Results for ' Goldstein'

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  1. Language Agents Reduce the Risk of Existential Catastrophe.Simon Goldstein & Cameron Domenico Kirk-Giannini - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-11.
    Recent advances in natural language processing have given rise to a new kind of AI architecture: the language agent. By repeatedly calling an LLM to perform a variety of cognitive tasks, language agents are able to function autonomously to pursue goals specified in natural language and stored in a human-readable format. Because of their architecture, language agents exhibit behavior that is predictable according to the laws of folk psychology: they function as though they have desires and beliefs, and then make (...)
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  2. AI Wellbeing.Simon Goldstein & Cameron Domenico Kirk-Giannini - manuscript
    Under what conditions would an artificially intelligent system have wellbeing? Despite its obvious bearing on the ethics of human interactions with artificial systems, this question has received little attention. Because all major theories of wellbeing hold that an individual’s welfare level is partially determined by their mental life, we begin by considering whether artificial systems have mental states. We show that a wide range of theories of mental states, when combined with leading theories of wellbeing, predict that certain existing artificial (...)
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  3. Fragile Knowledge.Simon Goldstein - 2022 - Mind 131 (522):487-515.
    This paper explores the principle that knowledge is fragile, in that whenever S knows that S doesn’t know that S knows that p, S thereby fails to know p. Fragility is motivated by the infelicity of dubious assertions, utterances which assert p while acknowledging higher-order ignorance whether p. Fragility is interestingly weaker than KK, the principle that if S knows p, then S knows that S knows p. Existing theories of knowledge which deny KK by accepting a Margin for Error (...)
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  4. Omega Knowledge Matters.Simon Goldstein - forthcoming - Oxford Studies in Epistemology.
    You omega know something when you know it, and know that you know it, and know that you know that you know it, and so on. This paper first argues that omega knowledge matters, in the sense that it is required for rational assertion, action, inquiry, and belief. The paper argues that existing accounts of omega knowledge face major challenges. One account is skeptical, claiming that we have no omega knowledge of any ordinary claims about the world. Another account embraces (...)
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  5. Probability for Epistemic Modalities.Simon Goldstein & Paolo Santorio - 2021 - Philosophers' Imprint 21 (33).
    This paper develops an information-sensitive theory of the semantics and probability of conditionals and statements involving epistemic modals. The theory validates a number of principles linking probability and modality, including the principle that the probability of a conditional If A, then C equals the probability of C, updated with A. The theory avoids so-called triviality results, which are standardly taken to show that principles of this sort cannot be validated. To achieve this, we deny that rational agents update their credences (...)
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  6. Safety, Closure, and Extended Methods.Simon Goldstein & John Hawthorne - 2024 - Journal of Philosophy 121 (1):26-54.
    Recent research has identified a tension between the Safety principle that knowledge is belief without risk of error, and the Closure principle that knowledge is preserved by competent deduction. Timothy Williamson reconciles Safety and Closure by proposing that when an agent deduces a conclusion from some premises, the agent’s method for believing the conclusion includes their method for believing each premise. We argue that this theory is untenable because it implies problematically easy epistemic access to one’s methods. Several possible solutions (...)
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  7. Knowledge from multiple experiences.Simon Goldstein & John Hawthorne - 2021 - Philosophical Studies 179 (4):1341-1372.
    This paper models knowledge in cases where an agent has multiple experiences over time. Using this model, we introduce a series of observations that undermine the pretheoretic idea that the evidential significance of experience depends on the extent to which that experience matches the world. On the basis of these observations, we model knowledge in terms of what is likely given the agent’s experience. An agent knows p when p is implied by her epistemic possibilities. A world is epistemically possible (...)
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  8. Free choice and homogeneity.Simon Goldstein - 2019 - Semantics and Pragmatics 12:1-48.
    This paper develops a semantic solution to the puzzle of Free Choice permission. The paper begins with a battery of impossibility results showing that Free Choice is in tension with a variety of classical principles, including Disjunction Introduction and the Law of Excluded Middle. Most interestingly, Free Choice appears incompatible with a principle concerning the behavior of Free Choice under negation, Double Prohibition, which says that Mary can’t have soup or salad implies Mary can’t have soup and Mary can’t have (...)
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  9.  29
    Linguistic Representation.Laurence Goldstein - 1976 - Philosophical Quarterly 26 (103):189-191.
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  10. A Theory of Conditional Assertion.Simon Goldstein - 2019 - Journal of Philosophy 116 (6):293-318.
    According to one tradition, uttering an indicative conditional involves performing a special sort of speech act: a conditional assertion. We introduce a formal framework that models this speech act. Using this framework, we show that any theory of conditional assertion validates several inferences in the logic of conditionals, including the False Antecedent inference. Next, we determine the space of truth-conditional semantics for conditionals consistent with conditional assertion. The truth value of any such conditional is settled whenever the antecedent is false, (...)
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  11.  28
    Universals and Scientific Realism.Laurence Goldstein - 1979 - Philosophical Quarterly 29 (117):360-362.
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  12. Epistemic Modal Credence.Simon Goldstein - 2021 - Philosophers' Imprint 21 (26).
    Triviality results threaten plausible principles governing our credence in epistemic modal claims. This paper develops a new account of modal credence which avoids triviality. On the resulting theory, probabilities are assigned not to sets of worlds, but rather to sets of information state-world pairs. The theory avoids triviality by giving up the principle that rational credence is closed under conditionalization. A rational agent can become irrational by conditionalizing on new evidence. In place of conditionalization, the paper develops a new account (...)
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  13. Contextology.Simon Goldstein & Cameron Domenico Kirk-Giannini - 2022 - Philosophical Studies 179 (11):3187-3209.
    Contextology is the science of the dynamics of the conversational context. Contextology formulates laws governing how the shared information states of interlocutors evolve in response to assertion. More precisely, the contextologist attempts to construct a function which, when provided with just a conversation’s pre-update context and the content of an assertion, delivers that conversation’s post-update context. Most contextologists have assumed that the function governing the evolution of the context is simple: the post-update context is just the pre-update context intersected with (...)
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  14.  74
    Free Choice Impossibility Results.Simon Goldstein - 2020 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 49 (2):249-282.
    Free Choice is the principle that possibly p or q implies and is implied by possibly p and possibly q. A variety of recent attempts to validate Free Choice rely on a nonclassical semantics for disjunction, where the meaning of p or q is not a set of possible worlds. This paper begins with a battery of impossibility results, showing that some kind of nonclassical semantics for disjunction is required in order to validate Free Choice. The paper then provides a (...)
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  15.  15
    Culture and History, Prolegomena to the Comparative Study of Civilizations. Philip Bagby.Leon J. Goldstein - 1962 - Philosophy of Science 29 (1):93-94.
  16. Counterfactual Contamination.Simon Goldstein & John Hawthorne - 2022 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy 100 (2):262-278.
    Many defend the thesis that when someone knows p, they couldn’t easily have been wrong about p. But the notion of easy possibility in play is relatively undertheorized. One structural idea in the literature, the principle of Counterfactual Closure (CC), connects easy possibility with counterfactuals: if it easily could have happened that p, and if p were the case, then q would be the case, it follows that it easily could have happened that q. We first argue that while CC (...)
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  17.  11
    Epigenesis by experience: Romantic empiricism and non-Kantian biology.Amanda Jo Goldstein - 2018 - History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 40 (1):1-27.
    Reconstructions of Romantic-era life science in general, and epigenesis in particular, frequently take the Kantian logic of autotelic “self-organization” as their primary reference point. I argue in this essay that the Kantian conceptual rubric hinders our historical and theoretical understanding of epigenesis, Romantic and otherwise. Neither a neutral gloss on epigenesis, nor separable from the epistemological deflation of biological knowledge that has received intensive scrutiny in the history and philosophy of science, Kant’s heuristics of autonomous “self-organization” in the third Critique (...)
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  18. Generalized Update Semantics.Simon Goldstein - 2019 - Mind 128 (511):795-835.
    This paper explores the relationship between dynamic and truth conditional semantics for epistemic modals. It provides a generalization of a standard dynamic update semantics for modals. This new semantics derives a Kripke semantics for modals and a standard dynamic semantics for modals as special cases. The semantics allows for new characterizations of a variety of principles in modal logic, including the inconsistency of ‘p and might not p’. Finally, the semantics provides a construction procedure for transforming any truth conditional semantics (...)
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  19. The counterfactual direct argument.Simon Goldstein - 2020 - Linguistics and Philosophy 43 (2):193-232.
    Many have accepted that ordinary counterfactuals and might counterfactuals are duals. In this paper, I show that this thesis leads to paradoxical results when combined with a few different unorthodox yet increasingly popular theses, including the thesis that counterfactuals are strict conditionals. Given Duality and several other theses, we can quickly infer the validity of another paradoxical principle, ‘The Counterfactual Direct Argument’, which says that ‘A> ’ entails ‘A> ’. First, I provide a collapse theorem for the ‘counterfactual direct argument’. (...)
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  20.  25
    The Bohmian Approach to the Problems of Cosmological Quantum Fluctuations.Sheldon Goldstein, Ward Struyve & Roderich Tumulka - forthcoming - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science.
  21.  31
    Individualist and Ensemblist Approaches to the Foundations of Statistical Mechanics.Sheldon Goldstein - 2019 - The Monist 102 (4):439-457.
    I will contrast the two main approaches to the foundations of statistical mechanics: the individualist approach and the ensemblist approach. I will indicate the virtues of each, and argue that the conflict between them is perhaps not as great as often imagined.
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  22.  22
    'This Statement Is Not True' Is Not True.Laurence Goldstein - 1992 - Analysis 52 (1):1.
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  23.  32
    The Paradox of the Liar: A Case of Mistaken Identity.Laurence Goldstein - 1985 - Analysis 45 (1):9.
  24.  33
    Man and Culture; An Evaluation of the Work of Bronislaw Malinowski.Leon J. Goldstein - 1959 - Philosophy of Science 26 (2):167-169.
  25.  2
    Toward the World and Wisdom of Wittgenstein’s ‘Tractatus’.Laurence Goldstein - 1975 - Philosophical Quarterly 25 (98):84-85.
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  26.  21
    Emile Durkheim, 1858–1917; a collection of essays with translations and bibliography. Edited by Kurt Wolff. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 1960. XIV + 463 pp. $7.50.Leon J. Goldstein - 1962 - Philosophy of Science 29 (4):443-444.
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  27.  72
    Wittgenstein's Late Views on Belief, Paradox and Contradiction.Laurence Goldstein - 1988 - Philosophical Investigations 11 (1):49-73.
  28.  20
    Losing confidence in luminosity.Simon Goldstein & Daniel Waxman - 2021 - Noûs 55 (4):962-991.
    A mental state is luminous if, whenever an agent is in that state, they are in a position to know that they are. Following Timothy Williamson's Knowledge and Its Limits, a wave of recent work has explored whether there are any non‐trivial luminous mental states. A version of Williamson's anti‐luminosity appeals to a safety‐theoretic principle connecting knowledge and confidence: if an agent knows p, then p is true in any nearby scenario where she has a similar level of confidence in (...)
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  29.  15
    Tables for the radii of the Sun, the Moon, and the shadow from John of Gmunden to Longomontanus.Bernard R. Goldstein & José Chabás - 2024 - Archive for History of Exact Sciences 78 (1):67-86.
    A table in five columns for the radii of the Sun, the Moon, and the shadow is included in sets of astronomical tables from the fifteenth to the early seventeenth century, specifically in those by John of Gmunden (d. 1442), Peurbach (d. 1461), the second edition of the Alfonsine Tables (1492), Copernicus (d. 1543), Brahe (d. 1601), and Longomontanus (d. 1647). The arrangement is the same and the entries did not change much, despite many innovations in astronomical theories in this (...)
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  30.  25
    Culture in History: Essays in Honor of Paul Radin.Leon F. Goldstein - 1962 - Philosophy of Science 29 (4):442-443.
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  31.  8
    Ibn al-Kammād’s Muqtabis zij and the astronomical tradition of Indian origin in the Iberian Peninsula.Bernard R. Goldstein & José Chabás - 2015 - Archive for History of Exact Sciences 69 (6):577-650.
    In this paper, we analyze the astronomical tables in al-Zīj al-Muqtabis by Ibn al-Kammād (early twelfth century, Córdoba), based on the Latin and Hebrew versions of the lost Arabic original, each of which is extant in a unique manuscript. We present excerpts of many tables and pay careful attention to their structure and underlying parameters. The main focus, however, is on the impact al-Muqtabis had on the astronomy that developed in the Iberian Peninsula and the Maghrib and, more generally, on (...)
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  32.  22
    It Does Not Matter Whether Research Interventions Are Usual Care.Cory E. Goldstein & Charles Weijer - 2020 - American Journal of Bioethics 20 (1):47-48.
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  33.  95
    The development of wittgenstein's views on contradiction.Laurence Goldstein - 1986 - History and Philosophy of Logic 7 (1):43-56.
    The views on contradiction and consistency that Wittgenstein expressed in his later writings have met with misunderstanding and almost uniform hositility. In this paper, I trace the roots of these views by attempting to show that, in his early writings, Wittgenstein accorded a ?unique status? to tautologies and contradictions, marking them off logically from genuine propositions. This is integral both to his Tractatus project of furnishing a theory of inference, and to the enterprise of explaining the nature of the Satz (...)
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  34. Losing Confidence in Luminosity.Simon Goldstein & Daniel Waxman - 2020 - Noûs (4):1-30.
    A mental state is luminous if, whenever an agent is in that state, they are in a position to know that they are. Following Timothy Williamson’s Knowledge and Its Limits, a wave of recent work has explored whether there are any non-trivial luminous mental states. A version of Williamson’s anti-luminosity appeals to a safety- theoretic principle connecting knowledge and confidence: if an agent knows p, then p is true in any nearby scenario where she has a similar level of confidence (...)
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  35.  7
    Ethical Naturalism and the Modern World-View.Leon J. Goldstein - 1962 - Philosophy of Science 29 (2):204-206.
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  36. Medicine's flight from interpretation: when a cough is simply a cough.A. Goldstein - 2007 - Clinical Ethics 2 (1):15-18.
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  37.  19
    Why Scientific Details Are Important When Novel Technologies Encounter Law, Politics, and Ethics.Lawrence Goldstein - 2010 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 38 (2):204-211.
    This paper focuses on the issue of what to do if a couple who generates embryos chooses to lawfully, and in their (and my) view, ethnically discard those embryos. Specifically, is it appropriate to use the cells that come from “excess” embryos in medical research instead of discarding them when a couple has ceased trying to have any additional children?
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  38. Sly Pete in Dynamic Semantics.Simon Goldstein - 2022 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 51 (5):1103-1117.
    In ‘Sly Pete’ or ‘standoff’ cases, reasonable speakers accept incompatible conditionals, and communicate them successfully to a trusting hearer. This paper uses the framework of dynamic semantics to offer a new model of the conversational dynamics at play in standoffs, and to articulate several puzzles posed by such cases. The paper resolves these puzzles by embracing a dynamic semantics for conditionals, according to which indicative conditionals require that their antecedents are possible in their local context, and update this body of (...)
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  39.  57
    Review of Ralf Dahrendorf: Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society[REVIEW]Leon J. Goldstein - 1961 - Ethics 71 (2):142-143.
  40.  12
    How Einstein Made Asymmetry Disappear: Symmetry and Relativity in 1905.Bernard R. Goldstein & Giora Hon - 2005 - Archive for History of Exact Sciences 59 (5):437-544.
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  41.  21
    The historical development of group theoretical ideas in connection with Euclid's axiom of congruence.Marie Goldstein - 1972 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 13 (3):331-349.
  42.  96
    Collected Papers. Volume I: The Problem of Social Reality. [REVIEW]Leon J. Goldstein - 1963 - Journal of Philosophy 60 (19):557-562.
  43.  13
    Function, Purpose and Powers: Some Concepts in the Study of Individuals and Societies.Leon J. Goldstein - 1959 - Mind 68 (272):550-555.
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  44.  12
    Function, Purpose and Powers; Some Concepts in the Study of Individuals and Societies.Leon J. Goldstein - 1960 - Philosophy of Science 27 (2):214-217.
  45.  25
    Values and Intentions, a Study in Value-Theory and Philosophy of Mind. J. N. Findlay.Leon J. Goldstein - 1963 - Philosophy of Science 30 (4):399-401.
  46.  27
    An Inquiry into the Freedom of Decision. Harald Ofstad.Leon J. Goldstein - 1964 - Philosophy of Science 31 (2):189-190.
  47.  91
    Book Review:The Poverty of Historicism. Karl R. Popper. [REVIEW]Leon J. Goldstein - 1957 - Ethics 68 (4):296-.
  48.  16
    The Influence of Closeness Centrality on Lexical Processing.Goldstein Rutherford & S. Vitevitch Michael - 2017 - Frontiers in Psychology 8.
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  49. Governing Without A Fundamental Direction of Time: Minimal Primitivism about Laws of Nature.Eddy Keming Chen & Sheldon Goldstein - 2022 - In Yemima Ben-Menahem (ed.), Rethinking Laws of Nature. Springer. pp. 21-64.
    The Great Divide in metaphysical debates about laws of nature is between Humeans, who think that laws merely describe the distribution of matter, and non-Humeans, who think that laws govern it. The metaphysics can place demands on the proper formulations of physical theories. It is sometimes assumed that the governing view requires a fundamental / intrinsic direction of time: to govern, laws must be dynamical, producing later states of the world from earlier ones, in accord with the fundamental direction of (...)
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  50.  6
    Levi ben Gerson's Theory of Planetary Distances.Bernard R. Goldstein - 1986 - Centaurus 29 (4):272-313.
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