The story of this book of 'materials on Ludwik Fleck' is also the story of the reception of Ludwik Fleck. In this volume, some essential materials which have been produced by that reception have been gathered together.

Aus den Debatten der Philosophie des Geistes und der Phänomenologie kaum wegzudenken, hat sich die begriffliche Erforschung des „Selbst“ hier eine Bedeutung erkämpft, deren Spuren in den psychopathologischen Klassifikationssystemen kaum wiederzufinden sind. Erst in jüngster Zeit werden Versuche unternommen, die durch diesen Begriff und seine philosophische Erforschung eröffnete Dimension des Verstehens auf psychiatrische Störungsbilder wie etwa der Schizophrenie anzuwenden, deren Erleben sich einem deskriptiven Zugang immer wieder entzieht. Welche Arten des Selbsterlebens, welche „Selbste“ lassen sich aber konzeptuell und phänomenal unterscheiden? (...) Wie ist es um die psychologischen Korrelata dieser Beschreibungen bestellt und welche Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich der Stabilität dieser Strukturen halten gerade jene Psychopathologien bereit, die teilweise oder gänzlich Selbsterfahrungen beeinträchtigen? Neben grundsätzlichen philosophischen Auseinandersetzungen mit der Thematik von Selbst und Selbststörungen vereint der Sammelband auch psychiatrische Forschungen, die interdisziplinäre Anschlüsse ermöglichen. So bieten gerade Störungen des Selbsterlebens der Philosophie die Möglichkeit, als Prüfsteine für ihre interpretativen Begriffe des Selbst zu fungieren. Mit Beiträgen von Thomas Fuchs, Mads Gram Henriksen/Joseph Parnas, Alice Holzhey-Kunz, Wouter Kusters, Stefano Micali, Philipp Schmidt, Alexander Schnell, László Tengelyi und Zeno Van Duppen. (shrink)

Review article on Alexander Schnell’s book “Hinaus: Entwürfe zu einer phänomenologischen Metaphysik und Anthropologie” (Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2011). According to Schnell, an exclusively descriptive phenomenology is not enough; phenomenology must also be constructive. He thus outlines an ambitious project for constructive phenomenology that promises (1) to provide an ultimate justification for knowledge and (2) to ground a phenomenological metaphysics and anthropology, each of which is centered on the “image” (Bild). Insofar as Schnell fills in the details of this outline, (...) his analysis is careful, provocative, and filled with insight. (shrink)

Die praktische Philosophie der Gegenwart hat in vielfacher Weise Gebrauch von dem Gedanken gemacht, dass unsere sittliche Konstitution uns zur „zweiten Natur“ wird. Diesem Gedanken kann eine therapeutische, eine affirmative und eine kritische Wendung gegeben werden: In der therapeutischen Verwendung soll uns die Erinnerung, dass praktische Vernunft uns zur zweiten Natur werden kann, helfen, einen Dualismus von Geist und Natur zu überwinden, ohne uns auf einen reduktiven Naturalismus festzulegen. In der affirmativen Wendung soll der Begriff der zweiten Natur die Exzellenzform (...) praktischen Könnens artikulieren, das gerade darin seine höchste Stufe erreichen soll, das Richtige unmittelbar sehen und tun zu können. In der kritischen Verwendung drückt die Formel schließlich aus, dass eine erworbene sittliche Konstitution, die uns zur bloßen zweiten Natur geworden ist, sich unserer freien Aneignung und Bestimmung entzieht und uns auf eine problematische Weise bestimmt. In all diesen Varianten ist bislang weitgehend unerörtert geblieben, dass die philosophische Tradition nicht nur unsere erworbenen sittlichen Tugenden als „zweite Natur“ bestimmt hat, sondern auch mit Blick auf die schöne Kunst von „zweiter Natur“ spricht. Auch das Kunstwerk ist nach einem neuzeitlichen Topos, den die Ästhetik um 1800 aufgreift und schnell verbindlich gemacht hat, als eine „andere“ oder „zweite“ Natur zu verstehen, die durch den Künstler hervorgebracht wird und von der ersten Natur spezifisch unterschieden ist: Das Kunstwerk ist ein Produkt der Freiheit, das erneut als Natur erscheint (Kant); es gibt der ersten eine „zweite Natur“ zurück, die zugleich „eine gefühlte, eine gedachte, eine menschlich vollendete“ ist (Goethe); und es vollbringt das Kunststück einer „gesetzten Unmittelbarkeit“, einer Setzung von Sein, die an die gesetzte Unmittelbarkeit der Gewohnheit erinnert (Hegel). Wenn man diese Bestimmungen etwas weiter folgt, lässt sich schnell erkennen, dass es sich hier nicht um eine zufällige Homonymie handelt, sondern dass durch die Bestimmung als „zweite Natur“ ein gemeinsamer Problemhorizont angedeutet ist, auf den sich die zweite Natur der Sitte und die andere Natur der Kunst auf unterschiedliche Weise beziehen. In welcher genauen Beziehung stehen aber nun die zweite Natur der Sittlichkeit und die andere Natur der Kunst? Das ist die Frage, der die in diesem Schwerpunkt versammelten Beiträge nachgehen. (shrink)

Sentience is the capacity to have feelings, such as feelings of pain, pleasure, hunger, thirst, warmth, joy, comfort and excitement. It is not simply the capacity to feel pain, but feelings of pain, distress or harm, broadly understood, have a special significance for animal welfare law. Drawing on over 300 scientific studies, we evaluate the evidence of sentience in two groups of invertebrate animals: the cephalopod molluscs or, for short, cephalopods (including octopods, squid and cuttlefish) and the decapod crustaceans or, (...) for short, decapods (including crabs, lobsters and crayfish). We also evaluate the potential welfare implications of current commercial practices involving these animals. (shrink)

Big Ideas for Little Kids includes everything a teacher, a parent, or a college student needs to teach philosophy to elementary school children from picture books. Written in a clear and accessible style, the book explains why it is important to allow young children access to philosophy during primary-school education. Wartenberg also gives advice on how to construct a "learner-centered" classroom, in which children discuss philosophical issues with one another as they respond to open-ended questions by saying whether they agree (...) or disagree with what others have said. (shrink)

How does consciousness vary across the animal kingdom? Are some animals ‘more conscious’ than others? This article presents a multidimensional framework for understanding interspecies variation in states of consciousness. The framework distinguishes five key dimensions of variation: perceptual richness, evaluative richness, integration at a time, integration across time, and self-consciousness. For each dimension, existing experiments that bear on it are reviewed and future experiments are suggested. By assessing a given species against each dimension, we can construct a consciousness profile for (...) that species. On this framework, there is no single scale along which species can be ranked as more or less conscious. Rather, each species has its own distinctive consciousness profile. (shrink)

Die Phänomenologie hat mittlerweile eine über einhundertjährige Geschichte. Dieses Buch führt auf drei Wegen in die Vielfalt ihrer unterschiedlichen Ansätze ein. Dabei geht es dem Autor nicht nur um eine Darstellung der Geschichte der Phänomenologie. Er führt ausserdem vor, wie ihr Anspruch, die Sachen selbst zu untersuchen, erfüllt wird und auch eine philosophische Strömung wie der Deutsche Idealismus phänomenologisch fruchtbar gemacht werden kann. Zudem trägt Schnell zur aktuellen Debatte um den Neuen Realismus bei. Diese Einführung referiert nicht, was Phänomenologie ist: (...) Sie ist selbst Phänomenologie. (shrink)

This article explores atheist meaning-making by employing a multidimensional model of meaning operationalized by the Sources of Meaning and Meaning in Life Questionnaire. When compared to a representative sample of “religionists” and “nones”, atheists show lower degrees of meaningfulness, but they do not suffer from crises of meaning more frequently. However, subsequent cluster analysis reveals that heterogeneity within atheism has to be taken into account. Three types of atheists are identified. ‘Low-commitment’ atheists are characterised by generally low commitment; they report (...) very low meaningfulness and a high frequency of crises of meaning. ‘Broad-commitment’ atheists exhibit considerably higher levels of meaningfulness and rare crises of meaning. They evidence, in particular, high scores on the dimension of well-being and relatedness. The third type, primarily committed to “selfactualization,” exhibits moderate levels of meaningfulness, with crises of meaning being literally absent. Common to most atheists is a particular commitment to self-knowledge, freedom, knowledge, individualism, and comfort. In comparing male and female atheists, gendered patterns of commitment are discovered. (shrink)

The Impacts of Lasting Occupation examines the effects that Israel's decades-long occupation of Palestinian territories have had on Israeli society. The consequences of occupation are evident in all aspects of Israeli life, including its political, social, legal, economic, cultural, and psychological spheres.

v. 1. Editorial introduction -- v. 2. The English and Latin texts (i) -- v. 3. The English and Latin texts (ii).

This paper is an exposition and evaluation of the Agustín Rayo's views about the epistemology and metaphysics of mathematics, as they are presented in his book The Construction of Logical Space.

This volume is a study of the influence of Timaeus on the development of Western cosmology in three axial periods of European culture: Late Antiquity, Middle Ages and Renaissance.

La question de la légitimation de la philosophie est l'un des fils conducteurs de l'idéalisme allemand. Dans la première génération des successeurs de Kant en effet, certains ont pour ambition explicite de reprendre ses résultats, mais d'une manière suffisamment justifiée pour répondre aux objections sceptiques. D'autres, en revanche, décident de s'installer dans le renoncement à la fondation systématique, accusant la raison discursive d'être incapable de saisir la vie et la liberté. Quels sont, chez les auteurs de l'idéalisme allemand, les arguments (...) qui plaident en faveur d'un fondement du discours philosophique? Un tel principe est-il théorique ou pratique, inaugural ou terminal, intuitif ou discursif, tel qu'il adopte la forme d'une proposition singulière ou tel qu'il se confond avec le tout du discours? En somme, l'enjeu est d'examiner, sous un point de vue nouveau, le thème de la raison dans l'idéalisme allemand. La question est ici abordée dans une perspective historique autant que systématique. La variété et la richesse des études témoignent de la vitalité des recherches actuelles sur l'idéalisme allemand. (shrink)

Thomas Reid is now recognized as one of the towering figures of the Enlightenment. Best known for his published writings on epistemology and moral theory, he was also an accomplished mathematician and natural philosopher, as an earlier volume of his manuscripts edited by Paul Wood for the Edinburgh Reid Edition, Thomas Reid on the Animate Creation, has shown. The Correspondence of Thomas Reid collects all of the known letters to and from Reid in a fully annotated form. (...) Letters already published by Sir William Hamilton and others have been reedited, and roughly half of the letters included appear in print for the first time. Writing in 1802, Reid's disciple and biographer Dugald Stewart doubted that Reid's correspondence &"would be generally interesting.&" This collection proves otherwise, for the letters illuminate virtually every aspect of Reid's life and career and, in some instances, provide us with invaluable evidence about activities otherwise undocumented in his manuscripts or published works. Through his correspondence we can trace Reid's relations with contemporaries such as David Hume and his colleagues at both King's College, Aberdeen, and the University of Glasgow, as well as his engagement with the most controversial philosophical, scientific, and political issues of his day. If anything, the letters assembled here serve as the starting point for understanding Reid and his place in the Enlightenment. (shrink)

Thomas Hill, a leading figure in the recent development of Kantian moral philosophy, presents a set of essays exploring the implications of basic Kantian ideas for practical issues. The first part of the book provides background in central themes in Kant's ethics; the second part discusses questions regarding human welfare; the third focuses on moral worth-the nature and grounds of moral assessment of persons as deserving esteem or blame. Hill shows moral, political, and social philosophers just how valuable moral (...) theory can be in addressing practical matters. (shrink)

Although anger as a negative emotion is associated with unpleasantness, recent research on anger highlights its motivational effect. The present study tested whether individuals experience both, an unpleasant and an activating affect, after real-life provocations. Results revealed that an anger situation evoked not only typical subjective and cardiovascular anger reactions but also a sense of strength, which is a positive affect. A comparison of participants with low versus high anger disposition according to the STAXI-2 at baseline, treatment, and recovery showed (...) that participants with high trait anger consistently scored higher in subjective ratings of feeling strong than their counterparts did. Moreover, we found a larger and longer lasting effect of feeling strong than feeling angry after an anger treatment. Thus, differences in anger disposition influence the positive correlation between trait anger and positive affect. (shrink)

The word “emotion” has named a psychological category and a subject for systematic enquiry only since the 19th century. Before then, relevant mental states were categorised variously as “appetites,” “passions,” “affections,” or “sentiments.” The word “emotion” has existed in English since the 17th century, originating as a translation of the French émotion, meaning a physical disturbance. It came into much wider use in 18th-century English, often to refer to mental experiences, becoming a fully fledged theoretical term in the following century, (...) especially through the influence of two Scottish philosopher-physicians, Thomas Brown and Charles Bell. This article relates this intellectual and semantic history to contemporary debates about the usefulness and meaning of “emotion” as a scientific term. (shrink)

Nietzsche is often regarded as a paradigmatically anti-theoretical philosopher. Bernard Williams has said that Nietzsche is so far from being a theorist that his text “is booby-trapped not only against recovering theory from it, but, in many cases, against any systematic exegesis that assimilates it to theory.” Many would apply this view especially to Nietzsche’s moral philosophy. They would say that even when he is making positive normative claims, as against just criticizing existing morality, his claims have neither the content (...) nor the organization characteristic of moral theory. (shrink)

Feeling good: four ways -- Finding that feeling -- The place of pleasure -- Knowing what's what -- Making things happen -- Being good -- Love and friendship -- Putting it together.

For early modern metaphysician Anne Conway, the world comprises creatures. In some sense, Conway is a monist about creatures: all creatures are one. Yet, as Jessica Gordon-Roth has astutely pointed out, that monism can be understood in very different ways. One might read Conway as an ‘existence pluralist’: creatures are all composed of the same type of substance, but many substances exist. Alternatively, one might read Conway as an ‘existence monist’: there is only one created substance. Gordon-Roth has done the (...) scholarship a great favor by illuminating these issues in Conway. However, this article takes issue with Gordon-Roth's further view that Conway ‘oscillates’ between the extremes of existence pluralism and monism. In its place, I argue we should read Conway as a priority monist: the whole of creation is ontologically prior to its parts. (shrink)

Respect, Pluralism, and Justice is a series of essays which sketches a broadly Kantian framework for moral deliberation, and then uses it to address important social and political issues. Hill shows how Kantian theory can be developed to deal with questions about cultural diversity, punishment, political violence, responsibility for the consequences of wrongdoing, and state coercion in a pluralistic society.

Serena Olsaretti brings together new essays by leading moral and political philosophers on the nature of desert and justice, their relations with each other and with other values.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Glymour and Quine propose two different formal criteria for theoretical equivalence. In this paper we examine the relationships between these criteria.

"La dimension philosophique de la pensée et de l'œuvre de Novalis constitue le cœour de cet ouvrage bilingue. Des philosophes examinent sous toutes les coutures, en allemand et en français, les écrits scientifiques, littéraires et philosophiques du penseur romantique, non sans s'appuyer sur - et majorer - la dimension proprement réflexive de cette œuvre."--Page 4 de la la couverture.

Die Vermittlung ethischer Kompetenzen ist wesentlicher Bestandteil in berufsqualifizierenden und postgraduellen Studiengängen. Dabei werden praktisch-ethische Problemlösungskompetenzen, je nach Studiengang aber auch die forschungsethische Betrachtung von Studien thematisiert. Die Überprüfung dieser ethischen Kompetenzen stellt sich als Herausforderung dar. Das schriftliche oder mündliche Abfragen von Lehrinhalten greift zu kurz, da somit lediglich Wissen, jedoch nicht Fertigkeiten oder gar Haltung erfasst werden können.Bei der Reakkreditierung des Masterstudiengangs Pflegewissenschaft an der Universität Witten/Herdecke wurde dieser Herausforderung mit der Umsetzung eines für die postgraduelle Ausbildung innovativen (...) Prüfungsformats begegnet. Für das Modul „Ethik in der Pflegepraxis und -forschung“ wurde ein Format ausgearbeitet, welches sich an den „Objective Structured Clinical Examinations“ orientiert und somit die erworbenen Fertigkeiten und Haltungen der Studierenden mit einbezieht. Der Beitrag zeigt auf, wie das OSCE-Prüfungsformat konzipiert und eine Adaption erfolgt ist. (shrink)

Background Teaching ethical competencies is an essential component of professional and postgraduate curricula. Developing practical–ethical problem-solving competencies as well as appraising program-specific studies and related research ethics are topics typically addressed. However, assessment of these ethical competencies poses a challenge. Written or oral assessment formats addressing relevant learning objectives is mainly limited to knowledge testing alone, often not capturing relevant skills or attitudes pertinent to those competencies. Aim During the reaccreditation of the masters of science program in Nursing Science at (...) Witten/Herdecke University, this challenge was addressed by implementation of an innovative examination format for postgraduate education. Procedure For the module “Ethics in nursing practice and research” a format based on the Objective Structured Clinical Examination format was developed. This assessment method incorporates evaluation of acquired skills and attitudes of nursing students. Conclusion The article demonstrates development and adaption of the OSCE format for this purpose. (shrink)

In this study, the author develops an original reading of the Fifth Cartesian Meditation. This text, far from giving rise to a “transcendental solipsism”, as classical commentators claim, leads to a constitution of intersubjectivity on various levels . In its center, a “phenomenological construction” operates, i.e. a methodological piece that masters the genetic approach of intersubjectivity. Closely following the “almost mathematical” rigour of this crucial text of Husserl’s phenomenology, the author equally tackles the issue of the constitution of the experience (...) of the other and the truly intersubjective structure of transcendental subjectivity. The article concludes with the metaphysical results of the analysis of the experience of the other. (shrink)