Results for 'Middle-Earth'

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  1.  49
    The International Relations of Middle-Earth: Learning From the Lord of the Rings.Abigail E. Ruane - 2012 - Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Edited by Patrick James.
    Introduction: Middle-Earth, The lord of the rings, and international relations -- Order, justice, and Middle-Earth -- Thinking about international relations and Middle-Earth -- Middle-Earth and three great debates in international relations -- Middle-Earth, levels of analysis, and war -- Middle-Earth and feminist theory -- Middle-Earth and feminist analysis of conflict -- Middle-Earth as a source of inspiration and enrichment -- Conclusion: international relations and our (...)
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  2.  7
    Middle-earth and the return of the common good: J.R.R. Tolkien and political philosophy.Joshua Hren - 2018 - Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books.
    The gift of death and the new magic of politics: Hegel and Tolkien on sorcery and secondary worlds -- The political theology of catastrophe: Plato's Athenian Atlantis, Tolkien's Númenoran Atalantë, and the Nazi Reich -- Burglar and bourgeois? Bilbo Baggins' dialectical ethics -- Hobbes, Hobbits, and the modern state of Mordor: myths of power and desire in Leviathan and Tolkien's Legendarium -- Middle-earth and the return of the common good -- Epilogue: from apocalypse to eucatastrophe: "The end of (...)
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  3.  11
    Middle-earth wasn't built in a day: How do we explain the costs of creating a world?Aaron D. Lightner, Cynthiann Heckelsmiller & Edward H. Hagen - 2022 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 45:e286.
    Dubourg and Baumard explain why fictional worlds are attractive to consumers. A complete account of fictional worlds, however, should also explain why some people create them. Creation is a costly and time-consuming process that does not resemble exploration but does resemble the culturally universal phenomenon of knowledge specialization.
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  4. Middle Earth, Narnia, Hogwarts, and Animals: A Review of the Treatment of Nonhuman Animals and Other Sentient Beings in Christian-Based Fantasy Fiction. [REVIEW]Michael Morris - 2009 - Society and Animals 17 (4):343-356.
    The way that nonhuman animals and other nonhuman sentient beings are portrayed in the Christian-based Harry Potter series, C. S. Lewis's Narnia series, and Tolkien's Middle Earth stories is discussed from a Christian animal liberationist perspective.Middle Earth comes closest to a liberationist ideal, in that vegetarianism is connected with themes of power, healing, and spirituality. Narnia could be described as a more enlightened welfarist society where extremes of animal cruelty are frowned upon, but use of animals (...)
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  5.  59
    Defending Middle-Earth: Tolkien: Myth and Modernity, by Patrick Curry.Stratford Caldecott - 1998 - The Chesterton Review 24 (1/2):110-112.
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  6.  67
    Introduction to Charles Mills's “The Wretched of MiddleEarth: An Orkish Manifesto”.Chike Jeffers & David Miguel Gray - 2022 - Southern Journal of Philosophy 60 (S1):102-104.
    An introduction to the posthumously published "The Wretched of Middle-Earth: an Orkish Manifesto" by Charles Mills.
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  7. The Wretched of MiddleEarth: An Orkish Manifesto ☆.Charles W. Mills - 2022 - Southern Journal of Philosophy 60 (S1):105-135.
    This previously-unpublished essay by the late Charles W. Mills (1951–2021) seeks to demonstrate the racially-structured character of the universe created by J. R. R. Tolkien in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. Written long before the popular film series, the essay critically examines Tolkien's novels and comments on the nature of fictional creation. Mills argues that Tolkien designs a racial hierarchy in the novels that recapitulates the central racist myth of European thought.
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  8.  41
    The gospel of middle earth according to J. R. R. tolkien.S. J. William Dowie - 1974 - Heythrop Journal 15 (1):37-52.
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  9.  83
    Representing Spatial Structure Through Maps and Language: Lord of the Rings Encodes the Spatial Structure of Middle Earth.Max M. Louwerse & Nick Benesh - 2012 - Cognitive Science 36 (8):1556-1569.
    Spatial mental representations can be derived from linguistic and non‐linguistic sources of information. This study tested whether these representations could be formed from statistical linguistic frequencies of city names, and to what extent participants differed in their performance when they estimated spatial locations from language or maps. In a computational linguistic study, we demonstrated that co‐occurrences of cities in Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings trilogy and The Hobbit predicted the authentic longitude and latitude of those cities in Middle (...). In a human study, we showed that human spatial estimates of the location of cities were very similar regardless of whether participants read Tolkien’s texts or memorized a map of Middle Earth. However, text‐based location estimates obtained from statistical linguistic frequencies better predicted the human text‐based estimates than the human map‐based estimates. These findings suggest that language encodes spatial structure of cities, and that human cognitive map representations can come from implicit statistical linguistic patterns, from explicit non‐linguistic perceptual information, or from both. (shrink)
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  10.  27
    The Little Way through Middle Earth.Dwight Longenecker - 2002 - The Chesterton Review 28 (1/2):105-111.
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  11.  21
    Greedy Like Gollum: Middle-earth According to Marx.Valerie Kocsis - 2017 - Alétheia: Revista Académica de la Escuela de Postgrado de la Universidad Femenina del Sagrado Corazón-Unifé 2 (1).
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  12.  35
    The Battle for Middle-Earth: Tolkien’s Divine Design in The Lord of the Rings, by Fleming Rutledge; The Lord of the Rings and Philosophy: One Book to Rule Them All, ed. Gregory Bassham and Eric Bronson; Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: A Reader, ed. Jane Chance; Interrupted Music: The Making of Tolkien’s Mythology, by Verlyn Flieger; Smith of Wootton Major, by J. R. R. Tolkien. [REVIEW]Stratford Caldecott - 2005 - The Chesterton Review 31 (3-4):109-123.
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  13.  30
    Heaven and Middle Earth[REVIEW]Raymond Edwards - 2008 - The Chesterton Review 34 (3/4):739-741.
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  14. JRR Tolkien: Mythos and Modernity in Middle-Earth.Ian Boyd & Stratford Caldecott - 2002 - Chesterton Review: The Journal of the Chesterton Society 28:1.
     
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  15.  7
    Ethnic culture and The Lord of the Rings - Middle - earth and Arne Naess.Kim Seong Soo - 2016 - 동서철학연구(Dong Seo Cheol Hak Yeon Gu; Studies in Philosophy East-West) 81:609-635.
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  16.  41
    Creed without Chaos: Exploring Theology in the Writings of Dorothy L. Sayers. By Laura K. Simmons The C. S. Lewis Chronicles: The Indispensable Biography of the Creator of Narnia Full of Little-Known Facts, Events & Miscellany. By Colin Duriez Perilous Realms: Celtic & Norse in Tolkien's Middle Earth. By Marjorie Burns. [REVIEW]Paul Brazier - 2007 - Heythrop Journal 48 (5):843–846.
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  17.  25
    The Ideal of Kingship in the Writings of Charles Williams, C.S. Lewis, and J.R.R. Tolkien: Divine Kingship is reflected in MiddleEarth. By Christopher Scarf . Pp. 200, Cambridge, James Clarke, 2013, £25.00, $50.00, €40.10. A Hobbit Journey: Discovering the Enchantment of J. R. R. Tolkien's MiddleEarth. By Matthew Dickerson . Pp. xxii, 260, Grand Rapids MI, Brazos Press, 2012, £10.45, $16.99, €13.59. [REVIEW]P. H. Brazier - 2015 - Heythrop Journal 56 (2):351-352.
  18.  6
    The Middle Way and the Many Faces of Earth.Thomas Arnold - 2022 - In Helen De Cruz & Johan De Smedt (eds.), Avatar: The Last Airbender and Philosophy: Wisdom From Aang to Zuko. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 150–157.
    As Avatar: The Last Airbender illustrates, toughness and hardness can be accompanied by great sensitivity, rigidity by openness, roughness by love. Thus, the show sets up a one‐sided stereotype which over time dissolves into a balanced, at King Bumi rules Omashu, which is introduced as an ordered and well‐organized city, with mighty walls and tough guards who kick out the cabbage merchant due to some rotten cabbages in his load and demand respect for the elderly‐so far, so earthy. The Avatar, (...)
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  19.  75
    Did People in the Middle Ages Know that the Earth Was Flat?Roberta Colonna Dahlman - 2016 - Acta Analytica 31 (2):139-152.
    The goal of this paper is to explore the presuppositionality of factive verbs, with special emphasis on the verbs know and regret. The hypothesis put forward here is that the factivity related to know and the factivity related to regret are two different phenomena, as the former is a semantic implication that is licensed by the conventional meaning of know, while the latter is a purely pragmatic phenomenon that arises conversationally. More specifically, it is argued that know is factive in (...)
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  20.  23
    Heaven and earth in the Middle Ages: the physical world before Columbus.Rudolf Simek - 1996 - Rochester, NY: Boydell Press.
    A discussion of European understanding of the physical world from the 9th century to the 15th, ranging from astronomy to zoology and refuting the more recent ...
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  21.  3
    Utopia on Earth?: Sustainability, White Tourism, and Neocolonial Desire.Roslyn Fraser - 2024 - Utopian Studies 35 (1):226-236.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Utopia on Earth?: Sustainability, White Tourism, and Neocolonial DesireRoslyn Fraser (bio)IntroductionSeveral scholars, and even a few journalists, 1have written about the figure of the international tourist who uses South Asia as a canvas upon which one can create and recreate the self. Perhaps the most discernable example in the pop culture imagination is Elizabeth Gilbert's trip to an ashram in India, documented in Eat Pray Love(2006), which inspired (...)
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  22.  57
    Macroscopic Metaphysics: Middle-Sized Objects and Longish Processes.Paul Needham - 2017 - Cham: Springer.
    This book is about matter. It involves our ordinary concept of matter in so far as this deals with enduring continuants that stand in contrast to the occurrents or processes in which they are involved, and concerns the macroscopic realm of middle-sized objects of the kind familiar to us on the surface of the earth and their participation in medium term processes. The emphasis will be on what science rather than philosophical intuition tells us about the world, and (...)
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  23.  16
    Managing for the middle: rancher care ethics under uncertainty on Western Great Plains rangelands.Hailey Wilmer, María E. Fernández-Giménez, Shayan Ghajar, Peter Leigh Taylor, Caridad Souza & Justin D. Derner - 2020 - Agriculture and Human Values 37 (3):699-718.
    Ranchers and pastoralists worldwide manage and depend upon resources from rangelands across Earth’s terrestrial surface. In the Great Plains of North America rangeland ecology has increasingly recognized the importance of managing rangeland vegetation heterogeneity to address conservation and production goals. This paradigm, however, has limited application for ranchers as they manage extensive beef production operations under high levels of social-ecological complexity and uncertainty. We draw on the ethics of care theoretical framework to explore how ranchers choose management actions. We (...)
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  24.  62
    The ages of Gaia: a biography of our living earth.James Lovelock - 1988 - New York: Bantam Books.
    Foreword -- Preface -- Introductory -- What is Gaia? -- Exploring Daisyworld -- The Archean -- The middle ages -- Modern times -- The contemporary environment -- The second home -- God and Gaia -- Gaia since 1988 -- Epilog -- References -- Further Reading -- Index.
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  25.  75
    Ties of Blood and Earth in Japan.Laurence Caillet - 1996 - Diogenes 44 (174):83-97.
    Inhabitants of a land that their ancient myths proclaimed to be the creation of divinities, the Japanese have peopled their archipelago with numerous earth gods: giants trees, simple pebbles concealed either in an oratory, a corner of a garden or deep inside a thicket; crossroads stoneposts, steles in the middle of a plot or next to a rice field, tombstones, and rocks that are worshipped on home altars. The imposing presence of these divine proprietors of the provinces and (...)
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  26.  7
    From imagination to faërie: Tolkien's Thomist fantasy.Yannick Imbert - 2022 - Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications.
    Tolkien is one of our most beloved fantasy writers. Such was the power of his imagination that much has been written on his invented world, languages, and myth. This book is an invitation to tread the paths of Tolkien's realm, exploring three regions of his work: language, myth, and imagination. We will be looking for a path leading to a summit from where we can view Tolkien's whole realm. Yannick Imbert argues that we can gain such a view only if (...)
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  27.  6
    A New Environmental Ethics: The Next Millennium for Life on Earth.Holmes Rolston Iii - 2011 - Routledge.
    No one looking ahead at the middle of the last century could have foreseen the extent and the importance of the ensuing environmental crises. Now, more than a decade into the next century, no one can ignore it. A New Environmental Ethics: the Next Millennium for Life on Earth offers clear, powerful, and oftentimes moving thoughts from one of the first and most respected philosophers to write on the environment. Rolston, an early and leading pioneer in studying the (...)
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  28. Middle knowledge and divine control: Some clarifications. [REVIEW]David Basinger - 1991 - International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 30 (3):129 - 139.
    What then have we discovered? The general issue under discussion, remember, is whether it is advantageous or disadvantageous for the theist to affirm MK, especially as this form of knowledge relates to God's control over earthly affairs. As we have seen, both proponents and opponents of MK have claimed that this form of knowledge gives God significant power over earthly affairs, including control over the (indeterministically) free choices of humans.We have seen, though, that such a contention is dubious. There are (...)
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  29.  46
    Nature godly and beautiful: The iconic earth.Bruce Foltz - 2001 - Research in Phenomenology 31 (1):113-155.
    Rooted in a tradition of thought and spirituality akin to, yet other than, the onto-theology of the Latin West, the aesthetico-theological experience of the Byzantine icon can help articulate aesthetic and numinous elements of our relation to nature that environmental philosophy should no longer ignore. In contrast to the technical mastery of the natural in Western art inaugurated by the Renaissance, itself related to the emerged technological mastery of nature in the late Middle Ages, the iconic sensibility characteristic of (...)
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  30.  5
    The Shape and Size of the Earth: A Historical Journey From Homer to Artificial Satellites.Dino Boccaletti - 2018 - Springer Verlag.
    This book describes in detail the various theories on the shape of the Earth from classical antiquity to the present day and examines how measurements of its form and dimensions have evolved throughout this period. The origins of the notion of the sphericity of the Earth are explained, dating back to Eratosthenes and beyond, and detailed attention is paid to the struggle to establish key discoveries as part of the cultural heritage of humanity. In this context, the roles (...)
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  31.  15
    The contribution of British oil interests in the Middle East to palaeontology.Graham F. Elliott - 1983 - Annals of Science 40 (3):273-279.
    The palaeontological activities of British oil interests in the Middle East from about 1920 to 1970 are described briefly, with emphasis on the nature of the published results. The predominance throughout of micro-palaeontology, due to its utility, is demonstrated. It is shown that, beginning with primary descriptive work on Middle East fossil records, emphasis shifted first to studies of distinctively Middle East palaeontology, and then to results of general application world-wide. It is concluded that the palaeontology of (...)
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  32.  9
    Watching Children Play: Toward the Earth in Bliss.Evangelina Uskokovic, Theo Uskokovic & Vuk Uskokovic - 2022 - Childhood and Philosophy 18:01-42.
    Watching children at play is favorite pastime for many elderlies. However, the growing safety concerns have prompted parents to become increasingly resistant to the idea of having strangers watch their children in parks and playgrounds. This creates an intergenerational gap in communication with potentially detrimental consequences for all social groups. Oral interviews were conducted and written surveys distributed that validated the hesitance of seniors, especially in the United States, to spend time at children’s playgrounds despite their finding the vicinity of (...)
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  33.  12
    Book Review: The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to 1870. [REVIEW]Roberta Davidson - 1995 - Philosophy and Literature 19 (1):185-186.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to 1870Roberta DavidsonThe Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to 1870, by Gerda Lerner; xii & 395 pp. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, $27.50.Gerda Lerner’s sense that historical events matter because of their impact on individuals may have developed, in part, due to the remarkable pattern of her own life. She was an Austrian Jewish (...)
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  34.  33
    The Ethics of Courage: Volume 1: From Greek Antiquity to the Middle Ages.Jacques M. Chevalier - 2023 - Springer Verlag.
    This two-volume work examines far-reaching debates on the concept of courage from Greek antiquity to the Christian and mediaeval periods, as well as the modern era. Volume 1 begins with Homeric poetry and the politics of fearless demi-gods thriving on war. The tales of lion-hearted Heracles, Achilles, and Ulysses, and their tragic fall at the hands of fate, eventually give way to classical views of courage based on competing theories of rational wisdom and truth. Fears of the enemy and anxieties (...)
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  35.  82
    The epistemology and technologies of shamanic states of consciousness.Stanley Krippner - 2000 - Journal of Consciousness Studies 7 (11-12):11-12.
    The Epistemology and Technologies of Shamanic States of Consciousness Shamanism can be described as a group of techniques by which its practitioners enter the ‘spirit world', purportedly obtaining information that is used to help and to heal members of their social group. The shamans’ epistemology, or ways of knowing, depended on deliberately altering their conscious state and/or heightening their perception to contact spiritual entities in ‘upper worlds', ‘lower worlds’ and ‘middle earth’ . For the shaman, the totality of (...)
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  36. An Archaeology of Hope and Despair in the Tale of Aragorn and Arwen.John Whitmire - forthcoming - Tolkien Studies.
    Hope is arguably the linchpin virtue of The Lord of the Rings. In this essay, as part of a larger project intended to establish this claim, I take up Appendix A.I.v to The Lord of the Rings, the relatively self-contained “Part of the Tale of Aragorn and Arwen.” Through a close study of the drafts for this section available in the Tolkien Archives at Marquette University, only some of which have been previously published in The Peoples of Middle-earth, (...)
     
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  37.  10
    Disenchantment.James Trilling - 2016 - Common Knowledge 22 (2):284-300.
    This contribution to the Common Knowledge symposium “Peace by Other Means” rereads the works of J. R. R. Tolkien as a study of pyrrhic victory. It argues that the origin of Tolkien's cycle of tales is inseparable from his experience of World War I, which ended in anomie and widespread fear of the coercive power of modern society. The price of the victory over evil, in these tales, is disenchantment. Tolkien is the first author to imagine disenchantment on a near-global (...)
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  38. What is Fantasy?Brian Laetz & Joshua J. Johnston - 2008 - Philosophy and Literature 32 (1):161-172.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:What is Fantasy?Brian Laetz and Joshua J. JohnstonWizards, elves, dragons, and trolls—this is certainly the stuff of fantasy, populating the fictions of such giants as Tolkien, no less than the juvenilia of many aspiring writers. However, it is much easier to identify typical elements of fantasy, than it is to understand the category of fantasy itself. There can be little doubt that, in practice, the genre is pretty well (...)
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  39.  6
    “Never Land”: Where do imaginary worlds come from?Sue Llewellyn - 2022 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 45:e287.
    We assume “Imaginary worlds” to be unreal and unfamiliar: high fantasy. I argue they are real and familiar to authors because they comprise memory elements, which blend experience, knowledge, beliefs and pre-occupations. These “bits and pieces” from memories can generate a world, which readers experience as pure imagination. I illustrate using J.M. Barrie's “Never Land” and J.R.R. Tolkien's “Middle-Earth.”.
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  40.  4
    Dungeonmastery as Soulcraft.Ben Dyer - 2014-09-19 - In William Irwin & Christopher Robichaud (eds.), Dungeons & Dragons and Philosophy. Wiley. pp. 106–118.
    Dungeon Masters may or may not make use of familiar fantasy elements whose beginnings lay with Tolkien, but they must always put their players in a world. Dark Sun, Eberron, and the Planar City of Sigil little resemble the history, languages, lands, peoples, and places of Middle Earth, but they follow Tolkien's practice of creating a world in which all these elements are meant to fit together. The first part of fantasy is the human capacity to separate the (...)
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  41.  58
    Music, myth, and education: The case of the Lord of the rings film trilogy.Estelle R. Jorgensen - 2010 - Journal of Aesthetic Education 44 (1):44-57.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Music, Myth, and EducationThe Case of The Lord of the Rings Film TrilogyEstelle R. Jorgensen (bio)In probing the interrelationship of myth, meaning, and education, I offer a case in point, notably, Peter Jackson's film adaptations and Howard Shore's musical scores for J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings trilogy—The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King.1 Intersecting literature, film, and music (...)
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  42.  11
    The Hobbit and Philosophy: For When You've Lost Your Dwarves, Your Wizard, and Your Way.Gregory Bassham & Eric Bronson (eds.) - 2012 - Wiley.
    Contains over fifteen essays that discuss philosophical topics in J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Hobbit" providing new insights into the characters and plot.
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  43.  12
    The Lord of the Rings and Philosophy: One Book to Rule Them All.Gregory Bassham & Eric Bronson - 2003 - Open Court Publishing.
    Culls dozens of life lessons from the pages of J.R.R. Tolkien's epic tale, examining the author's treatment of such issues as happiness, morality, and the search for ultimate truth.
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  44. Propositions, Meaning, and Names.Tristan Grøtvedt Haze - 2018 - Philosophical Forum 49 (3):335-362.
    The object of this paper is to sketch an approach to propositions, meaning and names. The key ingredients are a Twin-Earth-inspired distinction between internal and external meaning, and a middle-Wittgenstein-inspired conception of internal meaning as role in language system. I show how the approach offers a promising solution to the problem of the meaning of proper names. This is a plea for a neglected way of thinking about these topics.
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  45. From the Nadir of Negativity towards the Cusp of Reconciliation.Hub Zwart - 2017 - Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 21 (2/3):175-198.
    This contribution addresses the anthropocenic challenge from a dialectical perspective, combining a diagnostics of the present with a prognostic of the emerging future. It builds on the oeuvres of two prominent dialectical thinkers, namely Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. Hegel himself was a pre-anthropocenic thinker who did not yet thematise the anthropocenic challenge as such, but whose work allows us to emphasise the unprecedented newness of the current crisis. I will especially focus on his views on (...)
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  46.  77
    Breve storia dell'etica.Sergio Cremaschi - 2012 - Roma RM, Italia: Carocci.
    The book reconstructs the history of Western ethics. The approach chosen focuses the endless dialectic of moral codes, or different kinds of ethos, moral doctrines that are preached in order to bring about a reform of existing ethos, and ethical theories that have taken shape in the context of controversies about the ethos and moral doctrines as means of justifying or reforming moral doctrines. Such dialectic is what is meant here by the phrase ‘moral traditions’, taken as a name for (...)
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  47.  44
    Biodiversity vs. paleodiversity measurements: the incommensurability problem.Federica Bocchi - 2022 - European Journal for Philosophy of Science 12 (4):1-24.
    Estimating whether the Earth’s biota is in the middle of a crisis relies heavily on comparisons between present and past data about biodiversity or biodiversity surrogates. Although the past is a crucial source of information to assess the severity of the current biodiversity crisis, substantive conceptual and methodological questions remain about how paleodiversity and biodiversity are to be properly compared. I argue that to justify claims of a current biodiversity crisis is harder than it appears. More precisely, I (...)
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  48.  49
    Tradizioni morali. Greci, ebrei, cristiani, islamici.Sergio Cremaschi - 2015 - Roma, Italy: Edizioni di storia e letteratura.
    Ex interiore ipso exeas. Preface. This book reconstructs the history of a still open dialectics between several ethoi, that is, shared codes of unwritten rules, moral traditions, or self-aware attempts at reforming such codes, and ethical theories discussing the nature and justification of such codes and doctrines. Its main claim is that this history neither amounts to a triumphal march of reason dispelling the mist of myth and bigotry nor to some other one-way process heading to some pre-established goal, but (...)
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  49.  17
    COP27 climate change conference: urgent action needed for Africa and the world.Chris Zielinski - 2022 - Journal of Medical Ethics 48 (12):2-2.
    > Wealthy nations must step up support for Africa and vulnerable countries in addressing past, present and future impacts of climate change The 2022 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change paints a dark picture of the future of life on earth, characterised by ecosystem collapse, species extinction and climate hazards such as heatwaves and floods.1 These are all linked to physical and mental health problems, with direct and indirect consequences of increased morbidity and mortality. To avoid these (...)
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  50.  12
    Elementy kosmologii światła u Bartłomieja z Bolonii.Józef Lizun - 2008 - Roczniki Filozoficzne 56 (2):165-184.
    The paper shows the elements of the cosmology of light in Bartholomew of Bologna, the Franciscan master of theology of the thirteenth century (d. after 1294). The paradigm of light is the key concept to understand the thought of this Bologna scholar. His views were principally inspired by Robert Grosseteste’s cosmology. According to Bartholomew of Bologna, the universe is not only the Platonic-Aristotelian machina mundi with its heavenly spheres and the spheres of the four elements of the sublunary world. It (...)
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