to fully understand how this works, we need to establish what precisely Leibniz takes to be the source of incompossibility, that is, which divine attribute or faculty gives rise to the incompossibility of certain possibles. (...) Different interpretations answer this question in different ways. This chapter explores the role that God’s faculties play on some of the standard interpretations of Leibniz’s notion of incompossibility and argues that we are faced with a dilemma: even though incompossibility must somehow arise from God’s faculties, none of the faculties usually distinguished seems up to the task. To escape this dilemma, we need to revise the traditional understanding of the divine faculties. More specifically, we need to recognize wisdom as an attribute that is distinct from intellect, power, and will and that is the source of incompossibility. (shrink)

We argue that the evolutionary function of reasoning is to allow us to secure more accurate beliefs and more effective intentions through collective deliberation. This sets our view apart both from traditional intellectualist accounts, which take the evolutionary function to be individual deliberation, and from interactionist accounts such as the one proposed by Mercier and Sperber, which agrees that the function of reasoning is collective but holds that it aims to disseminate, rather than come up with, accurate beliefs. We argue (...) that our collectivized intellectualism offers the best explanation of the range of biases that human reasoning is prone to, and that it does better than interactionism at offering a function of reasoning that would have been adaptive for our distant ancestors who first evolved this capacity. (shrink)

Among other virtues, Mental Files Theory provides a straightforward explanation of de jure coreference, i.e. identity of referent guaranteed by meaning alone: de jure coreference holds between terms when these are associated with the same mental file from which they inherit their reference. In this paper, I discuss an objection that Angel Pinillos raises against Mental Files Theory and other similar theories: the theory predicts that de jure coreference should be transitive, just like identity. Yet there are cases, involving ‘slash-terms’, (...) in which transitivity fails, or so it seems. In his book Mental Files, Recanati replies that the mental files theorist can accommodate Pinillos’ exceptions by offering a refined model of merging files, the ‘partial merging’ model. While agreeing with Recanati on the need for such a model, I contend that, pace Recanati and Pinillos, de jure coreference is transitive even in the presence of slash-terms. I will first show that paradoxical consequences ensue if slash-terms are said to de jure corefer with several basic terms at once. Then, building on two different accounts Recanati gives of referential confusion, I will show that on both views, de jure coreference cannot hold because of the behaviour of confused slash-terms. I will conclude that, in Mental Files Theory, a slash-term can, at most, de jure corefer with only one basic term per context. (shrink)

This article investigates whether investors consider the reliability of companies’ sustainability information when determining the companies’ market value. Specifically, we examine market reactions (in terms of abnormal returns) to events that increase the reliability of companies’ sustainability information but do not provide markets with additional sustainability information. Controlling for competing effects, we regard companies’ additions to an internationally important sustainability index as such events and consider possible determinants for market reactions. Our results suggest that first, investors take into account the (...) reliability of sustainability information when determining the market value of a company and second, the benefits of increased reliability of sustainability information vary cross-sectionally. More specifically, companies that carry higher risks for investors (e.g., higher systematic investment risk, higher financial leverage, and higher levels of opportunistic management behavior) react more strongly to an increase in the reliability of sustainability information. Finally, we show that the benefits of an increase in the reliability of sustainability information are higher in times of economic uncertainty (e.g., during economic downturns and generally high stock price volatilities). (shrink)

It is generally agreed that there are two kinds of indicative conditionals that do not contain conditional 'then.' There are hypothetical conditionals such as 'If Mary has done the groceries, there is beer in the fridge' and there are biscuit conditionals such as 'If you are thirsty, there is beer in the fridge.' There is also broad consensus that we cannot find an analogous distinction between hypothetical and biscuit conditionals within indicative conditionals that do feature 'then.' Conditionals containing 'then,' it (...) is assumed, are uniformly read as hypothetical conditionals. In this article, I shall argue that there are biscuit conditionals featuring 'then.' This result, I take it, is not only interesting on its own. It also puts pressure on the popular view that conditional 'then' triggers the presupposition that in some situations in which the conditional's antecedent is not true, its consequent is not true either. (shrink)

Julia Annas; XII*—How Basic are Basic Actions?, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Volume 78, Issue 1, 1 June 1978, Pages 195–214, https://doi.org/10.1093.

The thesis of this paper is that there is an important asymmetry between a duty to love and a duty to not love: there is no duty to love as a fitting response to someone’s very good qualities, but there is a duty to not love as a fitting response to someone’s very bad qualities. The source of the asymmetry that I discuss is the two-part understanding of love: the emotional part and the evaluative commitment part. One cannot directly, or (...) “at will,” control an emotional response, but one can undermine any commitment one would normally have under the circumstances. Thus, the feeling of love is not a duty, though being disposed to act a certain way with respect to the person one has the feelings for is controllable. (shrink)

This paper presents an empirical solution to the puzzle of weakness of will. Specifically, it presents a theory of action, grounded in contemporary cognitive neuroscientific accounts of decision making, that explains the phenomenon of weakness of will without resulting in a puzzle.

This article makes the case for including frameworks of media ecology and mobilities research in the shaping of critical robotics research for a human-centered and holistic lens onto robot technologies. The two meta-disciplines, which align in their attention to relational processes of communication and movement, provide useful tools for critically exploring emerging human–robot dimensions and dynamics. Media ecology approaches human-made technologies as media that can shape the way we think, feel, and act. Relatedly, mobilities research highlights various kinds of influential (...) movement and stillness of people, things, and ideas. The emerging field of critical robotics research can benefit from such attention to the ways of thinking, feeling, and moving robotic forms and environments encourage and discourage. Drawing on various studies into robotics, I illustrate those conceptual alignments of media ecology, mobilities, and critical robotics research and point to the value of this interdisciplinary approach to robots as media and robotics as socio-cultural environments. (shrink)

This is the text of the Lindley Lecture for 2015 given by Julia Annas, an American philosopher.

This 2001 translation makes one of the most important texts in ancient philosophy available to modern readers. Cicero is increasingly being appreciated as an intelligent and well-educated amateur philosopher, and in this work he presents the major ethical theories of his time in a way designed to get the reader philosophically engaged in the important debates. Raphael Woolf's translation does justice to Cicero's argumentative vigour as well as to the philosophical ideas involved, while Julia Annas's introduction and notes provide a (...) clear and accessible explanation of the philosophical context of the work. This edition will appeal to all readers interested in this central text in ancient philosophy and the history of ethics. (shrink)

This paper argues that the vitalist monisms of Anne Conway and Margaret Cavendish. Even though Conway is often cited as a proponent of a thoroughgoing ‘spiritualist’ ontology and Cavendish as the advocate of a similarly thoroughgoing materialism, their views turn out to be much closer than they may initially seem. Apart from highlighting the more radical nature of Conway’s position, such a reframing also has the added advantage of bringing the similarities between her own ‘spiritual’ monism and the vitalist ‘materialisms’ (...) of her time into sharper relief. As F. Wunderlich emphasizes, the notion of subtle matter pervaded the natural sciences of the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. The chapter provides a brief sketch of Cavendish’s ‘materialism’ and compares it to Conway’s view of created substance, drawing out a number of relevant similarities. It asks what may have motivated Conway and Cavendish to move beyond the materialism-immaterialism divide by ‘spiritualizing’ matter in this way. (shrink)

By bringing together influential critics of neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics and some of the strongest defenders of an Aristotelian approach, this collection provides a fresh assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of Aristotelian virtue ethics and its contemporary interpretations. Contributors critically discuss and re-assess the neo-Aristotelian paradigm which has been predominant in the philosophical discourse on virtue for the past 30 years.

This essay critically explores contemporary Euro-American feminist debate on prostitution. It argues that to develop analyses relevant to the experience of more than just a small minority of “First World” women, those who are concerned with prostitution as a form of work need to look beyond liberal discourse on property and contractual consent for ways of conceptualizing the rights and wrongs of “sex work.”.

In this paper I will examine two responses to the argument from marginal cases; the argument from kinds and the similarity argument. I will argue that these arguments are insufficient to show that all humans have moral status but no animals do. This does not prove that animals have moral status but it does shift the burden of proof onto those who want to maintain that all humans are morally considerable, but no animals are.

In the call from papers from childhood & philosophy we hear an invitation to philosophize. But what does such an invitation mean? In what ways does an invitation or invitation to philosophize encourage us to suspension our accepted meanings and empower us to sustain this challenge? These are the questions of two teachers who have, first, accepted the prior invitation to philosophize with children, and have now accepted the invitation to think and write together about that experience. This essay was (...) prompted by two questions posed by the children with whom we philosophize: In writing it, we have experienced other ways of thinking and living educational practice, and, through our encounters with our students, find ourselves challenged to live in more inventive and therefore more childlike ways within the framework of the public school, here understood in the sense of scholé. In order to reflect on the two questions, we set off from the concept of consummation, and we engage in dialogue with both a pedagogy of the question, and the concept of equality of intelligence, in order to open a pathway of thought that addresses them. (shrink)

A causalidade diz respeito à ligação entre dois eventos em que um causa o outro. Essa ligação deve ser necessária e permanente, ou seja, o primeiro evento causa o segundo sempre e irrevogavelmente. Suspeitas quanto à validade do princípio de causalidade são recorrentes em filosofia, parecendo estar nas investigações de David Hume sua melhor crítica. Contudo a causalidade se põe como essencial e inevitável na formulação de inúmeras leis científicas. Por sua vez, essas leis, desde as críticas da epistemologia do (...) século XX, são tidas por contingentes ou revisáveis. Nossa questão é: como compatibilizar a contingencialidade das leis científicas com a necessidade da causalidade kantiana? Para tanto faremos o seguinte: 1) Analisaremos a vinculação entre tempo e a relação de causa e efeito para a compreensão de Kant da causalidade; 2) mostraremos como se dá a diferença e relação de dependência entre a causalidade kantiana e as leis causais físicas; 3) finalmente nos encontraremos com o sentido kantiano da necessidade e revisibilidade das leis físicas. (shrink)

Esse artigo investiga um possível contraponto à primeira analogia kantiana: as reações químicas. Para tanto se define lei de conservação em geral de acordo com o entendimento da ciência. Essas leis tem uma forma definida constante para todas elas e conteúdos que as diferenciam. Explica-se a primeira analogia da experiência ou doutrina da substância de Kant mostrando que qualquer mudança que notamos em nossas percepções num dado evento, só é possível se algo nesse mesmo evento não sofrer mutação. O elo (...) de ligação da doutrina da substância com as equações químicas é feito a partir do exemplo da queima da lenha na CRP de Kant. Para descobrir qual seja a substância de qualquer evento (inclusive reações químicas) aborda-se a diferença entre pesquisa transcendental (filosófica) e pesquisa empírica (científica). A pesquisa empírica é entendida como subordinada à pesquisa transcendental, dessa maneira prova-se que a química é compatível com a doutrina da substância de Kant. (shrink)

Esse artigo examina a crítica de Hans Jonas à utopia marxista, questionando os limites ecológicos existentes para se atingir o ideal de uma sociedade de abundância e afirma que sua concepção de uma vida módica e respeitadora daqueles limites coincide com as tendências e propostas mais avançadas que surgiram nos últimos tempos como alternativas ao crescimento e ao desenvolvimento.

A noção de intensidade é de extrema importância para o pensamento deleuziano, fazendo-se presente não apenas na elaboração de sua própria filosofia da diferença, como também nas leituras que faz dos outros filósofos que lhe são caros, especialmente na sua reconstrução do espinosismo. Deleuze concebe a essência singular espinosana em termos intensivos. Sendo assim, este artigo procura reunir elementos para mostrar a importância da noção de intensidade no projeto deleuziano de unificação dos dois sentidos de estética e o papel do (...) uso de concepções de extração espinosista na empresa deleuziana. Estes apontamentos deixam implícito um outro tema: o da possibilidade de elaborar uma Estética a partir de Espinosa, vale dizer, uma Estética atenta a sua ancoragem corporal. (shrink)

Resumo: As ações privatistas de “braços sociais” das empresas nas escolas públicas têm provocado incidências sobre múltiplas dimensões da dinâmica escolar. Neste artigo, enfocaremos, especificamente, implicações da privatização nas relações de trabalho dos profissionais da educação em escolas que implementaram o Programa Jovem do Futuro do Instituto Unibanco, na rede pública do estado do Pará. Os substratos para o estudo, com predominância qualitativa, foram coletados por meio de trabalhos acadêmicos do banco de Teses e Dissertações da CAPES (BTD); documentos e (...) dados educacionais extraídos do Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira – INEP e Diário Oficial do estado do Pará (DOE PA). Tendo como referência a empiria e contributos de autores clássicos e contemporâneos, o artigo identifica dimensões propriamente ideológicas do conceito de responsabilidade social, de forma contígua aos processos de precariedade e intensificação do trabalho dos profissionais que atuam na implementação do Programa. Palavras-chaves: Privatização da educação; Programa Jovem do Futuro; Intensificação do trabalho Work relationships in the context of the Young Future Program: perspectives on the privatisation of education Abstract: The privatisation actions of “social arms” of companies in public schools have had an impact on many aspects of school dynamics. In this article, we specifically focus on the implications of privatisation in the work relationships of education professionals in schools that implemented Instituto Unibanco - Programa Jovem do Futuro, in the public network of the state of Pará. The material for the study, predominantly qualitative, was collected through academic works from the CAPES Theses and Dissertations bank (BTD); documents, in addition to educational data extracted from the National Institute for Educational Studies and Research Anísio Teixeira – INEP. Based on empirical evidence and contributions from classic and contemporary authors, the article identifies ideological aspects of the concept of social responsibility, contiguous to the processes of work intensification and cautiousness of the professionals, who are involved in the implementation of the programme. Keywords: Privatisation of education; Youth of the Future Programme; work intensification Relaciones laborales en el contexto del Programa Joven do Futuro: dimensiones del trabajo precário Resumen: Las acciones de privatización de “brazos sociales” de empresas en las escuelas públicas han impactado en múltiples dimensiones de la dinámica escolar. En este artículo, nos centraremos específicamente en las implicaciones de la privatización en las relaciones de trabajo de los profesionales de la educación en las escuelas que implementaron el Programa Jovem do Futuro del Instituto Unibanco, en la red pública del estado de Pará. Los objetos para el estudio, con predominio cualitativo, fueron recolectados a través de trabajos académicos del banco de Tesis y Disertaciones (BTD) de la CAPES; documentos del Instituto Unibanco y datos educativos extraídos del Instituto Nacional de Estudios e Investigaciones Educativas Anísio Teixeira – INEP. Teniendo como referencia la evidencia empírica y aportes de autores clásicos y contemporáneos, el artículo identifica dimensiones ideológicas del concepto de responsabilidad social, contigua a los procesos de precariedad e intensificación del trabajo de los profesionales, que actúan en la implementación del Programa. Palavras Claves: Privatización de la educación; Programa Jóvenes del Futuro; intensificación del trabajo Data de registro: 04/05/2022 Data de aceite: 28/06/2022. (shrink)